Lesson IV: Customs of the Tagalogs

Historical Context

 1st century of the Spanish rule, the colonial government had difficulty in running local politics because of the limited number of Spaniards who wanted to
live outside of Intramuros. The situation forced Spanish officials to allow Filipinos to hold position of gobernadorcillo.
 To ensure that gobernadorcillos would remain loyal to the crown, the friars assigned in parished were instructed to supervise and monitor. So friars ended up
performing administrative duties that colonial officials should have been doing.
 They supervised the election of the local executives, helped in the collection of taxes, were directl involved in education the youth and performed other civic
duties. So FRIARS became the most knowledgeable and influential figure in PUEBLO
 Friars who were assigned in mission territories were required to inform their superiors of what was happening. They prepared reports of the number of
natives they converted, people’s way of life, socio-economic situation and the problems they encountered. Some submitted short letters while others who are
gifted wrote long dispatches. Also they share personal observations and experiences
 Plasencia’s Relacion de las Costumbres de Los Tagalogs (Customs of the Tagalogs,1589) is an example of this kind of work
 Others: Miguel de Loarca, an encomendero of Panay wrote Relacion de las Islas Filipinas (1582)described Filipinos way of life in Western Visayas…
Lieutenant Governer Antonio de Morga wrote Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas which provides info about the state of the PH in the latter part of 16th century
…Other Spanish Missionaries who continued the historographical tradition were Fr. Pedro Chirino S. J. (Relacion de las Islas Filipinas,1604), Fr Juan
Delgado S.J. (Historia General,1751), Fr. Francisco Colin S. J. (Labor Evangelica,1663) and Fr. Francisco Ignacio Alcina S. J. (Historia natural del sitio,
fertilidad y calidad de las Islas e Indios de Bisayas,1668). So most were derived from Spanish FRIARS

ABOUT the AUTHOR

 Fray Juan de Plasencia ( Joan Portocarrero ) member of Franciscan order who came together with the first batch of missionaries to the PH in 1578
 He and fellow Franciscan Fray Diego de Oropesa was assigned to do mission works in Southern Tagalog
 He helped also in the foundation and org of numerous towns in Quezon, Laguna, Rizal, Bulacan
 His interaction to those he converted made him to do Relacion de las Costumbres de Los Tagalogs (Customs of the Tagalogs 1589)political, social,
economic, cultural practices before they were Christianized
 Catechism=explaining the basic tenets of Catholic Faith is another important function of missionary
 How to make articles of faith comprehensible to people who have never heard of Christ or the Catholic Church
 Doctrina Christiana en Lengua Espanola y Tagala=1st printed book in PH in 1593
 Plasencia died in Liliw Laguna in 1590

ABOUT the TEXT

 The orig docu is cuurently kept in Archivo General de Indias(AGI) in Seville, Spain. A duplicate copy is kept in Archivo Franciscano Ibero-Oriental (AFIO)
in Madrid, Spain. An English translacion appeared in VOL. VII of the Blair and Robertson’s The Philippine Islands. Another eng trans. Was published as
part of the vol for precolonial PH in the second series of the Filipiniana Book Guild

EXCERPTS

 People had chiefs-datos

 Barangay= datos ruled over a few people sometimes as many as a hundred houses , sometimes less than 30;tribal gathering (derived from the fact as they
are classed, by their language, among the Malay nations
 Chiefs=corresponds to knights so there were 3 castes: NOBLES, COMMONERS, SLAVES
 NOBLES=freeborn; they call maharlica; they didn’t pay tax or tribute but must accompany datu in war (datu offered feast beforehandand divided the spoils).
No one belonging to another brgy would cultivate them unless after purch or inheritance
 Pila Laguna=give datu a hundred gantas of rice
 COMMONERS=aliping namamahay. They’re married and they serve master with half of their cultivated lands. They lived in their own houses and are lords
of their property and gold. Their children inherit it and can enjoy rank of their fathers and they cannot be made slave( sa guiguilir) nor can either parents or
children be sold.
 SLAVES= Aliping sa guiguilir. Serve master in their house and on his cultivated lands and may be sold
 Difference between Aliping namamahay and sa guiguilir India=alcaldes mayor confusion
 Maharlica can be slave through marriage. Maharlica + slave =mother and child will be free. When pregnant, will give datu half of gold tael because of risk of
death (half of children will be free). Free woman had children by slave , they were all free. If 2 persons married (maharlika & slave)children were divided(
1st,3rd,5th to Father and 2nd,4th, 6th to mother);if father was free those belonged were free and the other way around;if odd (one was half free and half
slave);saguiguilir could be sold not namamahay. Maharlica could not transfer after marriage without paying a certain fine in gold running from 3 taels and a
banquet to the entire brgy and failure of it may result in war.
 Investigations made and sentences passedbby the dato must take place in presence of those in brgy. If any of litigants felt aggrieved, an arbiter was
unanimously selected whether dato or not. Knowns as fair and just men. In this ceremony, they always had drinks, the plaintiff inviting other
 Had laws which they condemned to death a man of low birth who insulted the daughter or wife of chief; likewise witches of same class
 Condemned no one to slavery unless merited death penalty. As for witches, they killed them and their children and accomplices became slaves. All other
offenses were punished by fines in gold but if not were expose to serve until payment is made. Done in this way=Half the cultivated lands and their produce
belonged to the master (master provide clothing and food thus enslaving them and the children until payment. If father could pay, the master c then claimed
ha he had sheltered them and it should be paid. In short they remained slaves
 Dowries are given by the men to women’s parents. If latter are living, they enjoy it but if not it is divided like the rest of estate ,equally among children,
except in the case of father should care to bestow something additional upon their daughter. If there is no parent nor grandparents, she enjoys dowry so
unmarried woman can own no property, in land or dowry. In case of divorce before birth of child if its woman’s fault, all the dowry and an additional
amount fell to the husband but if just left him w/o marrying another then it is just returned. If husband left his wie, he lost half of dowry and if he possessed
children at time of divorce then dowry and fine belongs to children and was held by grandparents or other responsible relatives
 Marriage dowries, when father bestow upon their son when they are about to get married, half is give immediately if they are only children. There is a fine
stipulated in the contract, and he who violates it shall pay a certain sum which varies accdg to practice of the village and the affluence f individual. Fine was
heaviest upon death of parents, son or daughter should be unwilling becauseit had been arranged by parents. So dowry parents received was returned. But if
parents were living, they paid the fine, because it was assumed that it had been design to separate children

