Compounds

Compiled by --- Ven. Pandita

Format: noun stem + noun stem >> noun stem

Ex. uttama + purisa >> uttamapurisa

Note: -Here a noun stem as a member of a compound can be an ordinary

noun, a pronoun, a numeral, a primary or secondary derivative --- anything except

conjugated verbs.

– If a noun stem ending in - as is any member but the last of a compound, the ending as

is changed into o.

Ex. manas + dhātu >> manodhātu

Note on Abbreviations

In the following sections, different types of Pali compounds would be described using

special notations. A brief overview of the symbols used and their usage should be given here.

- Capital letters such as A, B, C, etc., are used to denote different noun stems

referring to different entities.

- Identical letters with different subscripts such as, Asub, Amod, are used to denote

different noun stems of identical content, i.e., those referring to the same entity.

- Subscripts are used to denote the type of the noun stem concerned.

- Subscripts used:

com. = standard of comparison dir. = direction (east, etc.)

ind. = indeclinable (prefixes included) mod. = modifier

num. = numeral sub. = substantive

1
a. Kammadhāraya (Adjectival Compounds)

In this type, two different noun stems having identity of content are combined into a

single noun and the whole compound follows the last member in case, gender and number.

1. 1 Amod + Asub >> Asub (sense, gender & number)

Amod >> Asub (Identity relation)

Trs.: "Asub, which is Amod."

2.2 Asub + Amod >> Asub (sense) Amod (gender & number)

Amod >> Asub (Identity relation)

Trs.: "Asub, which is Amod"

3.3 Amod1 + Amod2 >> Asub (sense, gender & number)

Amod1 >> Asub (Identity relation)

Amod2 >> Asub (Identity relation)

Trs.: "Asub, which is both Amod1 and Amod2"

4.4 Asub + Acom >> Asub (sense, gender & number)

Acom >> Asub (Figurative identity relation)

Trs.: "Asub, which is like Acom"

5.5 A + iti +B >> B (sense, gender & number)

(A + iti) >> B (Identity relation)

Trs.: "B, which takes place by way of A"

Note: the indeclinable iti is dropped in the resulting compound.

6.6 A + eva +B >> B (sense, gender & number)

(A + eva) >> B (Emphasized identity relation)

1
visesana-pubbapada
2
visesanuttarapada
3
visesanobhayapada
4
upamānuttarapada
5
sambhāvanāpubbapada
6
avadhāraṇapubbapada
2
 Trs.: "B, which is really / only A"

Note: the indeclinable eva is dropped in the resulting compound.

7.2 Aind + Asub >> Asub (sense, gender & number)

Aind >> Asub (identity relation)

Trs.: "Asub, which is Aind"

b. Digu (Numeral Compounds)

It is a special type of Kammadhāraya compound; its characteristic is that the first

member of the compound must be a cardinal numeral. It is classified into two types ---

samāhāra (collective) and asamāhāra (individual).

Anum + Asub >> Asub (Sense)

(If samāhāra, neutral gender & Singular number)

(If asamāhāra, gender and number of Asub)

Anum >> Asub (Identity relation)

Trs.: "Asub, which is Anum"

c. Tappurisa (Dependent Determinative Compounds)

In this type, two noun stems of different content are combined into a single one. The

first member is related to the second in one of six relations, namely, accusative, instrumental,

dative, ablative, genitive and locative.

A + B >> B (sense, gender & number)

A >> B (accusative relation) Trs.: "B to A"

A >> B (instrumental relation) Trs.: "B with / by A"

A >> B (dative relation) Trs.: "B for A"

A >> B (ablative relation) Trs.: "B from A"

A >> B (genitive relation) Trs.: "B of A"

A >> B (locative relation) Trs.: "B at / on / in A"

2
pādipubbapada / kunipātapubbapada
3
 Sometimes, the first member has a case ending, which indicates its relation to the last

one.2

Again, the format is reversed at times but the resulting sense, etc. is not changed. In

such a case, the first member usually is a prefix or an indeclinable.1

B +A >> B (sense, gender & number)

Relations and translations are the same as above.

d. Abyayībhāva ( Adverbial Compounds)

In this type ---

1. The first member is a prefix or an indeclinable.

2. The first member is related to the second in one of seven relations, namely,

nominative, accusative, instrumental, dative, ablative, genitive and locative.

Aind + B >> A (sense, neutral gender & singular number)

B >> A (nominative relation) Trs.: "Every A", etc.

B >> A (accusative relation) Trs.: "A to B"

B >> A (instrumental relation) Trs.: "A with / by B"

B >> A (dative relation) Trs.: "A for B"

B >> A (ablative relation) Trs.: "A from B"

B >> A (genitive relation) Trs.: "A of B"

B >> A (locative relation) Trs.: "A at / on / in B"

e. Dvanda (Copulative / Aggregative Compounds)

Here two or more members of different content are combined into a compound. It

has two types --- samāhāra (collective) and asamāhāra (individual).

A + B + --- >> AB--- (sense)

(If samāhāra, neutral gender & Singular number)

(If asamāhāra, gender and number of the last member)

B >> C (.ibid)

Ex. "AB goes" means "A goes and B goes too".

Trs. "A and B"

f. Bahubbīhi (Relative Compounds)

Here two members of the same or different content are combined to mean

something other than the members themselves.

1.1 Amod + Asub >> B (sense, gender, number)

Amod >> Asub (Identity relation)

B >> Amod (or) Asub (accusative, instrumental, dative, ablative, genitive or

locative relation)

Trs. "The one having Asub, which is Amod "

2.2 A +B >> C (sense, gender, number)

A >> B (accusative, instrumental, dative, ablative, genitive or locative

relation)

C >> B (accusative, instrumental, dative, ablative, genitive or locative

relation)

If A >> B (accusative relation) Trs.:"The one having B to A"

A >> B (instrumental relation) Trs.:" The one having B with / by A"

A >> B (dative relation) Trs. " The one having B for A"

A >> B (ablative relation) Trs." The one having B from A"

A >> B (genitive relation) Trs.:" The one having B of A"

A >> B (locative relation) Trs. " The one having B at / on / in A"

3.3 saha + A >> B (sense, gender & number)

1
dvipadatulyādhikaraṇa
2
dvipadabhinnādhikaraṇa
3
sahapubbapada
5
 [Note: saha > sa when followed by a consonant, i.e., of the second member]

A >> C (the same relation to another word in the given context)

B >> C (.ibid)

Trs. "One having A with it / him / her"

Ex. "B, who is sahaA, goes" means " B goes with A, i.e., B goes and A goes too".

4.2 (A + B)com >> C (sense, gender, number)

A >> B (genitive relation)

C >> B (genitive relation)

Trs. "One having B, which is like B of A"

5.3 Anum + Bnum >> (Anum or Bnum)

(sense, gender & number of the noun it qualifies)

Ex. "chappañca" means " six or five".

6.4 Adir + Bdir >> (the ordinal point between Adir or Bdir)

(sense, gender & number of the noun it qualifies)

Ex. "pubbadakkhiṇa" means "south-west".

g. Negative Compounds

Here, the first member is the indeclinable Na of negative sense. It has two types.

1.5 Na + A >> non - A (gender & number of A)

Trs. "One, which is not A or which is opposite to A or which is other than A

or which is similar to A."

2.6 Na + A >> B ( sense, gender & number)

Trs. "One which does not have A"

2
upamānapubbapada
3
saṅkhyobhaya
4
disantarāḷattha
5
nanipātapubbapada-kammadhāraya
6
nanipātapubbapada-bahubbīhi
6