A

Project Report on

“CAR RENTAL SYSTEM ”

AT
Govt. Collage, Hoshiarpur

Submitted to
PUNJAB UNIVERSITY CHANDIGARH
In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
Award of degree
Master of Information Technology

Submitted by Project Guide

Simran jeet Mr.Kanav Rishi
7102 Professor

(Session 2018 – 2019)

Govt Collage
Hoshiarpur

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 Format of Certificate by Organization
To whomsoever it may concern

This is to certify that Miss. Simran jeet (Roll Number 7102) an Msc.it (Semester I) student of Govt
Collage Hoshiarpur is undergoing/ successfully completed his/her Industrial Training as part of his
Course Curriculum w.e.f. ……………….. to …………………….

He/ She has worked on project entitled “……………………………………………”. This project is

being done under my direct supervision.

During training period, his/ her work and conduct has been satisfactory.

We wish him/her success in all future endeavors.

Signature
Name & Designation

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 Declaration

I Simran jeet, student of Msc.It (Semester I) of Govt Collage, Hoshiarpur hereby declare that the project
entitled “Online Examination System” is the original work done by me.

Date: Simran jeet

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 INDEX

S. N CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. REASON FOR PROJECT

2.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

2.2 AIM & OBJECTIVES

3. SYSTEM SPECIFICATION

4. Benefits of Online Car Rental Services

5. FUNCTIONAL AND NON – FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

6. DATAFLOW DIAGRAMS

7. Actor and Use Case Description

8. Use-Case Dependency Diagram:-

9. Use Case Diagram

10. Activity Diagram

1.1 Member Registration

1.2 Adding a New Car

11. TESTING

12. OVERVIEW OF TECHNOLOGIES USED

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INTRODUCTION :-

This project is designed so as to be used by Car

Rental Company specializing in rentingcars to customers. It is an
online system through which customers can view available cars,
register, view profile and book car.

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Reason for the Project :-

T h e a d v a n c e m e n t i n I n f o r m a t i o n Te c h n o l o g y a n d i n t e r n e t p e n e t r a t i o n h a s
g r e a t l y enhanced various business processes and communication between
companies (services provider) and their customers of which car rental industry is not left out.
This E-Car Rental System is developed to provide the following services:

 Enhance Business Processes: To be able to use internet technology to project

the rental company to the global world instead of limiting their services to
their local domain alone, thus increase their return on investment (ROI).

 Online Vehicle Reservation: A tools through which customers can reserve

available cars online prior to their expected pick-up date or time.

 Customer’s registration: A registration portal to hold customer’s details, monitor their

transaction and used same to offer better and improve services to them.

 Group bookings: Allows the customer to book space for a group in the
c a s e o f weddings or corporate meetings (Event management)

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Problem Statement :-

A car rental is a vehicle that can be used temporarily for a fee during a specified period. Getting
a rental car helps people get around despite the fact they do not have access to their
own personal vehicle or don't own a vehicle at all. The individual who needs a
car must contact a rental car company and contract out for a vehicle. This system
increases customer retention and simplify vehicle and staff management.

Aims & Objectives :-

 To produce a web-based system that allow customer to register and reserve car onlineand
for the company to effectively manage their car rental business.

 To ease customer’s task whenever they need to rent a car.

Scope :-

 This project traverses a lot of areas ranging from business concept to

computing field,and required to perform several researches to be able to
achieve the project objectives. The area covers include:

 Car rental industry: This includes study on how the car rental business is being done,
process involved and opportunity that exist for improvement.

 PHP Technology used for the development of the application.

 G e n e r a l c u s t o m e r s a s w e l l a s t h e c o m p a n y ’s s t a ff w i l l b e a b l e t o u s e
t h e s y s t e m effectively.

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  Web-platform means that the system will be available for access 24/7 except
when there is a temporary server issue which is expected to be minimal.

System Specifications

Hardware Requirements:-

 Pentium-IV(Processor).
 256 MB Ram
 512 KB Cache Memory
 Hard disk 10 GB
 Microsoft Compatible 101 or more Key Board

Software Requirements: -

 Operating System : Windows

 Web-Technology: PHP

 Front-End: HTML, CSS, JAVASCRIPT

 Back-End: MySQL

 Web Server: Apache SERVER.

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How Car Rental Services Work :-

A car rental is a vehicle that can be used temporarily for a period of time with a
f e e . Renting a car assists people to get around even when they do not have access to their own personal
vehicle or don't own a vehicle at all. The individual who want to rent a car must first contact the car
rental company for the desire vehicle. This can be done online. At this point, this person has to
supply some information such as; dates of rental, and type of car. After these details are worked out, the
individual renting the car must present a valid Identification Card.