JMBiasura BSA 1B
WORSHIP OF THE TAGALOGS

 In all the villages and other parts of the Filipinas Island, there are no temples consecrated to the performing of sacrifices, adoration of idols, general
practice of idolatry. They have simabahan which means a place or temple of adoration but it’s because, formerly, when they wished a festival which
they call pandot or ‘worship’ and they celebrate n large house of chief. Then they are constructed for the purpose of sheltering the assembled people, a
temporary shed on each side of the house with a roof called ‘sibi’ to protect people from wet when it rained.(people are divided into 3 compartments).
On post of the house contains lamps called ‘sorihile’ in the center of house contains one large lamp adorned with leaves of white palm wrought into
many designs. Also brought together may drums of large and small which beat until feast lasted (usually 4 days). During this time the whole brgy or
family, united and joined in the worship which they called nagaanitos. The house, for the above-mentioned period of time, was called a temple.
 Bathala= among many idols whom they especially worshipped. Signify ‘all powerful’, ‘maker of all things’
 Worshipped the sun, almost universally respected and honored by the heathens
 Worshipped the moon esp when it was new at which time they had new rejoicing, adoring it and bidding it welcome
 Adored stars although did not know them by names, as the Spaniards and other nations know the planests-with the exception of the morning star called
TALA.
 They knew too the ‘seven little goats’ (the Pleiades)
 Consequently the change of seasons which they call ‘Mapolon’ and ‘Balatic’, which is our Greater Bear
 Possessed many idols called lic-ha (images with diff shapes
 Worshipped any little trifle, as Romans adored some particular dead man who was brave in wae
 Another idol called Dian Masalanta who was patron of lovers and of generation
 Idols called Lacapati and Idianale were patrons of the cultivated lands and of husbandry
 Paid revenrence to water-lizards called by them buaya or crocodiles, for fear of being harmed
 Were even in bait of offering these animals a portion of what they carried in their boats by throwing it into the water or placing it upon the bank
 Very liable to find auguries in things they witnessed. Example: left their house and met on the way a serpent or ray or bird called tigmamanuguin
which was singing in a tree, chance upon anyone who sneezedthey returned at once to their house considering the incident as augury that some evil
might befall them if they should continue their journey esp when bird sang. The song has 2 diff. forms: an evil omen and good omen
 Also practice divination to see weather weapons or daggers or knifes were useful and lucky for their possessor whenever occasion should offer
 Natives had no established division of years, months and days; these are determined b the cultivation of soil, counted by moons, and the different
effect produced upon the trees when yielding flowers , fruits and leaves: all these helps them in making up a year. The winter and summer are
distinguished as sun-time and water-time (winter in those regions where there is no cold, snow or ice
 Manner of offering sacrifice was to proclaim a feast and offer to the devil what they had to eat. Was done infront of an idol which they anoint fragrant
perfumes such as musk and civet or gum of the storax-tree and other odoriferous woods and praise it in poetic songs sung by officiating priest, male or
female who is called ‘catolonan’
 In some idolatries they were accustomed to place a good piece of cloth, doubled , over the idol and over the cloth a chain or large gold ring. The devil
is liable sometimes to enter into the body of catolonan. Rarely happens is that it is in the form of minister he must be tied to a tree by companions to
prevent from infernal fury
 Object of sacrifice were goats,fowls, and swines. Were flayed, decapitated and laid bare before the idol
 Performed another ceremony by cooking a jar of rice until the water was evaporated. After which they broke it and the rice remains intact and were
place a few buyos (small fruit wrapped in a leaf with some lime, a food in some regions, as well as fried foods and fruits. All these will be eaten by
guests at feast and the heads of animals after being offered were cooked and eaten also
 REASON OF SACRIFICE & ADORATIONaside from whatever personal matters, the recovery of sick person, prosperous voyage of those
embarking on the sea, a good harvest in the sowed lans, a propitious result in wars, a successful delivery in childbirth and a happy outcome in married
life. If this took place among people of rank, the festivities lasted 30 days
 DISTINCTIONS MADE AMONG PRIESTS OF DEVIL1st =Catolonan (man or woman), Honorable man among the natives and was held ordinarily
by people of rank, this rule being general in all islands. 2nd = mangagauay or witches who deceived by pretending to heal the sick. Induced maladies by
their charms, which in proportion to the strength and efficacy of witchcraft are capable of causing death. If they wish to kill they did so or they could
prolong life for a year by binding to the waist a live serpent, which was believed to be the devil or at least his substance. 3rd = manyisalat which is
same as 2nd, had the power to apply remedies to lovers that they would abandon and despise their own wives and in fact could prevent them from
having intercourse with the latter. If woman were abandoned it would bring sickness upon her and would discharge blood and matter. It’s general
throughout land (1st is throught islands). 4th= mancocolam, emit fire from himself at night, once or often each month. The fire couldn’t be extinguished
or emitted as the priest wallowed in the ordure and filth which falls from the houses; and he who lived in the house where the priest was wallowing in
order to emit fire from himself fell ill and died. Office was general. 5 th= hocloban, another kind of witch but of greater efficacy than mangagauay. W/o
use of medicine and by simply saluting or raising the hand, they killed whome they chose. But if they desired to heal those whom they made ill by their
charms they did so by using other charms. If they wish to destroy the house of the same Indian hostile, they were able w/o instruments. This was in
Catanduanes, an island off the upper part of Luzon. 6 th= silagan, if they saw anyone clothed in white, to tear out his liver and eat it, thus causing his
death. Also in island of Catanduanes. Let no one consider it a fable because in Calavan, they tore out this way through the anus all the intestines of
Spanish notary, who was buried in Calilaya by father Fray Juan de Merida. 7 th= magtatangal, show of w/o his head or entrails (pretended to carry his
head). Also in Catanduanes. 8th = osuang, equivalent to sorcerer. They say that they have seem him fly and that he murdered men and ate flesh. Among
Visayans Islands; it does not exist in Tagalogs. 9th = mangagayoma, another class of witches. Made charms for lovers out of herbs , stones and wood
which would infuse the heart with love 10th = sonat, equivalent to ‘preacher’. It was his office to help one die, at which time he predicted the salvation
or condemnation of the soul. General throughout the islands. 11 th = pangatahojan, was a soothsayer, and predicted the future. General throughout the
islands. 12th = bayoguin, signified a ‘cotquean’, a man whose nature inclined toward that of a woman
 MANNER OF BURYING DEAD the deceased was buried beside his house, and if were a chief he was placed beneath a little house or porch which
they constructed for his purpose. Before interring him,mourned him for 4 days and afterward laid him on boat which served as coffin or bier, placing
him beneath the porch, where guard kept over him by a slave. In place of rowers, various animals were placed on the boat, each one being assigned a
place at the oar by twos-male and female of each species being together. For ex. Two goats, deer, fowls. Was the slave’s care to see that they were fed.
If the dead is a warrior, a living slave was tied beneath his body until in this way he died. All suffered decay and for many days the relatives of dead
bewailed him, singing dirges, and praises of his good qualities until they wearied. Grief was accompanied by eating and drinking
 These infidels know that there was another life called ’maca’ equivalent to paradise or in other words ‘village of rest’. Those who can go are the only
just, valiant, and those who lived w/o doing any harms or who possessed moral virtues
 In the other life and mortality, there was a place of punishment, grief and affliction called ‘casanaan’ =place of anguish
 Bathala=maker of all things
 Some pagans confessed that all the wicked will go to hell and there dwelt the demons, whom the called ‘satan’
 Ghosts=called vibit.. Phantoms=tigbalaang
 Deception=if any woman died in childbirth, she and child suffered punishment and at night she could hear lamenting. It’s called ‘patianac’

