INTRODUCTION TO EYE DISORDERS

Visual perception is the ability to interpret the surrounding

environment by processing information that is contained in
visible light. The resulting perception is also known as eyesight,
sight, or vision. Eyes are the organs of vision. They detect light
and convert it into electro-chemical impulses in neurons. Eyes
can be prone to many diseases and disorders.

 The human eye is a spheroid structure that rests in a

bony cavity on the frontal surface of the skull.
 The thick wall of the eyeball contains three covering
layers: sclera, choroid, and retina.
 The sclera is the outermost layer of eye tissue; part of it
is visible as the "white" of the eye.
 A delicate membrane, the conjunctiva, covers the visible
portion of the sclera.
 Underneath the sclera is the second layer of tissue, the
choroid, composed of a dense pigment and blood
vessels that nourish the tissues.
 Near the center of the visible portion of the eye, the
choroid layer forms the ciliary body, which contains the
muscles used to change the shape of the lens .
 The ciliary body in turn merges with the iris, a
diaphragm that regulates the size of the pupil.
 The iris is the area of the eye where the pigmentation of
the choroid layer, usually brown or blue, is visible
because it is not covered by the sclera.
 The pupil is the round opening in the center of the iris; it
is dilated and contracted by muscular action of the iris,
thus regulating the amount of light that enters the eye.
 Behind the iris is the lens, a transparent, elastic, but
solid ellipsoid body that focuses the light on the retina,
the third and innermost layer of tissue.
 The retina is a network of nerve cells, notably the rods
and cones, and nerve fibers that fan out over the
 choroid from the optic nerve as it enters the rear of the
eyeball from the brain. Unlike the two outer layers of the
eye, the retina does not extend to the front of the
eyeball.
 Between the cornea and iris and between the iris and
lens are small spaces filled with aqueous humor, a thin,
watery fluid.
 The large spheroid space in back of the lens (the center
of the eyeball) is filled with vitreous humor, a jellylike
substance.
 Some Common Eye Disorders

 Myopia (Nearsightedness)
Nearsighted individuals typically have problems seeing well at a
distance and are forced to wear glasses or contact lenses. The
nearsighted eye is usually longer than a normal eye, and its cornea
may also be steeper. Therefore, when light passes through the cornea
and lens, it is focused in front of the retina. This will make distant
images appear blurred.

 Hypermetropia (Farsightedness)
Farsighted individuals typically develop problems reading up close.
The farsighted eye is usually slightly shorter than a normal eye and
may have a flatter cornea. Thus, the light of distant objects focuses
behind the retina unless the natural lens can compensate fully. Near
objects require even greater focusing power to be seen clearly and
therefore, blur more easily.

 Conjunctivitis
Conjunctivitis is a condition in which the tissue that lines the eyelids
and covers the cornea becomes inflamed. It is sometimes called "pink
eye" or "red eye." It can cause redness, itching, burning, tearing,
discharge, or a feeling of something in the eye. Conjunctivitis occurs
in people of all ages and can be caused by infection, exposure to
chemicals and irritants, or allergies.

 Amblyopia
Amblyopia is the medical term used when the vision of one eye is
reduced because it fails to work properly with the brain. The eye itself
looks normal, but for various reasons the brain favors the other eye.
This condition is also sometimes called lazy eye. Amblyopia can
occur when one eye is more nearsighted, more farsighted, or has
more astigmatism
  Asthenopia
Asthenopiaor eye strainmanifests itself through nonspecific
symptoms such as fatigue, pain in or around the eyes, blurred vision,
headache and occasional double vision. Symptoms often occur after
reading, computer work, or other close activities that involve tedious
visual tasks.

 Photokeratitis
Photokeretitis or ultraviolet keratitis is a painful eye condition caused
by exposure of insufficiently protected eyes to the ultraviolet (UV)
rays from either natural (e.g. intense sunlight at high altitudes) or
artificial sources. Photokeratitis is akin to a sunburn of the cornea
and conjunctiva, and is not usually noticed until several hours after
exposure. Symptoms include increased tears and a feeling of pain,
likened to having sand in the eyes.
  Methodology
This is a survey by students 50 students each having an eye disorder.
The age range is 6 to 18 year old.
Questions that were asked:
1) Name and age of the person
2) Information on their eye disorder
3) Age when the disorder was diagnosed
No specific tool was used. A friend to assist proved to be helpful.