Most companies throughout the industry make a profit based of the type of cars that arerented .T h e
r e n t a l c a r s a r e c a t e g o r i z e d i n t o e c o n o m y, c o m p a c t , c o m p a c t p r e m i u m , premium and
luxury. And customers are free to choose any car of their choice based on their purse and availability of
such car at the time of reservation.

Benefits of Online Car Rental Services :-

 This online car rental solution is fully functional and flexible.

 It is very easy to use.
 This online car rental system helps in back office administration by streamlining and
standardizing the procedures.
 It saves a lot of time, money and labor.
 Eco-friendly: The monitoring of the vehicle activity and the overall business become easy
and includes the least of paper work.
 The software acts as an office that is open 24/7.

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  I t i n c r e a s e s t h e e ff i c i e n c y o f t h e m a n a g e m e n t a t o ff e r i n g q u a l i t y
s e r v i c e s t o t h e customers
 It provides custom features development and support with the software

FUNCTIONAL AND NON – FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

Functional Requirements :-

Requirement analysis is a software engineering technique that is

composed of the various tasks that determine the needs or conditions that are to be met for a new
or altered product, taking into consideration the possible conflicting requirements of the various
users.

Functional requirements are those requirements that are used to illustrate the
internal working nature of the system, the description of the system, and explanation
of each subsystem. It consists of what task the system should perform, the processes
involved,w h i c h d a t a s h o u l d t h e s y s t e m h o l d s a n d t h e i n t e r f a c e s w i t h t h e
u s e r. T h e f u n c t i o n a l requirements identified are:

 Customer’s registration: The system should allow new users to register online
andgenerate membership card.
 Online reservation of cars: Customers should be able to use the system to make booking
and online reservation.

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  Automatic update to database once reservation is made or new customer
registered:Whenever there’s new reservation or new registration, the system should be
ableupdate the database without any additional efforts from the admin.

 Feedbacks to customers: It should provide means for customers to leave feedback.

Non-Functional Requirements :-

It describes aspects of the system that are concerned with how the
system provides the functional requirements. They are:

Functional requirements are those requirements that are used to illustrate the
internal working nature of the system, the description of the system, and explanation
of each subsystem. It consists of what task the system should perform, the processes
involved,w h i c h d a t a s h o u l d t h e s y s t e m h o l d s a n d t h e i n t e r f a c e s w i t h t h e
u s e r. T h e f u n c t i o n a l requirements identified are:

 Security: The subsystem should provide a high level of security and integrity of the data
held by the system, only authorized personnel of the company can gain access to the
company’s secured page on the system; and only users with valid password and user
name can login to view user’s page.
 Performance and Response time: The system should have high performance rate when
executing user’s input and should be able to provide feedback or response within a short
time span usually 50 seconds for highly complicated task and 20 to 25seconds for less
complicated task.

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  Error handling: Error should be considerably minimized and an appropriate error
message that guides the user to recover from an error should be provided. Validation of
user’s input is highly essential. Also the standard time taken to recover from an error
should be 15 to 20 seconds.

 Availability: This system should always be available for access at 24 hours, 7 days a
week. Also in the occurrence of any major system malfunctioning, the system should be
available in 1 to 2 working days, so that the business process is not severely affected.

Design

Design is the first step in the development phase for any

techniques and principles for the purpose of defining a device, a process or system in sufficient
detail to permit its physical realization.

Once the software requirements have been analyzed and specified the
software design involves three technical activities - design, coding, implementation and testing
that are required to build and verify the software.

The design activities are of main importance in this phase, because in

this activity, decisions ultimately affecting the success of the software implementation and its
ease of maintenance are made. These decisions have the final bearing upon reliability and
maintainability of the system. Design is the only way to accurately translate the customer’s
requirements into finished software or a system.

Design is the place where quality is fostered in development.

Software design is a process through which requirements are translated into a representation of

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software. Software design is conducted in two steps. Preliminary design is concerned with the
transformation of requirements into data.

DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS:

The DFD takes an input-process-output view of a system i.e. data objects flow into the software,
are transformed by processing elements, and resultant data objects flow out of the software.

Data objects represented by labeled arrows and transformation are represented by circles
also called as bubbles. DFD is presented in a hierarchical fashion i.e. the first data flow model represents
the system as a whole. Subsequent DFD refine the context diagram (level 0 DFD), providing increasing
details with each subsequent level.