JMBiasura BSA 1B
  Holy gospel-punished all these customs

RELEVANCE

 Primary sources as it vividly describes the way of life before colonization

 Covers numerous topics that are relevant in many disciplines. Political scientists for ex. Find it useful because it contains info about social classes,
political stratifications and legal system of the Tagalog Region. Duties and responsibities of the 3 levels in castes system (datu, maharlika, alipin)
 Tackles property rights, marriage rituals, burial practices, manner in which justice is dispensed
 Preserves and popularizes the unwritten customs, traditions and religious and superstitious beliefs of the Filipinos. Historical knowledge about,
aswang, manananggal, hukluban, gayuma
 Priests and missionaries read it and Doctrina Christiana because they contain insights that can help and inspire to become effective evangelizers
 Need to master local language and one insight from Plasencia
 Plasencia emphasized that preaching should be accompanied by reading materials that contain basic elements of faith
 Guide and reference when missionaries are no longer around
 Disprove the claim that Filipinos were uncivilized and lacking in culture
 Filipinos were already politically and economically organized. Had functioning govt, tax of system, set of laws, criminal justice system, indigenous
calendar and long-standing customs and traditions. Had concept of supreme being (Bathala), practiced burial customs, believed in afterlife
 People were wearing garments and gold ornaments and their houses were decorated by idols

Council elders composed of different function:

-head of to advice datu he enjoy power of unlimited and absolute power

-chieftain

-judge

Elders- give advice how to perform a datu’s job

Struggle- limited number of friars (somewhere in Intrams) Spanish officials give position to friar as gobernadorcillo or head of small municipality

1. To supervise
2. To monitor
Purpose: LOYALTY

Reason: Allow/govern small municipality

Main Reason: convert Filipinos or spread Christianity

Friars: Main Function

-to supervise election of local executives (local=gobernador)

-allow friars to govern and to help in collection of taxes

-directly involve in educating the youth

-perform other civic duties

PUEBLO not MUNICIPAL=gobernadorcillo

Another function- inform superior for happenings in respective areas (insulares)

