CLASS -12

Model Lesson plan

Class : XII Science
Subject : Chemistry
Unit : Biomolecules (Carbohydrate)

Date of commencement: 03.07.2019

Date of completion: 03.07.2019

No of periods required: 4

Gist of the Lesson

1. Describe the general characteristics & classification of carbohydrates
2. Explanation for Structure of glucose .
3. Describe the Different types of carbohydrates.

Objectives and expected learning outcomes.

1. Students will be able to classify the types of carbohydrates
2. Students will be able to understand about the structure of glucose
3. Students will be able to describe the Types of linkage and structures of
disaccharides and poly saccharides
C. Teaching Aids
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5q8NXSDV0s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUo4c2f9rpI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cmm4NfBgIlg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dDNX5vlfxNc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ofib4GH21KQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F591TgUpqLA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ORrnmBVmeBQ

Chemistry Notes for class 12 Chapter 14

Biomolecules
Biomolecules are the organic compounds which form the basis of life, i.e., they build up the
living system and responsible for their growth and maintenance.

The sequence that relates biomolecules to living organism is

Biomolecules → Organelles → Cells → Tissues → Organs → Living organism.

Carbohydrates

Optically active polyhydroxy aldehydes (aldcses) or ketones (ketoses) or compounds which on

hydrolysis give these units are known as carbohydrates. They are also called saccharides
(Latin Saccharum = sugar) due to sweet taste of simpler members.

Depending upon their behaviour towards hydrolysis, carbohydrates can be of following three
types

Monosaccharides

These cannot be hydrolysed to simpler molecules and further subdivided into tetroses, pentoses
or hexoses depending upon the number of carbon atoms. These are also called
homopolysaccharides.

 Aldotetroses Erythrose, Threose

 Aldopentoses Xylose, Ribose,
 Aldohexoses Glucose, Galactose,
 Ketohexoses Fructose

All naturally occurring monosaccharides belong to D-series.

killiani synthesis is used to convert an aldose into next higher aldose.

Oligosaccharides

(Greek oligos = few). On hydrolysis, they generally give two to nine monosaccharides (same or
different) and are further classified as disaccharides, e.g., sucrose, maltose, lactose,
trisaccharides and so on. C12H22O11 is a disaccharide because it gives two monosaccharides.
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The bond formed between two monosaccharides is called a glycosidic bond and normally it is
(1, 4) bond.

Sucrose is most abundant in plants and known as cane sugar or table sugar or invert sugar as
equimolar mixture of glucose and fructose is obtained by hydrolysis of sucrose.

Trisaccharides Raffinose (C18H32O16)

Polysaccharides

These are polymers of monosaccharides. Examples are starch, cellulose, glycogen, etc.

1. Starch, (C6H10O5)N

It is a polymer of a-glucose and a major reserve food in plants. It turns blue with iodine. It is
a mixture of two components:

1. Amylose (20%), an unbranched water soluble polymer.

2. Amylopectin (80%), a branched water insoluble polymer.

Sources of starch are potatoes, wheat, rice, maize, etc.

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2. Cellulose, (C6H10O5)n

It is the most abundant and structural, polysaccharide of plants. It is important food source of
some animals It is a polymer of D (+) β-glucose.

The chief sources of cellulose are wood (Contains 50% cellulose rest being lignin, resins,
etc) and cotton (contains 90% cellulose rest being fats and waxes).
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Several materials are obtained from cellulose:

1. Mercerised cotton Cellulose treated with cone. sodium hydroxide solution acquire silky
lustre. It is called mercerissd cotton.
2. Gun cotton It is completely nitrated cellulose (cellulose nitrate), highly explosive in
nature and is used in the manufacture of smokeless gun powder, called blasting gelatin.
3. Cellulose acetate It is used for making acetate rayon and motion picture films.
4. Cellulosexanthate It is obtained by treating cellulose with sodium hydroxide and carbon
disulphide and is the basic material for VISCOSE rayon.

Oligosaccharides and heteropolysaccharides are also called heteropolysaccharides.

Reducing and Non-reducing sugars

Based upon reducing and non-reducing properties, carbohydrates are classified as reducing and
non-reducing sugars. Carbohydrates reducing Fehling reagent or Tollen‟s reagent are termed
as reducing carbohydrates. e.g., All monosaccharides and disaccharides (except sucrose). But
carbohydrates which do not reduce such reagents are known as non-reducing carbohydrates.
e.g., sucrose and polysaccharides.