The DFD enables the software engineer to develop models of the information domain &
functional domain at the same time. As the DFD is refined into greater levels of details, the analyst
perform an implicit functional decomposition of the system. At the same time, the DFD refinement
results in a corresponding refinement of the data as it moves through the process that embody the
applications.

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 A context-level DFD for the system the primary external entities produce information for
use by the system and consume information generated by the system. The labeled arrow represents data
objects or object hierarchy.

RULES FOR DFD:

 Fix the scope of the system by means of context diagrams.

 Organize the DFD so that the main sequence of the actions

 Reads left to right and top to bottom.

 Identify all inputs and outputs.

 Identify and label each process internal to the system with Rounded circles.

 A process is required for all the data transformation and Transfers. Therefore, never connect a
data store to a data Source or the destinations or another data store with just a Data flow
arrow.

 Do not indicate hardware and ignore control information.

 Make sure the names of the processes accurately convey everything the process is done.

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  There must not be unnamed process.

 Indicate external sources and destinations of the data, with Squares.

 Number each occurrence of repeated external entities.

 Identify all data flows for each process step, except simple Record retrievals.

 Label data flow on each arrow.

 Use details flow on each arrow.

 Use the details flow arrow to indicate data movements.

DATAFLOW DIAGRAMS:-

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In this diagram, Customer and Car Rental Company are the two entity sets.Functions of
Customer:

 New Registration
 Login Request
 Registration Confirmation by the System
 Reserve Car
 Car Issued by the System
 Email received for Reserved Car Functions of Car Rental Company:

ONLINE CAR RENTAL. SYSTEM CUSTOMER CAR RENTAL COMPANY RESERVE A

CAR CAR RESERVED NEW REGISTRATION.

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LOGIN REQUEST AUTHENTICATION REGISTRATION CONFIRMATION EMAIL FOR
RESERVED CAR ADD CUSTOMER EMAIL FOR RESERVED CAR TRANSACTION
REPORTS.

 Add Customer

 Send E-Mails for Reserved Car View Transaction reports

Actor and Use Case Description:-

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 Actor and use case description shows the detail description of interaction between the
actors and their use cases. The description enables to have a proper understanding of how actor
interacts with the system through their use cases.

Use Case Diagram:-

Use-Case Dependency Diagram:-

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Activity Diagram:

Activity diagrams graphically represent the sequential business and operationalworkflows of a

system. It is a dynamic diagram that shows the activity and the event thatcauses the object to be
in the particular state. The workflows from activity diagram willserve as guide for system
navigation in the final design phase of the system.

Member Registration:-

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2
Profile Modification:-

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Reservation Of Car:-

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Customer Feedback:-

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Payment of Car Rent:-

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Adding a New Car:-

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Feedback Response:-

Return Car and Check Rental Details:-

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View Report:-

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Actor and Use Case Description:-
MODULES:

1:ADMIN MODULE
2.INSTRUCTOR MODULE
3.STUDENT MODULE

1.ADMIN MODULE:

1.REGISTER
2.LOGIN
3.CHANGE PASSWORD & FOR GOT PASSWORD
4.CAR DETAILS
5.ADD CAR
6.MODIFY CAR

1.REGISTER:To be authenticated firest have to be registered.

2.LOGIN:The Registered User Can be Allowed to view inner details for which he
Permitted

3.CHANGE PASSWORD & FORGOT PASSWORD:User has rights to modify his login details & also be informed
through mails if he is unable to login.

4.CAR -MODIFING DETAILS: Car can be modified to change status of each Car.

5.INSTRUCTOR DETAILS - MODIFYING DETAILS:According to staff he can add or delete Instructors for specific
platforms.

2.INSTRUCTOR MODULE:

1.REGISTER
2. LOGIN
3CHANGE PASSWORD & FORGOT PASSWORD
4.ADD CARS.
5.UPDATE CARS
6.VIEW CAR DETAILS

1.REGISTER:To be authenticated first have to be registered.

2.LOGIN:The Registered User Can be Allowed to view inner details for which he Permitted

3.CHANGE PASSWORD & FORGOT PASSWORD: User has rights to modify his loging details& also be
informed through mails if he is unable to login

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6.CREATE CAR

OVERVIEW OF TECHNOLOGIES USED

PHP
PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor, is a widely used, general-purpose scripting language that was originally designed
for web development, to produce dynamic web pages. It can be embedded into HTML and generally runs on a
web server, which needs to be configured to process PHP code and create web page content from it. It can be
deployed on most web servers and on almost every operating system and platform free of charge.