King of Spain- sends visitador (trusted who will investigate)

Governor General-equivalent to president, appointed by king of spain

-has many officials

-cannot be encomienda system (encomendero)

-commands visitador

-they prepare report on the native (those converted)

People way of life and socio-econ situation, corruption report

*Keen observer=able to see contradictions on report submitted

Experiences and observation difference=corruptioncollaboration

Level of Society= noble, commoner, slave (discrepancy)

JMBiasura BSA 1B
 = noble, freemen, slave or maharlika, timawa, namamahay and saguiguilid

SPECIAL NOTES: Rizal has contribution on family names…. Aguinald0-1898…. Vatican=center of Christian world and a tourist destination

Lesson V: The Kartilya of the Katipunan

Historical Context

 July 7, 1892=first move towards independence when the katipunan was established by Bonifacio. Result of failure of REFORM MOVEMENT in Spain
 Kataastaasang Kagalang-galangang Katipunan na mga Anak ng Bayan=revolutionary society that espoused independence and freedom for the PH through
force of arms
 Main objective: 1. Separation of PH from Spain 2. Development of Filipinos as citizens of their own nation once independence was achieved (no. 2 was
done through written works by Bonifacio and fellow Katipunero, Emilio Jacinto, who wrote a no. of poems and essays)
 The recruitment process was done through Masonic Initiation Rites (based on Rizal’s aborted reformist org, the La Liga Filipina

About the Author

 Emilio Jacinto was born on December 15,1875 in the district of Trozo, Tondo
 Son of Mariano Jacinto, a bookkeeper and Josefa Dizon
 Elem. Educ at private school, secondary educ at Colegio de San Juan de Letran and law at UST
 Stopped studying when PH revolution began in 1896
 Joined Katipunan in 1894 at 18 with symbolic name of Pingkian (became guiding light to the members of society)
 Wrote Kartilya as well as Oath of the katipuneros, also edited the Katiounan newspaper, Kalayaan and author of literary writings using pen-name Dimas
Ilaw
 Serve Katipunan such as secretaries, fiscal, editor and later was appointed by Bonifacio as General in 1897. Also an adviser of Supremo
 Bonifacio died 1897 in Cavite. Jacinto continued to fight even after the truce following the Pact of Biak-na-Bato. Wounded against Spaniards in Magdalena,
Laguna
 Was released after being captured  convince them that he was just a spy in their service when he showed a military pass issued to a man he killed. Went
hiding in Manila and sent a letter to Mabini in Malolos, Bulacan stating that he’ll pursue law at UP
 His plan discontinued ah he had to go back to Laguna to lead his fellow patriots in war against new enemies=Americans
 Established new headquarters in Majayjay where he contracted malaria
 Death: April 6,1899

About the Text

 Jim Richardson said= the kartolya is the best known of all katipunan texts…and the only docu of any lenth set in print by the Katipunan prior to August 1896
that is known to be still extant
 Printed n small pamphlet
 Term derived fro the spanish CARTILLA which was the primer used for grade schools during the Spanish period. Just like them, this docu served as the
primary lessons for the members
 Presents not only the teachings for the neophyte katipunero but also the guiding principles of the society
 Ends with a docu of affirmation by the member to the society’s teachings
 Not just a docu for Katipunan. Its importance today is predicted to the teachings that embodied the moral and nationalistic principles of a nation that fought
for independence

Kartilya ng Katipunan

Tagalog Text

KATIPUNAN NANG MANGA= A. N. B.

SA MAY NASANG MAKISANIB SA KATIPUNANG ITO

ASSOCIATION OF THE SONS OF THE PEOPLE

TO THOSE WHO WANT TO JOIN THIS ASSOCIATION

 Landas ng Katuiran at kaliwanagan

 Kaunaunahang utos=ang tunay na pag ibig sa baying tinubuan at lubos na pagdadamayan ng isa’t isa
 Salapi=unang lakas na magbibigay buhay sa laaht.. piso sa pagpasok at buan buan ay sikapat 12 ½ C

MGA ARAL NANG KATIPUNAN NG MGA A. N. B.

 Kabuhayang hindi ginugugol sa isang malaki at banal na kadahilanan ay kahoy na walang lihim, kundi dahong makamandag (tree w/o shade, or a poisonous
weed)
 Ang gawang magaling na nagbubuhat sa pagpipita sa sarili at hindi sa talagang nasang gumawa ng kagalingan ay di kabaitan
 Ang tunay na kabanalan ay ang pagkakawang gawa, ang pagibig sa kapua
 Maputi amn o maputi, lahat ng tao’y magkakapantay
 Mataas na kalooban inuuna ang puri sa pagpipita sa sarili, ang hamak na kalooban inuuna ang pagpipita sa sarili sa puri
 Sa taong may hiya,salita’y panunumpa
 Huag sayangin ang panahon
 Ipagtanggol ang naaapi at kabakahin ang umaapi
 Ang taong matalino’y may pagiingat sa bawat sasabihin at matutong ipaglihim ang dapat ipaglihim

