WEEK 6

DASAR PEMODELAN PROSES

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Program Outcome
» Kemampuan untuk menggunakan teknik, keahlian dan kakas terkini
yang diperlukan untuk praktek komputasi (PLO9)
» Kemampuan untuk bekerja secara efektif di dalam tim untuk mencapai
tujuan bersama (PLO4)
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Learning Objective
» CLO04. Mahasiswa mampu memahami dan
menggunakan bahasa pemodelan proses bisnis dalam
studi kasus
» CLO05. Mahasiswa mampu membuat proses bisnis
berdasarkan studi kasus perusahaan menggunakan
kakas tertentu
» CLO06. Mahasiswa mampu melakukan kerjasama tim
untuk mengidentifikasi proses bisnis
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Materi
» Pengenalan BPMN
» Percabangan dan Penggabungan
» Business Object
» Sumber Daya
Pengenalan BPMN
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BPM Lifecycle
Process
Management Processes

Define Vision Develop Strategy Implement Manage Risk

Strategy

Examples for BPM lifecycle and process mining identification Core Processes

Procure Procure Market Deliver

Manage
Customer
Materials Products Products Products
Service

35h B 30h Support Processes

15h Process architecture Manage Personnel

Manage
Information Manage Assets

A E
D
5m 3m 5m 10m 30m 2h 10m

15m
C
1.5h 10min
Conformance and Process As-is process
performance discovery model
insights

A B C D E

Process Process
monitoring analysis

Executable Insights on
process weaknesses and
model their impact

Process Process
implementation To-be process redesign
model
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Business Process Modeling

Notation (BPMN)
» OMG standard (BPMN 2.1)
» Supported by numerous tools: bpmn.org lists
over 70 tools
» Both for conceptual and executable models
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Based on popular graphical flowcharts:

- Core set of notation elements
- Each core element has various subtypes
A BPMN process model is a graph consisting of four types of
core elements:

start end
activity event gateway sequence
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Order-to cash modeling

• A typical order-to-cash process is triggered by the receipt
of a purchase order from a customer.
• The purchase order has to be checked against the stock
regarding the availability of the item(s) requested.
• Depending on stock availability the purchase order may be
confirmed or rejected.
• If the purchase order is confirmed, an invoice is emitted
and the goods requested are shipped. The process
completes by archiving the order or if the order is rejected.
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Reject order
Items not in
Order
stock
rejected
Check stock
availability
Purchase
order Items in
received stock Confirm Emit Archive
Ship goods
order invoice order
Order
fulfilled

Naming conventions
• Event: noun + past-participle verb (e.g. insurance claim lodged)

• Activity: imperative verb + noun (e.g. assess credit risk)

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end
Reject order
activity Items not in
event
Order
stock
rejected
Check stock split gateway
availability
end
Purchase event
order Items in
received stock Confirm Emit Archive
Ship goods
start order invoice order
Order
event fulfilled

Naming conventions
• Event: noun + past-participle verb (e.g. insurance claim lodged)

• Activity: imperative verb + noun (e.g. assess credit risk)

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Process model vs process

instances: The tokens game
Order #1
Order #2
Order #3
Reject order
Items not in
Order
stock
rejected
Check stock
availability
Purchase
order Items in
received stock Confirm Emit Archive
Ship goods
order invoice order
Order
fulfilled
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order-to-cash example
» […] If the purchase order is confirmed, an invoice
is emitted and the goods requested are shipped.
The process completes by archiving the order. […]

Reject order
Items not in
Order
stock
rejected
Check stock
availability
Purchase
order Items in
received stock Confirm Emit Archive
Ship goods
order invoice order
Order
fulfilled
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Mapping, Abstraction, and Purpose

of a Model
Models are abstractions from real world phenomena,
developed for the purpose of reducing overall complexity.

Models aggregate information and document only relevant

aspects of the real world

Models are being developed:

1. in a specific modelling subject
2. for a specific target audience
3. with a specific modelling purpose in mind
Percabangan dan
Penggabungan
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A little more on gateways: XOR

Gateway

An XOR Gateway captures decision points (XOR-split)

and points where alternative flows are merged (XOR-join)

condition

XOR-split è takes one outgoing branch

¬ condition

XOR-join è proceeds when one incoming branch has

completed
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Example: XOR Gateway

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AND Gateway
An AND Gateway provides a mechanism to
create and synchronize “parallel” flows.

AND-split è takes all outgoing branches

AND-join è proceeds when all incoming

branches have completed
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Airport security check

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Order to cash
Reject order
Items not in
stock Order
rejected

Check stock
availability XOR-split Send invoice
Purchase
order Items in
received stock
Archive
Confirm order
order
Order
AND-split AND-join fulfilled

Ship goods
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Order distribution process

» A company has two warehouses, one in Amsterdam, the
other in Hamburg, that store different products.
» When an order is received, it is distributed across these
warehouses: if some of the relevant products are
maintained in Amsterdam, a sub-order is sent there;
likewise, if some relevant products are maintained in
Hamburg, a sub-order is sent there. Afterwards, the
order is registered and the process completes.
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OR Gateway
An OR Gateway provides a mechanism to
create and synchronize n out of m parallel flows.

cond1

OR-split è takes one or more branches

condn
depending on conditions

OR-join è proceeds when all active incoming

branches have completed
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Rework and repetition

» Why do we need to merge the loopback branch of a
repetition block with an XOR-join?