PHP was originally created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1995 and has been in continuous development ever since. The
main implementation of PHP is now produced by The PHP Group and serves as the defacto standard for PHP as
thereis no formal specification.PHP is free software released under the PHP
License, which is incompatible with the GNU General Public License (GPL)
because of restrictions on the use of the term PHP

PHP has evolved to include a command line interface capability and can also be
used in standalone graphical applications.

USAGE
PHP is a general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for web
development. PHP generally runs on a web server. Any PHP code in a requested
file is executed by the PHP runtime, usually to create dynamic web page content.
It can also be used for command-line scripting and client-side GUI applications.
PHP can be deployed on most web servers, many operating systems and
platforms, and can be used with many relational database management systems.
It is available free of charge, and the PHP Group provides the complete source
code for users to build, customize and extend for their own use.

PHP primarily acts as a filter, taking input from a file or stream containing text
and/or PHP instructions and outputs another stream of data; most commonly the
output will be HTML. Since PHP 4, the PHP parser compiles input to produce

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byte code for processing by the Zend Engine, giving improved performance over
its interpreter predecessor

Originally designed to create dynamic web pages, PHP now focuses mainly on
server-side scripting, and it is similar to other server-side scripting languages that
provide dynamic content from a web server to a client, such as Microsoft's Active
Server Pages, Sun Microsystems' JavaServer Pages and mod_perl. PHP has
also attracted the development of many frameworks that provide building blocks
and a design structure to promote rapid application development (RAD). Some of
these include CakePHP, Symfony, CodeIgniter, and Zend Framework, offering
features similar to other web application frameworks.

About HTML

HTML, which stands for Hyper Text Markup Language, is the predominant
markup language for web pages. It provides a means to create structured
documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings,
paragraphs, lists etc as well as for links, quotes, and other items. It allows
images and objects to be embedded and can be used to create interactive forms.
It is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of "tags" surrounded by
angle brackets within the web page content. It can include or can load scripts in
languages such as JavaScript which affect the behavior of HTML processors like
Web browsers; and Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) to define the appearance and
layout of text and other material. The W3C, maintainer of both HTML and CSS
standards, encourages the use of CSS over explicit presentational markup.

Hyper Text Markup Language(HTML) is the encoding scheme used to create and
format a web document. A user need not be an expert programmer to make use
of HTML for creating hypertext documents that can be put on the internet.

Most graphical e-mail clients allow the use of a subset of HTML (often ill-defined)
to provide formatting and semantic markup not available with plain text. This may
include typographic information like coloured headings, emphasized and quoted

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text, inline images and diagrams. Many such clients include both a GUI editor for
composing HTML e-mail messages and a rendering engine for displaying them.
Use of HTML in e-mail is controversial because of compatibility issues, because
it can help disguise phishing attacks, because it can confuse spam filters and
because the message size is larger than plain text.

NAMING CONVENTIONS
The most common filename extension for files containing HTML is .html. A
common abbreviation of this is .htm, which originated because some early
operating systems and file systems, such as DOS and FAT, limited file extensions
to three letters.

HTML APPLICATION
An HTML Application is a Microsoft Windows application that uses HTML and
Dynamic HTML in a browser to provide the application's graphical interface. A
regular HTML file is confined to the security model of the web browser,
communicating only to web servers and manipulating only webpage objects and
site cookies. An HTA runs as a fully trusted application and therefore has more
privileges, like creation/editing/removal of files and Windows Registry entries.
Because they operate outside the browser's security model, HTAs cannot be
executed via HTTP, but must be downloaded (just like an EXE file) and executed
from local file system

ABOUT JAVASCRIPT
JavaScript is an object-oriented scripting language used to enable programmatic
access to objects within both the client application and other applications. It is
primarily used in the form of client-side JavaScript, implemented as an integrated
component of the web browser, allowing the development of enhanced user
interfaces and dynamic websites. JavaScript is a dialect of the ECMAScript
standard and is characterized as a dynamic, weakly typed, prototype-based
language with first-class functions. JavaScript was influenced by many
languages and was designed to look like Java, but to be easier for non-programmers to work with.

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PROTOTYPE-BASED
JavaScript uses prototypes instead of classes for inheritance. It is possible to
simulate many class-based features with prototypes in JavaScript.

Functions double as object constructors along with their typical role. Prefixing a
function call with new creates a new object and calls that function with its local
this keyword bound to that object for that invocation. The constructor's prototype
property determines the object used for the new object's internal prototype.
JavaScript's built-in constructors, such as Array, also have prototypes that can be
modified.