JMBiasura BSA 1B
  Sa daang matinik ng kabuhayan, lalaki ang siyang patnugot ng asawa’t anak, kung ang umaakay ay patungo sa masama ang pantutunguhan ng inaakay ay
kasamaan din
 Ang babae ay huwag tignan bilang isang bagay na libangan kundi isang katuang at karamay sa mga kahirapan nitong kabuhayan: gamitan mo ng buong
pagpipitagan ang kaniyang kahinaan at alalahanin ang inang pinagbuhata’t nagiwi sa iyong kasangulan
 Ang di mo ibig gawin sa asawa mo, anak mo, kapatid mo ay huwag mong gagawin sa iba
 Ang kamahalan ng tao ay wala sa pagkahari, wala sa tangos,puti,pagkapating kahilili ng Dios, wala sa mataas na kalagayan sa balat ng lupa
 Teachings are followed by a form to be filled with name, hometown, age, occupation, status and address. Concludes with a brief undertaking to be signed by
a person who intends to join the association

SIGNIFICANCE: established not only the rules for the members of org but the principles for the citizens of a nation once independence has been achieved. Though,
writeen in 19th century, it’s significant to the lives of modern Filipinos as it reads like a simple creed for living n the light of many changes at present

Questions: 1. What was the socio-political context when the Kartilya was written?How crucial was this document in the 19th Century Philippines?

-The Kartilya was the moral and intellectual foundation used to guide the actions of Katipuneros. Upon joining the Katipunan, members were
required to read the Kartilya and adhere to its code of conduct. Changing the way people thought and acted was paramount to the early Katipuñeros; they understand
that was the only way to truly change the Philippines for the better. Play-acting as and implicitly referencing the Katipunan without fully understanding their political
and moral context and goals essentially degrades the breadth of what they were trying to achieve.

2. Describe form, style, and content. What are the main teachings

- TAGALOG SYNTAX. The Kartilya ng Katipunan by Emilio Aguinaldo. Note: This is a reaction and reflection paper. The Kartilya was about
the thirteen lessons that serve as the Katipuneros' guide in living with morals and good values. ... “A Katipunero who does not have a purpose lives is a useless life.”
Andres Bonifacio laid down three primary objectives of the Katipunan: civic, political, and moral. Civic – was based on the principle of self-help and the defense of the
weak and the poor. Political – was the separation of the Philippines from Spain to secure the independence of the colony

3. Why AB adopted EJ instead of his own draft pf the Dekalogo ng Katipunan (Katipunan code of conduct). Is the decision sound?Are there different
perspectives

-admiration of Emilio Jacinto's literary style, Bonifacio would later adopt Jacinto's Kartilya as the official teachings of the Katipunan. Similar
to the Decalogue, the Kartilya was written to introduce new recruits to the principles and values that should guide every member of the organization. Bonifacio decided
that it was superior to his Dekalogo, and adopted it as the official primer of the Katipunan.The Kartilya was longer, more literary and philosophical. The Dekalogo had
only ten points and dealt primarily with one’s duties to God, country, family, neighbor, the Katipunan and himself. It spoke of honor, charity and self-sacrifice but
warned of penalty to the traitor and disobedient. It should also be appreciated within the context of the social and political environment of that colonial era, amid local
traditions, spiritual beliefs, family concepts and ethnic diversity.

4. Why timeless?

- It is timeless and relevant because when you think about it our country is rapidly developing industries in a wide scale with more and more
business showing up each year, you might think that work and businesses would be the center of our lives but the Kartilya would always remind us that God should
remain in our hearts, to honor our country our fellow Filipino’s. It teaches us compassion, diligence, love for God and for our country giving us a core principle that no
matter how busy or successful in life we may be we will never forgot to honor God and to show love for our country.

It is also important in our strive for globalization in terms of cultural globalization since a lot of Filipino’s today work overseas. They share the principle of the Kartilya
and represent the Filipinos by showing dedication to their work and duties, showing care and compassion not only to fellow Filipino’s but also to foreign people they
meet abroad.

Read more on Brainly.ph - https://brainly.ph/question/2406512#readmore

LESSON VI: THE ACT OF PROCLAMATION OF INDEPENDENCE OF FILIPINO PEOPLE(ACTA DE LA PROCLAMACION DE LA

INDEPENDENCIA DEL PUEBLO FILIPINO)

Historical Context

 1st phase of PH revolution ended a stalemate bet. The Spaniards and the Filipino Rebels
 December 1897, a truce was declared between the two forces with the Fil leaders led by Gen. Aguinaldo agreeing to be exiled to Hong Kong while the
Spaniards paid an indemnity for the damages caused as a result of conflict. Truce lasted 2 months before it collapsed
 Renewed conflict would have been disastrous if not for the deteriorating diplomatic relations bet. Spain and US over another revolution in Cuba (Spanish-
American War in 1898 and the arrival of new colonizer(Americans)
 Battle in Manila 1898=Aguinaldo had met the Americans in Singapore before. Talked with consul E. Spencer Pratt regarding US-FIL collaboration against
Spain before going back to HK to meet Commodore George Dewey (commander of the Asiatic Fleet)
 Americans declare war in April
 Aguinaldo remained in HK and met with the American Consul general Rounseville Wildman. Paid him 117000 to purchase rifles and ammunition. First
shipment worth 50k was made but other half was never delivered. Money never returned
 May 19,1898=Aguinaldo finally returned to the PH on board, the US cruiser McCulloch. He conferred with Dewey on PH conditions and was supplied with
arms captured from Spaniards.
 From headquarters in Cavite, announced resumption of revolution against Spanish, thus beginning of 2nd phase of revolution
 Filipinos flocked to the province to join army. By the end of May, Gen. was in command of an army of 12k troops
 May 28=Fil forces won first victory in Alapan, Imus. Newly made Filipino flag was hoisted in Alapan the later unfurled at the Teatro Caviteno in Cavite
Nuevo (Cavity City) in front of the Filipinos and captured Spanish soldiers