 Data Collection
  Data Analysis

The pie chart shows relative percentage of people having certain

disorders.
• Myopia stands as the most common refractive disorder in children
and teens with a big 70%.
• 7 out of 10 people having a disorder are diagnosed with Myopia
• 1 out of 10 people have Hypermetropia.
• 1 out of 10 people have Amblyopia
• 1 out of 25 people have Asthenopia.
• 1 out of 25 people have the problem of eye pain.
 Treatment

o Myopia
If a person is nearsighted, the first number ("sphere") on the
eyeglasses prescription or contact lens prescription will be preceded
by a minus sign (–). The higher the number, the more nearsighted one
is.
 Nearsightedness can be corrected with glasses, contact lenses or
refractive surgery.
 Refractive surgery can reduce or even eliminate the need for
glasses or contacts. The most common procedures are performed
with an excimerlaser.
1. In PRK the laser removes a layer of corneal tissue, which flattens
the cornea and allows light rays to focus more accurately on the
retina.
2. In LASIK — the most common refractive procedure — a thin flap is
created on the surface of the cornea, a laser removes some corneal
tissue, and then the flap is returned to its original position.

o Hyperopia
If a glasses or contact lens prescription begins with plus numbers,
like +2.50, then the person is farsighted.
 Farsightedness can be corrected with glasses or contact lenses to
change the way light rays bend into the eyes.
 Refractive surgery, such as LASIK or CK, is another option for
correcting hyperopia. Surgery may reduce or eliminate your need to
wear glasses or contact lenses.

o Amblyopia
 The most common treatment for amblyopia is to force the brain to
start using the "bad" eye. This is done by putting a patch over the
"good" eye. It can take weeks or months for an eye patch to improve
vision.
 In cases of mild amblyopia, the doctor might recommend using an
eye drop called atropine in the "good" eye instead of a patch.
Atropine dilates the pupil and blurs the vision in the "good” eye,
forcing the "bad" eye to do most of the work.
 Most children with amblyopia will also need glasses to help focus.
Amblyopia becomes much more difficult to treat after about 7-9 years
of age

o Asthenopia
 Preventative measures, such as taking breaks from activities that
cause eye strain are suggested.
 The most effective way to ease the pain or discomfort that the
affliction causes is to remove all light sources from a room, and allow
the eyes to relax in darkness.
 Cool compresses also help to some degree, though care should be
taken to not use anything cool enough (such as ice) to damage the
eyes themselves.

o Photokeretitis
 Photokeratitis can be prevented by using sunglasses or eye
protection that transmits 5–10% of visible light and absorbs almost all
UV rays.
Conjunctivitis
1. Bacterial Conjunctivitis
 Antibiotic eyedrop
2. Viral Conjunctivitis
There is no treatment for most cases of viral conjunctivitis. Instead,
thevirus needs time to run its course — up to two or three weeks.
 Reference
www.google.co.in
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

CONCLUSION:
7 out of 10 people were diagnosed with myopia according to the
survey taken.Although Myopia is not a very harmful disorder for the
eye and can be treated easily but the numbers are alerting andwe
should take preventive measures to avoid it. A complete eye checkup
once every one to three years is very beneficial. Many sight-
threatening diseases, if detected early, can be cured or treated to
prevent, or slow, the progression of any vision loss. Eating green
veggies, carrots, fish, etc. are essential for our eyes for functioning
well.
 Index
Introduction
Some eye disorders
Methodology
Data collected
Data analysis
Treatment
Bibliography
Conclusion
 Acknowledgment

I have taken efforts in this project .However

it wouldn’t have been possible without the
kind of support and help of many
individuals.

I would like to thank my biology teacher for

her guidance which has sustained my
efforts in all the stages of this project work .

I would also thank my parents for their

continuous support and encouragement.

My thanks and appreciations also goes to

my fellow classmates and the laboratory
assistance in developing the project and to
the people who have willingly helped me out
with their abilities