Unlike many object-oriented languages, there is no distinction between a function

definition and a method definition. Rather, the distinction occurs during function
calling; a function can be called as a method. When a function is called as a
method of an object, the function's local this keyword is bound to that object for
that invocation.

USAGE
The primary use of JavaScript is to write functions that are embedded in or
included from HTML pages and interact with the Document Object Model (DOM)
of the page.

Because JavaScript code can run locally in a user's browser (rather than on a
remote server) it can respond to user actions quickly, making an application feel
more responsive. Furthermore, JavaScript code can detect user actions which
HTML alone cannot, such as individual keystrokes. Applications such as Gmail
take advantage of this: much of the user-interface logic is written in JavaScript,
and JavaScript dispatches requests for information (such as the content of an e-
mail message) to the server. The wider trend of Ajax programming similarly
exploits this strength.

A JavaScript engine (also known as JavaScript interpreter or JavaScript

implementation) is an interpreter that interprets JavaScript source code and
executes the script accordingly. The first JavaScript engine was created by

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Brendan Eich at Netscape Communications Corporation, for the Netscape
Navigator web browser. A web browser is by far the most common host
environment for JavaScript. Web browsers typically use the public API to create
"host objects" responsible for reflecting the DOM into JavaScript.

ABOUT MySQL
MySQL Introduction
There are a large number of database management systems currently available, some commercial and
some free.
Some of them : Oracle, Microsoft Access, Mysqli and PostgreSQL.
These database systems are powerful, feature-rich software, capable of organizing and searching millions
of records at very high speeds.

Understanding Databases, Records, and Primary Keys

Every Database is composed of one or more tables.

These Tables, which structure data into rows and columns, Impose organization on the data.

The records in a table(below) are not arranged in any particular order.

To make it easy to identify a specific record,therefore, it becomes necessary

standing Relationships and Foreign Keys(RDBMS)

You already know that a single database can hold multiple tables.
In a Relational database management system(RDBMS), these tables can be linked to each other by one or
more common fields, called foreign keys.

What is Database administrator(DBA) ?

Database administrator is the super user of database, he has unrestricted rights and privileges to access
database, grant permission to other database users.

What is Database user(DBU) ?

Database user is the person who uses the database in a restricted privileges, provided by database
administrator.

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 Download MySQL Database

If you have installed PHP’s WAMP or XAMPP or LAMPP server, then mysql database already exists. if you
don’t have then download mysql database from here http://www.mysql.com

DATABASE TABLES:

USER REG TABLE

NAME NULL/NOTNULL TYPE KEY

ID NOTNULL INT PRIMARYKEY
NAME NULL VARCHAR(50)
DOB NULL DATETIME
GENDER NULL VARCHAR(10)
BRANCH NULL VARCHAR(20)
COLLEGE NULL VARCHAR(50)
UID NULL VARCHAR(50)
PWD NULL VARCHAR(20)
RPWD NULL VARCHAR(20)
UTYPE NULL VARCHAR(20)
QUE NULL VARCHAR(500)
ANS NULL VARCHAR(500)

Admin Table

NAME NULL/NOTNULL TYPE KEY

ADMIN
_ID NOTNULL INT PRIMARYKEY
UNAME NULL VARCHAR(500)
PASS NULL VARCHAR(500)

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cars Table
NAME TYPE KEY
CAR_ID INT FOREIGNKEY
CAR_NAME VARCHAR(500)
CAR_TYPE VARCHAR(500)
IMAGE VARCHAR(500)
HIRE_COST VARCHAR(500)
CAPACITY VARCHAR(500)
STATUS VARCHAR(500)

CLIENT TABLE:-
NULL/NOTNU
NAME LL TYPE KEY
FOREIGNKE
CLIENT_ID NOTNULL INT Y
EMAIL NOTNULL
VARCHAR(
FNAME NOTNULL 100)
VARCHAR(
ID_NO. NOTNULL 100)
VARCHAR(
PHONE NOTNULL 100)
VARCHAR(
LOCATION NOTNULL 100)
VARCHAR(
GENDER NOTNULL 100)

Hire Table:-
NULL/NOTNU
NAME LL TYPE KEY
HIRE_ID NOTNULL INT
CLIENT_ID NOTNULL INT
CAR_ID NOTNULL INT
STATUS NOTNULL INT

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FEASIBILITY STUDY:

Feasibility study is conducted once

the problem is clearly understood. Feasibility study is a high level capsule version of the entire system analysis and design
process. The objective is to determine quickly at a minimum expense how to solve a problem. The purpose of feasibility is
not to solve the problem but to determine if the problem is worth solving.