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  May 24= he announced the creation of the dictatorial government
 June 12, 1898=Kawit, signed by 177 inc American Military officer. PH natl anthem (Marcha Nacional Filipina) b Julian Felipe played by Banda de San
Francisco de Malabon and flag was again unfurled

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

 Initiator was Aguinaldo but the author of proclamation is Ambrosio

 Aguinaldo was born in March 22, 1869 in Kawit, Cavite (Cavite el Viejo), the second to the youngest of 8 children of Carlos Aguinaldo and Trinidad Famy
 Carlos was a gobernadorcillo for several terms so they were wealthy. Death=1883, So Aguinaldo assisted his mother in business
 Followed father’s footsteps and was chosen as capitan municipal of kawit in 1894, months later he joined katipunan choosing the name Magdalo ( a name
that was also given in another branch of katipunan;the other was Magdiwang(set up in his province)
 Katipunan succeeded in Cavite=driving away Spaniards
 Ask for help for Bonifacio for territorial and logistical problems (but AB worsened it so the only solution was to create revolutionary government
 Elections for a pamahalaang panghihimagsik were held in Barrio Tejeros, Ssan Francisco de Malabon (now Generical Trias)=March 22,1897
 Aguinaldo was elected as President with Mariano Trias as VP, Artemio Ricarte as Captain-General,Emiliano Riego de Dios as Director of War and Andres
Bonifacio as Director of Interior
 Many was against of AB, Magdalos however,considered the election binding and the new government was founded. When Bonifacio tried to put up new
government with an armed group, he was arrested and tried for sedition. Found guilty and his brother procopio were executed on May 10 1987 (with that
Katipunan weakened)
 Spanished troops regained Cavite and Aguinaldo was forced to retreat to the mountains of Biak-na-Bato. There was a truce proposal in which rebels agreed
 Aguinald, in exchange of amnesty,indemnity and colonial reform, was exile to HK in Decemeber 1897
 Spanish-American War in 1898 changed PH history. After American won the battle of Manila Bay in 1898, Aguinaldo returned with their help and
announced resumption of the revolution against Spain. After winningvictories, announced that independence is on June 12,1898
 They soon realized that American were new colonizers because they began to send fresh troops. In 1899, Aguinaldo convened a Congress in Malolos,
Bulacan in which the delegates wrote a constitution and estab;ished Philippine Republic with him as Pres in Jan 1899
 3 weeks later,friction continues so a conflict in Feb 1899, Ph American war ended in 10901 with the capture of Aguinaldo, soon he pledged allegisnce to the
US and returned to private lifw on fam farm.
 Ran as President of PH commonwealth but lost to Manuel L. Quezon
 Charged with collaboration by Americans by helping Japan in WWII but later was freed in a general amnesty
 As a private citizen, devoted his time to the cause of veteran revolucionarios until at the age of 94 on Feb 6,1964

ABOUT THE TEXT

 June 10,1869, Aguinaldo issued a one-sentence decree appointing his Auditor General of War, Ambrosio Riazares Bautista as ‘special commissioner’ to
write Act of Declaration of the Independence. It’s a 16 page docu that contained the aspirations of feedom from Spanish rule ,sacrifices and the revolution
that resulted from it. Was read in Cavite in the afternoon of celebration
 Copies were made and distributed, however, there was a problem in determining how many witnesses really signed because the copies classified under Ph
Revolutionary Papers (PRP) in Natl Library
 Later, researched by historian-writer Jim Richardson placed the total number of signees as 177
 Ambrosio, was a war counselor and special delegate

CONTENT

 Unjust depotations esp those decreed by General Blanco at the instigation or Archbishop
 Gov Migueol Lopez de Legazpi, spain that lead deprivation (predecessor of Magellan. Who landed in Cebu and occupied Island by means of Pact of
Frienship with Chief Tupas;was provoked by Chief Kalipulako of Mactan who landed in Bohol through Blood Compact with Chief Sikatunan (friendship
with Chiefs Soliman and Lakandula))
 Pacification by Don Pedro A. paterno and Aguinaldo as pres of the Republic established in Biak-na –Bato and accepted by Gov.-General Don Fernando
Primo de Rivera being a general amnesty , non-fulfillementv of terms after the destruction of the Spanish Squadron by the north American Navy and the
bombardment of plaza of Cavite…Aguinaldo returned in order to initiate a new revolution and gave the order to rise in December 31 when towns anticipate
revolutiom, rose in revolt on the 28th, such that a Spanish contingent of 178 men between Imus and CaviteViejo under command of the Marine Infantry
capitulated, it spread like wildfire to other towns and provinces of Bataan, Pampanga, Batangas, Bulacan, Laguna and Morong. Only the Detachment of
Naic and Indang remained, wiped out, resistance of Spanish forces was localized in town of san Fernando where greater part are concentrated, the remainder
in Macabebe, Sexmoan and Guagua, 4th= town of Lipa, 5th= capital of Calumpit, last two= only capitals and Manila
 Soon to be besieged are Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Pangasinan, la Union, zambales and other Visayan
 Protection from;Considered US as Powerful and Humanitarian Nation
 Priests=Don Jose Burgos, Don Mariano Gomez, Don Jacinto Zamora wer hanged due to intrigues of these so-called Religious corps which made the
authorities to believe that the military uprising at the fort of San Felipe in Cavite on night of Jan 21,1972 was instigated by those9 (Decreee-sentence issued
by Council of State) 1st part of revolution in Caloocam, spread to Sta. Mesa against General Blanco and Polavieja for 3 mos
 Flag= white triange Famous society ‘Katipunan’, 3stars Pricipal Islands of Archipelago(Luzon, Mindanao, Panay), Sungigantic step along the path of
Progress and Civilization, 8rays--. Manila, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Bataan, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, colorsflag of US of North America
 Text is followed by the Signatures of Witnesses
 Relevance= Us colonized half a century and was freed in 1946…context of Acta Must be studied again