XOR-join: entry point XOR-split: exit point

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Component of modeling

Vocabulary: set of modeling elements of

Modelling Language the language (BPMN: activities,
gateways, events…)
Vocabulary
Syntax: set of rules to govern how these elements can
be combined (BPMN: start events only have outgoing
sequence flows whereas end events only have
Syntax Semantics Notation incoming sequence flows).
Semantics: bind these elements, including their textual
descriptions, to a precise meaning (in BPMN: activities
Notation: set of graphical symbols for the
model something actively performed during the
visualization of the elements (in BPMN:
labeled rounded boxes to depict activities business process, while XOR gateways model
exclusive decisions and simple merging points).
and the circles with a thin border to depict
start events).
Business Object
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Business Objects (artifact)

Can be:
» Physical or digital information artifacts (e.g.
an order on paper, an invoice on PDF)
» Physical material (e.g. a box containing the
ordered goods)
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Business Objects in BPMN

» A Data Object captures an artefact required
Purchase Invoice (input) or produced (output) by an activity.
order
Can be physical or electronic
Emit
invoice
» A Data Store is a place containing data
objects that must be persisted beyond the
duration of a process instance.
» It is used by an activity to store (as output)
Oracle CRM Client info
or retrieve (as input) data objects.

Retrieve client
information
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Invoice
Purchase
Purchase
Order
Order
[approved]
Purchase Purchase Send [approved]
Order Order invoice
[checked]

Confirm Archive
Items in order order
stock Order
fulfilled
Check stock
Ship goods
availability
Purchase
order Items not in
received stock
Reject order
Order Orders DB
rejected Shipment
notice
Warehouse DB

Purchase
Order
[rejected]
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Text Annotations
A Text Annotation is a mechanism to provide
additional text information to the model reader
⋄ Doesn’t affect the flow of tokens through the process

Includes packaging For blocked invoices

Clear vendor
Ship goods
line items
Resources
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Resources
Active resources:
⋄ Process participant
⋄ Software system
⋄ Equipment

Resource class:
A group of (active) resources that are interchangeable, e.g.
a role, an organizational unit or the whole organization.
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The order-to-cash process is carried out by a seller’s

organization which includes two departments: the Sales
department and the Warehouse & Distribution department.
The purchase order received by the Seller has to be checked
against the stock. This is done via an ERP module within the
Warehouse & Distribution department.
If the purchase order is confirmed, the Warehouse &
Distribution department ships the goods. Meantime, the
Sales department emits the invoice. The process concludes
with the order being archived by the Sales department.
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» Pool
» Captures a resource class. Generally used to model a business
party (e.g. a whole company)
» Lane
» Captures a resource sub-class within a resource class by
partitioning a pool. Generally used to model departments (e.g.
shipping, finance), internal roles (e.g. Manager, Associate),
software systems (e.g. DBMS, CRM) or equipment (e.g.
Manufacturing plant)
Lane
Pool

Lane
Lane
Lane
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BPMN Elements – Message Flow

» A Message Flow represents a flow of information or
materials between two process parties (Pools)
» A Message Flow can connect:
• directly to the boundary of a Pool è captures a
message to/from that party
• to a specific activity or event within that Pool è
captures a message that triggers a specific
activity/event within that party
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Pool 2

Pool 2
Receive
Pool 1

Pool 1
Send Receive
Send
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BPMN Elements – Start Message Event

» The start message event triggers a process by the
receipt of a message when an incoming message
flow is connected to the event

Message

Message
received
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Pools, Lanes and Message Flows:

syntax
1. The Sequence Flow cannot cross the boundaries of a Pool
2. Both Sequence Flow and Message Flow can cross the boundaries
of Lanes
3. A Message Flow cannot connect two flow elements within the
same pool
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When are messages sent or

received?
• A Send activity will send the outgoing message upon
activity completion
• A Receive activity won’t start until the incoming message
has been received
Pool 2

Pool 2
Receive
Pool 1

Pool 1
Send Receive
Send

» Note: the order of the message flows w.r.t. an activity is

irrelevant, the above rules always hold
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When are messages sent or

received?
• Message B is
first received
before Activity
can start.
• Message A is • First, message
sent after, upon B is received,
Activity’s before Activity
completion can start.
• Then, message
A is sent, upon
Activity’s
completion
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Collaboration Diagram
Models a global business process between at
least two business parties (each modelled by a
Pool)
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Send delivery
notification
r
lle
e
S
Send auction Send
Send
creation payment
Private
payment ack.
request details

Auction Auction process

creation Auction completion
request creation notification
confirmation Goods
Payment sent
e details Payment notification
ic Conduct auction acknowledgement
vr Delivery
e
S Send auction Send auction Send auction acknowledgement
g
n
i creation creation completion
n confirmation confirmation notification
io
t Auction
c
u begins
A
Auction
Bid Bid
completion
acknowledgement
notification

r
e
d
d
i
B

Public
process
Tugas