The system has been tested for feasibility in the following points.
1. Technical Feasibility
2. Economical Feasibility
3. Operational Feasibility.

1. Technical Feasibility
The project entitles "Courier Service System” is technically feasibility because of the
below mentioned feature. The project was developed in Java which Graphical User Interface.
It provides the high level of reliability, availability and compatibility. All these
make Java an appropriate language for this project. Thus the existing software Java is a
powerful language.

2. Economical Feasibility

The computerized system will help in automate the selection leading the
profits and details of the organization. With this software, the machine and manpower
utilization are expected to go up by 80-90% approximately. The costs incurred of not creating
the system are set to be great, because precious time can be wanted by manually.

3. Operational Feasibility

In this project, the management will know the details of each

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project where he may be presented and the data will be maintained as decentralized and if any
inquires for that particular contract can be known as per their requirements and necessaries.

Implementation:

Implementation is the stage where the theoretical design is turned into a working system.
The most crucial stage in achieving a new successful system and in giving confidence on the
new system for the users that it will work efficiently and effectively.

The system can be implemented only after thorough testing is done and if it is found to work
according to the specification.

It involves careful planning, investigation of the current system and its constraints on
implementation, design of methods to achieve the change over and an evaluation of change over
methods a part from planning. Two major tasks of preparing the implementation are education
and training of the users and testing of the system.

The more complex the system being implemented, the more involved will be the systems
analysis and design effort required just for implementation.

The implementation phase comprises of several activities. The required hardware and
software acquisition is carried out. The system may require some software to be developed. For
this, programs are written and tested. The user then changes over to his new fully tested system
and the old system is discontinued.

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TESTING:

The testing phase is an important part of software development. It is the puterized system will
help in automate process of finding errors and missing operations and also a complete verification to
determine whether the objectives are met and the user requirements are satisfied.

Software testing is carried out in three steps:

1. The first includes unit testing, where in each module is tested to provide its correctness,
validity and also determine any missing operations and to verify whether the objectives have been met.
Errors are noted down and corrected immediately. Unit testing is the important and major part of the
project. So errors are rectified easily in particular module and program clarity is increased. In this
project entire system is divided into several modules and is developed individually. So unit testing is
conducted to individual modules.

2. The second step includes Integration testing. It need not be the case, the software whose
modules when run individually and showing perfect results, will also show perfect results when run as a
whole. The individual modules are clipped under this major module and tested again and verified the
results. This is due to poor interfacing, which may results in data being lost across an interface. A
module can have inadvertent, adverse effect on any other or on the global data structures, causing
serious problems.

3. The final step involves validation and testing which determines which the software
functions as the user expected. Here also some modifications were. In the completion of the project it is
satisfied fully by the end user.

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Maintenance and environment:

AS the number of computer based systems, grieve libraries of computer software began to expand. In
house developed projects produced tones of thousand soft program source statements. Software products
purchased from the outside added hundreds of thousands of new statements. A dark cloud appeared on
the horizon. All of these programs, all of those source statements-had to be corrected when false were
detected, modified as user requirements changed, or adapted to new hardware that was purchased. These
activities were collectively called software Maintenance.
The maintenance phase focuses on change that is associated with error correction, adaptations
required as the software's environment evolves, and changes due to enhancements brought about by
changing customer requirements. Four types of changes are encountered during the maintenance phase.

Correction
Adaptation
Enhancement
Prevention

Correction:
Even with the best quality assurance activities is lightly that the customer will uncover
defects in the software. Corrective maintenance changes the software to correct defects.

Maintenance is a set of software Engineering activities that occur after software has been
delivered to the customer and put into operation. Software configuration management is a set of
tracking and control activities that began when a software project begins and terminates only
when the software is taken out of the operation.

We may define maintenance by describing four activities that are undertaken after a program is
released for use:

Corrective Maintenance
Adaptive Maintenance

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Perfective Maintenance or Enhancement
Preventive Maintenance or reengineering

Only about 20 percent of all maintenance work are spent "fixing mistakes". The remaining 80
percent are spent adapting existing systems to changes in their external environment, making
enhancements requested by users, and reengineering an application for use.

ADAPTATION:

Over time, the original environment (E>G., CPU, operating system, business rules, external
product characteristics) for which the software was developed is likely to change. Adaptive maintenance
results in modification to the software to accommodate change to its external environment.