Questions:

1. Who is Aguinaldo. How did he end up being a leader

- Emilio Aguinaldo led a revolutionary movement against the Spanish colonial government in the Philippines. He cooperated with the U.S.
during the Spanish-American War but subsequently broke with the U.S. and led a guerrilla campaign against U.S. authorities
during the Philippine-American War. In 1898, he achieved independence of the Philippines from Spain and was elected the
first president of the new republic under the Malolos Congress.
2. How colonization begin?

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 - The actual work of colonization began in 1565, when Miguel Lopez de Legazpi concluded treaties of friendship with the native chiefs. Then he
proceeded to establish a Spanish town on Cebu Island, to convert the people to Roman Catholicism. Spain's foremost aim in the Philippines was
to spread their religion

3. Inspirations of revolution

- Three key leaders inspired or led the Filipino Independence movement. The first two - Jose Rizal and Andres Bonifacio - would give their
young lives for the cause. The third, Emilio Aguinaldo, not only survived to become the first president of the Philippines but also lived on into his
mid-90s

4. What role did the Americans play in the narrative

- Why did America invade the Philippines in 1898? ... The American invasion of the Philippines was opportunistic. The United States was at
war with Spain, and the Philippines hosted the Spanish Navy, so it attacked to neutralize this force.

Lesson VII: Speech of President Corazon C. Aquino before the Joint Session of the United States Congress. SEPTEMBER 18, 1986

Historical Context

 Gradual downfall of the dictatorial regime of Pres. F. Edralin Marcos began with the assassination of his political rival, former Senator Benigno “Ninoy”
Aquino , Jr. on August 21,1983. Later he announced in local and American television that he would hold a snap presidential election
 Common candidate must be chosen who is Aquino’s widow, Corazon Aquino with opposition leader Salvador Laurel
 Feb 22, Marcos’ defense minister Juan Ponce Enrile and Armed Forces of the Phil. Vice-Chief of Staff, Gen. Fidel Ramos announced their defection from
the M. Gov’t. This led to what is now known in our history as the four-day People Power Revolution. Marcos flown to Hawaii where he lived in exile and
Aquino was sworn as the Pres. Of the Phil.
 C. Aquino, in Sept. 1986 went to U.S. where she spoke before the U.S. Congress for financial aid to the Phil. And conferred with the Pres. Ronal Reagan.
It’s a nine-day visit

About the Speaker

 Maria Corazon “Cory” Cojuangco Aquino was born on Jan 25,1933 in Tarlac
 Graduated at Mount St. Vincent College in New York City in 1954
 Married a popular young politician: Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino Jr. with 5 children
 Her husband was imprisoned for 8 yrs 1972-1980 by Marcos after Martial Law in 1972;released to get medical treatment and accompanied by her in U. S.
for 3 yrs; assassinated in 1983
 Cory admin is known for restoring Phil. Democracy
 Was succeeded by Armed Forces Chief of Staff and Defense Secretary Fidel Ramos in 1992
 Jan 1987, was named the Time Magaxzine’s 1986 person of the year
 Returned to limelight in 2001 supporting the impeachment of Pres. Joseph Estrada in what later became known as EDSA 2.
 In 2006, was listed in the TIME magazine’s issue called “60 yrs of asian heroes”. She died on August 1,2009

About the Speech (was 7 months extended)

-the task of writing the speech was given to her Executive Secretary Teodoro “Teddy Boy” Locsin Jr.

SPEECH OF HER EXCELLENCY CORAZON C. AQUINO PRES OF THE PHIL. BEFORE THE JOINT SESSION OF THE US CONGRESS (DELIVERED AT
WASHINGTON D.C. ON SEPT. 18,1986)

Notes

 Was at Boston when he died

 Democracy’s most famous home: Congress of the United States
 Archibald Macleish said that democracy must be defended by arms when attacked by arms and by truth when it is attacked by lies. Failed to say how it
should be won
 1984 election(dictatorship)
 Co-chairman in the U.S observer team in his report: … and Salvador Laurel as the Vice-President
 Bill of Rights
 Her predecessor set aside democracy to save it from a communist insurgency that numbered less than 500, the insurgency grown to 16k when he flown
 Like Lincoln, force may be necessary before mercy. Like him, she will not relish it
 26b dollars foreign debt
 Pres Reagan, important dialogue about cooperation and the strengthening of the friendship between 2 countries
 Massive poverty and unemployment for the past 14 yrs
 Faced a communist insurgency that feeds economic deterioration
 Half of export earnings, 2b dollars out of 4b
 Senate Majority Leader Robert Dole, 5 hrs later house of rep voted 203/197 in favor of 200m emergency aid for the PH

CORE QUESTION

Reason: Aquino’s tough yet intensely personal address marked her first appearance before Congress since she helped overthrow former Philippine strongman Ferdinand
E. Marcos last February. “It was great theater,” he said, “But it was also important that the people in the Philippines see the response in Congress to this. I think there is
now a feeling, certainly around this town, that President Aquino has a plan.”

