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Antennas and Radio Wave Propagation: Arrays: Linear, Planar, and Circular

This document discusses different types of antenna arrays, including linear, planar, and circular arrays. It provides information on array factors and pattern multiplication for analyzing array patterns. Specific array geometries covered include broadside arrays, end-fire arrays, phased arrays, binomial arrays, and Dolph-Tschebyscheff arrays. Beamwidths, directivity, and radiation patterns are analyzed and compared for different array configurations.

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121 views32 pages

Antennas and Radio Wave Propagation: Arrays: Linear, Planar, and Circular

This document discusses different types of antenna arrays, including linear, planar, and circular arrays. It provides information on array factors and pattern multiplication for analyzing array patterns. Specific array geometries covered include broadside arrays, end-fire arrays, phased arrays, binomial arrays, and Dolph-Tschebyscheff arrays. Beamwidths, directivity, and radiation patterns are analyzed and compared for different array configurations.

Uploaded by

Trần Đình Phước Anh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Antennas and

Radio Wave Propagation


Arrays: Linear, Planar, and
Circular
Introduction
 An array is formed by multi-elements.
 Array is used to improve/control directive
characteristics of antennas
 Total field of the array is determined by the
vector addition of the fields radiated by the
invidiual elements
 Pattern of an array is controlled by:
 Geometrical configuration
 Relative displacement between elements
 Excitation amplitude and phase of
elements
 Relative pattern of elements
…
2
Two-element Array

Far field region:

Array factor:

3
Array Factor, Pattern Multiplication
Normalized array factor:

Element, array factor,


and total field patterns of
two-element array of
infinitesimal horizontal
dipole with identical
excitation

4
N-element Linear Array: Uniform
Amplitude and Spacing (1)

Element, array factor,


and total field
patterns of two-
element array of
infinitesimal
horizontal dipole with
identical excitation

5
N-element Linear Array: Uniform
Amplitude and Spacing (2)

Reference point is at the center of the array:

6
N-element Linear Array: Uniform
Amplitude and Spacing (3)
Normalized AF:
AF max occurs when:

Nulls of the array:

Maximum values occur when:

7
N-element Linear Array: Uniform
Amplitude and Spacing (4)
3-dB point for the AF occurs when:

Maximum of the first minor lobe occurs when:

Amplitude of the first minor lobe:

8
Broadside Array
Broadside array: maximum radiation of an
array directed normal to the axis of the array

9
Parameters of Broadside Arrays

10
Ordinary End-Fire Array
End-fire array: maximum radiation of an array
directed along the axis of the array

11
Parameters of End-Fire Arrays

12
Phased (Scanning) Array
Maximum radiation of the array occurs at
an angle when:

13
Hansen-Woodyard End-Fire (1)

14
Hansen-Woodyard End-Fire (2)

15
N-Element Linear Array: Directivity
Broadside Array: Ordinary End-Fire Array:

Hansen-Woodyard Array:

16
N-Element Linear Array: Directivity

17
Rectangular to Polar Graphical
Solution

18
N-Element Linear Array: Uniform
Spacing, Non-Uniform Amplitude

Comparisons of broad side arrays:

• Uniform amplitude arrays: smallest HPBW

• Binominal Arrays: smallest side lobes

• Dolph-Tschebyscheff arrays: in the middle range in term of HPBW


and side lobe level (SLL)

19
Binominal Arrays:
Binominal expansion:

Positive coefficients for different values of m represent Pascal’s triangle

m are used to represent number of element of the array, coefficients are


amplitudes of the elements
20
Binominal Arrays: Design

21
Dolph-Tschebyscheff arrays

22
Dolph-Tschebyscheff arrays (2)

23
Dolph-Tschebyscheff arrays (3)

24
Dolph-Tschebyscheff arrays (4)

25
Planar Array

26
Planar Array (2): Patterns

27
Planar Array (3): Patterns

28
Planar Array (4): Patterns

29
Planar Array: Beamwidth and
Directivity

30
Circular Array (1)

31
Circular Array (2)

32

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