ENHANCEMENT:

As software is used, the customer/user will recognize additional functions that will provide benefit.
Perceptive maintenance extends the software beyond its original function requirements.

PREVENTION :

Computer software deteriorates due to change, and because of this, preventive

maintenance, often called software re engineering, must be conducted to enable the software to
serve the needs of its end users. In essence, preventive maintenance makes changes to computer
programs so that they can be more easily corrected, adapted, and enhanced. Software
configuration management (SCM) is an umbrella activity that is applied throughout the software
process. SCM activities are developed to

SOFTWARE METHODOLOGY

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 The software methodology followed in this project includes the object-oriented methodology and
the application system development methodologies. The description of these methodologies is given
below.

Application System Development – A Life cycle Approach

Although there are a growing number of applications (such as decision support systems) that should
be developed using an experimental process strategy such as prototyping, a significant amount of new
development work continue to involve major operational applications of broad scope. The application
systems are large highly structured. User task comprehension and developer task proficiency is usually
high. These factors suggest a linear or iterative assurance strategy. The most common method for this
stage class of problems is a system development life cycle modal in which each stage of development is
well defined and has straightforward requirements for deliverables, feedback and sign off. The system
development life cycle is described in detail since it continues to be an appropriate methodology for a
significant part of new development work.

The basic idea of the system development life cycle is that there is a well-defined process by which
an application is conceived and developed and implemented. The life cycle gives structure to a creative
process. In order to manage and control the development effort, it is necessary to know what should
have been done, what has been done, and what has yet to be accomplished. The phrases in the system
development life cycle provide a basis for management and control because they define segments of the

flow of work, which can be identified for managerial purposes and specifies the documents or other
deliverables to be produced in each phase.

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 The phases in the life cycle for information system development are described differently by
different writers, but the differences are primarily in the amount of necessity and manner of
categorization. There is a general agreement on the flow of development steps and the necessity for
control procedures at each stage.

The information system development cycle for an application consists of three major stages.

1)Definition.
2)Development.
3)Installation and operation.

The first stage of the process, which defines the information requirements for a feasible cost effective
system. The requirements are then translated into a physical system of forms, procedures, programs etc.,
by the system design, computer programming and procedure development. The resulting system is test
and put into operation. No system is perfect so there is always a need for maintenance changes. To
complete the cycle, there should be a post audit of the system to evaluate how well it performs and how
well it meets the cost and performance specifications. The stages of definition, development and
installation and operation can therefore be divided into smaller steps or phrases as follows.

Definition

Proposed definition : preparation of request for proposed applications.

Feasibility assessment : evaluation of feasibility and cost benefit of proposed system.
Information requirement analysis : determination of information needed.
Design
Conceptual design : User-oriented design of application development.

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Physical system design : Detailed design of flows and processes in applications processing system and
preparation of program specification.
Development
Program development : coding and testing of computer programs.
Procedure development : design of procedures and preparation of user instructions.

Installation and operation

Conversion : final system test and conversion.

Operation and maintenance : Month to month operation and maintenance
Post audit : Evaluation of development process,application system and results of use at
the completion of the each phase, formal approval sign-off is required from the users as well as from the
manager of the project development.

Testing is a process of executing a program with the indent of finding an error. Testing is a crucial
element of software quality assurance and presents ultimate review of specification, design and
coding.

System Testing is an important phase. Testing represents an interesting anomaly for the software. Thus a
series of testing are performed for the proposed system before the system is ready for user acceptance
testing.

A good test case is one that has a high probability of finding an as undiscovered error. A
successful test is one that uncovers an as undiscovered error.

Testing Objectives:

1.Testing is a process of executing a program with the intent of finding an error

2.A good test case is one that has a probability of finding an as yet undiscovered error

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 3.A successful test is one that uncovers an undiscovered error

Testing Principles

1. All tests should be traceable to end user requirements

2.Tests should be planned long before testing begins

3.Testing should begin on a small scale and progress towards testing in large
4.Exhaustive testing is not possible
5.To be most effective testing should be conducted by a independent third party

The primary objective for test case design is to derive a set of tests that has the highest livelihood for
uncovering defects in software. To accomplish this objective two different categories of test case design
techniques are used. They are

White box testing.

Black box testing.

White-box testing:

White box testing focus on the program control structure. Test cases are derived to ensure that all
statements in the program have been executed at least once during testing and that all logical conditions
have been executed.