Sugars and Non-sugars

On the basis of their, taste, carbohydrates are classified as sugars and non-sugars. The
monosaccharides and oligosaccharides having sweet taste are collectively known as sugars.
Polysaccharides which are insoluble in water and not sweet in taste, are non-sugars.

Glucose

Dextrose, grape sugar, corn sugar, blood sugar (C 6H12O6).

Manufacture

By hydrolysis of starch with hot dil mineral acids and by hydrolysis of sucrose.
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Extra glucose is stored in liver as glycogen.

α and β glucose

In intermolecular hemiacetal formation (cyclic structure), -CHO is converted into -CHOH

which can have two configurations as shown below.

Glucose having (i) configuration about C1 is the α-glucose and having (ii) configuration
about C1 is β-glucose.

The carbon C1 is known as anomeric carbon and these compounds are called anomers. Both
the forms are optically active. ex-D-glucosehas specific rotation +111.5° and β-D-glucose has
specific rotation + 19.5°.

Mutarotation

When either of the two forms of glucose is dissolved in water, there is a spontaneous change in
specific rotation till the equilibrium value of +52.5°. This is known as mutarotation.

Properties of glucose

Glucose has one aldehyde group, one primary hydroxyl (-CH 2OH) and four
secondary hydroxyl (-CHOH) groups and gives the following reactions:
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These reactions confirm the presence ofa carbonyl group in glucose.

(iii) Glucose reduces ammoniacal silver nitrate solution (Tollen‟s reagent) to metallic silver and
also Fehling‟S solution or Benedict solution to reddish brown cuprous oxide (Cu2O) and itself gets
oxidised to gluconic acid. This confirms the presence of an aldehydic group in glucose.

(iv) With mild oxidising agent like bromine water, glucose is oxidised to gluconic acid.
Glucose on oxidation with nitric acid gives saccharic acid.
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(vii) Glucose on reaction with methyl alcohol in the presence of dry HCl(g) forms α and β-
methyl glycosides. The reaction occurs only at the OH of hemiacetylic carbon.

Cyclic structure of glucose Given by Haworth and Hirst.

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Fructose Fruit Sugar (C6H12O6)

Manufacture

By hydrolysis of inulin.

α and β-fructose

The two forms have different configuration about C 2.

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Fructose does not reduce Br2 water.

Epimers

Monosaccharides differing in configuration at a carbon other than anomeric carbon are called
epimers, e.g., glucose and galactose differ in configuration at C 4, hence called epimers.

Osazones

Monosaccharides and reducing disaccharides react with excess of phenyl hydrazine to form
crystalline substances of the structure

It is known as osazones glucose and fructose give same osazone.

Molisch Test for Carbohydrates

In aqueous solution of compound add solution of α-naphthol in alcohol and then cone.
H2SO4 along the walls of the test tube. Purple coloured ring is obtained at the junction.
 1 marks questions

1. Give some examples of bimolecules [1]

2. What are carbohydrates? [1]

3. Give one example of each- Monosaccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharides. [1]

4. Which disaccharides are non – reducing sugars? [1]

5. Classify the following as monosaccharides disaccharides and polysaccharides- [1]

Glucose, Sucrose, maltose, ribose, glycogen, lactose, fructose.

6. What is the meaning of statement- Glucose is an aldohexose. [1]

7. Why are polysaccharides considered non- sugars? [1]

8. Give two examples of reducing sugars [1]

9. Which sugar is present in milk? [1]

10. Name the reagents used to check the reducing nature of carbohydrates.

11. How is glucose obtained from starch? [1]

12. Give two examples of polysaccharides. [1]

13. Name any Hexose other than glucose [1]

2 marks questions

2. Give a reaction to prove that –

(a) Glucose has carbonyl group

(b) The six carbons in glucose are arranged in a straight chain [2]

3. What is the significance of ‘D’ and ‘+’ before the name of glucose in D (+) – glucose? [2]

4. Which reaction of glucose cannot be explained by its cyelic structure? [2]

5. What are anomers? Name the two anomers of glucose. [2]

6. Give the structures of α and β forms of glucose. [2]

7. What are the expected products of hydrolysis of

(a) Sucrose

(b) Galactose [2]

8. What is animal starch ? Where is it found? [2]