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Lugar added that many of the congressmen and senators present clearly were touched by Aquino’s personal references to her late husband--allusions Aquino’s aides
said were meant to inspire sympathy among the congressmen.

Lesson VIII: Artworks

Illustrations, drawings, photographs, play a large part in the study of history. These sources have stories to tell. They are also a record of the past useful for historians.

o Photographs and illustrations reflect social conditions of historical realities and everyday life and indicate the situations of past societies.
o Editorial Cartoons are sources of political expression or propaganda in the historical era in which they came out.
Examples of editorial cartoon:
 El Candidato Longino
Satirical cartoon from the July 27, 1907 issue of the Lipang-Kalabaw (Lipag-Kalabaw), a weekly satirical magazine published in
Manila, shows Phil. Assembly candidate Dominador Gomez as the Roman centurion Longinus delivering the final spear blow to the
crucified freedom fighters (from left) Macario Sakay, Francisco Carreon, Julian Montalan, Lucio de Vega, who were all sentenced to
death for banditry by the American government. Gomez was instrumental in the surrender of Sakay. Gomez was blamed for Sakay’s
death and many believed that he betrayed the Filipino rebels to the Americans.
 Popular Manifestation in Honor of the Triumphant Candidate of the Southern District of Manila, Fernando Ma. Guerrero, 11 th of
August,1907
From magazine Lipang-Kalabaw depicts the festivity or parade of Filipinos celebrating the election of their popular candidate, who
ran for the Philippine Assembly held that month. However, the occasion had dire results. Americans who witnessed were bothered by
the massive show of support by Filipino patriots and the singular display of the American flag amidst banners and Philippine flags.
Irked by the patriotic display, the Phil. Commission passed on August 23, 1907, Act No. 1696 otherwise known as the Flag Law,
which banned the public display of the Phil. Flag and the other patriotic banners. When the Philippine Assembly opened at the Manila
Grand Opera House in September, only American Flag (ironic for a Philippine legislative body)

Other Illustrations r Cartoons

The ff. appears in the booklet Watch for the Saboteurs sponsored by the League of Women Voters of the Philippines published in 1951. The president Elpidio Quirino
wrote to the League saying that the booklet graphically shows the defects of both the individual and the society. His letter appears in the booklet.

 Letter of Pres. Elpidio Quirino to the League of Women Voters in the Philippines (April 5,1951)
Note:
o At the cover page of the booklet it is quoted that people deserve whatever government they have
o Rizal wisely observed, “Such people, such gov’t”
o One of the written statements inside the pages of booklet is “the coward, the bully. The moral weakling deserve slavery-
nothing better”, “Pass the buck to aid the enemy..they destroy morale”
o Another, They never learn anything… No matter what a diploma says, the world will find out how little they
know……..They don’t grow up
o To thwart the law, the don’t clean up (graft, anomalies, corruption, fraud)……..White wash ; They cover up
o To condone abuses..they neglect the elected man (who wants it lets it, who lets it, gets it)….see no evil, hear no evil, speak
no evil)
o Free info, afraid to read it; free speech, afraid to say it….Fear your rights and lose ‘em ….TO LOSE THE BATTLE
PANIC W/O FIRING A SHOT… THEY PANIC THEMSELVES…freedom of worship,afraid to feel it; free press, afraid
to print it

ARTWORKS to be interpreted
Espana guia a Filipinas por el camino del progreso by Juan Luna (1885) now at the Museo Nacional del Prado in Madrid,
Spain
España y Filipinas, also known as España Guiando a Filipinas en el Camino del Progreso (Spain Leading the Philippines
on the Path of Progress), was painted in this year of transition for Luna. The allegorical painting is a comment on the
political relationship between Spain and the colonial Philippines. It shows Spain (España) guiding the Philippines
(Filipinas) up the steps of progress. Are they sisters, or mother and daughter? Regardless, it is clear that España is the
leader. Both are garbed in classical Greco-Roma n dress and with wreaths of laurel in their hair. España is fair while
Filipinas is darker-skinned. They have paused part-way up the stairs for España to point far above in the distance, to the
glory to which they ascend. Filipinas holds a quill feather pen in her hand, possibly connoting spiritual, emotional or
intellectual ascension

Illustration of native Filipinos, “Naturales Tagalos”, Boxer Codex, ca. 1590

Illustration of tattooed precolonial Visayans or what the Spaniards called Pintados, “Visayan Pintados,” Boxer Codex, ca.
1590

Illustration of Aeta or Negrito warriors, “Negrillos,” Boxer Codex, ca. 1590

Core Question:

What is the significance? It is more accurate than most history books. Art is kind of a mirror or society and life. It captures the essence and importance of things. Sort
of the story behind the story, if you will.

Artists were historians. If a battle was lost or a ship sank, the artist panted the picture and it would be exhibited to tell the story. The painting would travel and tell the
tale to other parts of the world.

Also art history is filled with amazing stories about the world greatest and most creative people who brought us the treasures that are housed in out museums. Their
lives are rich with detail.

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