Block-box testing:

Black box testing is designed to validate functional requirements without regard to the internal workings
of a program. Black box testing mainly focuses on the information domain of the software, deriving test
cases by partitioning input and output in a manner that provides through test coverage. Incorrect and

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missing functions, interface errors, errors in data structures, error in functional logic are the errors falling
in this category.

Testing strategies:

A strategy for software testing must accommodate low-level tests that are necessary to verify that
all small source code segment has been correctly implemented as well as high-level tests that validate
major system functions against customer requirements.

Testing fundamentals:

Testing is a process of executing program with the intent of finding error. A good test case is one
that has high probability of finding an undiscovered error. If testing is conducted successfully it
uncovers the errors in the software. Testing cannot show the absence of defects, it can only show that
software defects present.

Testing Information flow:

Information flow for testing flows the pattern. Two class of input provided to test the process. The software
configuration includes a software requirements specification, a design specification and source code.

Test configuration includes test plan and test cases and test tools. Tests are conducted and all the results are
evaluated. That is test results are compared with expected results. When erroneous data are uncovered, an error is implied and
debugging commences.

Unit testing:

Unit testing is essential for the verification of the code produced during the coding phase and hence the goal is to
test the internal logic of the modules. Using the detailed design description as a guide, important paths are tested to uncover
errors with in the boundary of the modules. These tests were carried out during the programming stage itself. All units of
ViennaSQL were successfully tested.

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Integration testing :
Integration testing focuses on unit tested modules and build the program structure that is dictated by the design
phase.

System testing:
System testing tests the integration of each module in the system. It also tests to find discrepancies between the
system and it’s original objective, current specification and system documentation. The primary concern is the compatibility
of individual modules. Entire system is working properly or not will be tested here, and specified path ODBC connection will
correct or not, and giving output or not are tested here these verifications and validations are done by giving input values to
the system and by comparing with expected output. Top-down testing implementing here.

Acceptance Testing:

This testing is done to verify the readiness of the system for the implementation. Acceptance testing begins when the system
is complete. Its purpose is to provide the end user with the confidence that the system is ready for use. It involves planning
and execution of functional tests, performance tests and stress tests in order to demonstrate that the implemented system
satisfies its requirements.

Tools to special importance during acceptance testing include:

Test coverage Analyzer – records the control paths followed for each test case.

Timing Analyzer – also called a profiler, reports the time spent in various regions of the code are areas to concentrate on to
improve system performance.

Coding standards – static analyzers and standard checkers are used to inspect code for deviations from standards and
guidelines.

Test Cases:

Test cases are derived to ensure that all statements in the program have been executed at least once during testing and
that all logical conditions have been executed.

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 Using White-Box testing methods, the software engineer can drive test cases that
 Guarantee that logical decisions on their true and false sides.
 Exercise all logical decisions on their true and false sides.
 Execute all loops at their boundaries and with in their operational bounds.
 Exercise internal data structure to assure their validity.
The test case specification for system testing has to be submitted for review before system testing commences.

CONCLUSION:

Car rental business has emerged with a new goodies compared to the past experiencewhere
every activity concerning car rental business is limited to a physical location only.Even
though the physical location has not been totally eradicated; the nature of functionsand how
these functions are achieved has been reshaped by the power of internet. Nowadays,
customers can reserve cars online, rent car online, and have the car brought totheir door
step once the customer is a registered member or go to the office to pick thecar.The web
based car rental system has offered an advantage to both customers as well asCar Rental
Company to efficiently and effectively manage the business and satisfiescustomers’ need at
the click of a button.

FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS:

This application avoids the manual work and the problems concern with it. It is an easy
way to obtain the information regarding the different scheduled examinations information that are
Currently issued.

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 Well I and my team members have worked hard in order to present an
improved website better than the existing one’s regarding the information about the various activities.
Still ,we found out that the project can be done in a better way. Primarily, when we request information
about a particular schedules it just shows the exam date and platform. So, after getting the information
we can get access to the CAR Rental SYSTEM.
The enhancement that we can add the searching option. We can directly
search to the particular student details from this site.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The following books were referred during the analysis and execution phase of the project

 Books Referred:

 BEGINNING PHP 5 ---DAVE MERCER

 BLACK BOOK HTML ---WILEY DREAMTECH

 PHP AND MYSQL WEB DEVELOPMENT --- LUKEWELLING,LAURA

 MICROSOFT SQL SERVER-2000 ---RANKIN, PAUL & JENSEN

 SQL SERVER-2000 ---DUSAN PETKOVIC

 PHP IN A NUTSHELL --- PAUL HUDSON

 Websites Referred:

http://www.projectworlds.in

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