GENERAL PHYSICS 1 • The force that pulls objects towards the

axis of rotation
Circular Motion and Relative Motion
𝑚𝑣 2 (2𝜋𝑟)2
Circular motion 𝐹𝑐 = 𝑚𝑎𝑐 = =
𝑟 𝑟
Is a movement of an object along the Centripetal forces are acting on:
circumference of a circle or rotation along a
circular path.  Tension from a string
 Gravitational pull
It can be uniform, with constant angular rate of  Frictional forces
rotation and constant speed, or non-uniform
with a changing rate of rotation. Centrifugal force

• An object exhibits circular motion • Causes by inertia produces tangential

because it revolves around single axis of velocity
rotation
• Frictional forces keep you bound to the
• A circle has a particular radius system

• The speed in circular motion is called • Upon letting go, the inertia gives a linear
tangential speed path

Uniform circular motion e.g. What is the magnitude of the centripetal

force that must be applied for a 0.5 kg ball on a
• Constant tangential speed 2 m string to spin with uniform circular motion at
• Depends on distance from axis of 5 m/s2?
rotation Solution:
Centripetal acceleration 𝑚𝑣 2 (0.5 𝑘𝑔)(5 𝑚/𝑠 2 )2
𝐹𝑐 = = = 𝟔. 𝟑 𝑵
• Always point towards the center 𝑟 2𝑚

• Velocity is tangent to the wheel e.g. A 2 kg ball on a string is rotated about a

circle of radius 10 m. The maximum tension
• Magnitude is constant and direction is allowed in the string is 50 N. What is the
changing maximum speed of the ball?
• If velocity changes, there must be an Solution:
acceleration
𝐹𝑐 = 50 𝑁; 𝑟 = 10 𝑚; 𝑚 = 2 𝑘𝑔; 𝑣 =?
• Acceleration increases as velocity
𝑚𝑣 2
increases or radius decreases 𝐹𝑐 =
𝑟
• In Newton’s 2nd law, if an acceleration 2 𝑘𝑔 𝑣 2
50 𝑁 = → 500 𝑁 𝑚 = 2𝑘𝑔 𝑣 2
occurs, there must be some force 10 𝑚
present 𝑚2 𝒎
𝑣 2 = 250 2 → 𝒗 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟖
𝑠 𝒔
• Centripetal acceleration is generated by
centripetal force e.g. A 95-kg halfback makes a turn on the
football field. The halfback sweeps out a path
𝑣 2 (2𝜋𝑟)2 that is a portion of a circle with a radius of 12-
𝑎𝑐 = =
𝑟 𝑟 meters. The halfback makes a quarter of
Centripetal force movement of the circle in 2.1 seconds.
Determine the speed, acceleration and net
• The force that must be applied to force acting upon the halfback.
produce the circular motion
Solution: An object moves along a curved path under
influence of gravity.
𝑚 = 95 𝑘𝑔; 𝑟 = 12 𝑚
1 It represents a parabolic path.
𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 2.1 𝑠
4
𝑣 =? ; 𝑎 =? ; 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 =? Horizontal and vertical motions depends on the
situations given.
To determine the speed of the halfback, use the
equation 𝑣 =
𝑑
where the 𝑑 is ¼ of the Zenith – maximum height/peak of a
𝑡
projectile/trajectory.
circumference and the time is 2.1 s.
1 Range – the displacement of the object from its
𝑑 4 2𝜋(12 𝑚) point of origin to its landing point.
𝑣= → → 𝒗 = 𝟖. 𝟗𝟕 𝒎/𝒔
𝑡 2.1 𝑠
*Denote the height of the place by a negative
To determine the acceleration of the halfback, sign (–).
𝑣2
use the equation 𝑎 = .
𝑟 Equations:
𝑚 2 1
𝑣 2 (8.97 𝑠 ) 𝒎 Vertical 𝑦 = 𝑉𝑖𝑦 𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑦 𝑡 2
𝑎= → → 𝒂 = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟏 𝟐 𝑚 𝑚
𝑟 12 𝑚 𝒔 𝑉𝑖𝑦 = 0 ; 𝑎𝑦 = −9.8 2
𝑠 𝑠
To determine the net force acting upon the
1
halfback, use the equation 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎 . Horizontal 𝑥 = 𝑉𝑖𝑥 𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 2
𝑚 𝑚
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎 → (95 𝑘𝑔) (6.71 ) → 𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝟔𝟑𝟕 𝑵 𝑎𝑥 = 0
𝑠2 𝑠2
Relative Motion Types of projectile motion
Calculation of the motion of an object with Partial projectile motion
regard to some other moving object. Thus,
the motion is not calculated with reference to a. Horizontally launched
the earth, but is the velocity of the object in e.g. A marble is pushed from a 0.6 m table with
reference to the other moving object as if it an initial velocity of 25 m/s. Find its frame of
were in a static state. reference and its range.
Examples: Solution:
• When we are travelling in a car related 𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡
to Earth’s rotation (1700 km/hr) 𝑚 𝑚
𝑉𝑖𝑦 = 0 ; 𝑎𝑦 = −9.8 2 ; 𝑦 = −0.6 𝑚; 𝑡 =?
• 30 km/s (velocity of the Earth’s orbit) 𝑠 𝑠
1
• 20 km/s (velocity of the system’s orbit) 𝑦 = 𝑉𝑖𝑦 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑡 2
2
• 230 km/s (velocity of the galaxy in the 𝑚 1 𝑚
universe) −0.6 𝑚 = (0 ) 𝑡 + (−9.8 2 ) 𝑡 2
𝑠 2 𝑠
𝑚 2
Therefore, there is no difference of velocity −0.6 𝑚 = −4.9 2 𝑡
𝑠
between the person and the plane in moving
√0.122 𝑠 = 𝑡 → 𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓 𝒔
2
through the universe.
𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡
Projectile Motion
𝑚 𝑚
Projectile motion 𝑉𝑖𝑥 = 25 ; 𝑎𝑥 = 0 2 ; 𝑡 = 0.35 𝑠; 𝑥 =?
𝑠 𝑠
 1 𝑚 1 𝑚
𝑥 = 𝑉𝑖𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 2 𝑥 = (7.36 ) (4.97 𝑠) + (0 2 ) (4.97 𝑠)2
2 𝑠 2 𝑠
𝑚 1 𝑚 𝑥 = 36.58 𝑚
𝑥 = (25 ) (0.35 𝑠) + (0 2 ) (0.35 𝑠)2
𝑠 2 𝑠
𝑥 = 8.75 𝑚 Non-Horizontally Launched Projectile

b. Horizontally launched with an angle Equations:

1
e.g. From a cliff, a boy throws a rock with 30o Vertical 𝑦 = 𝑉𝑖𝑦 𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑦 𝑡 2
angle at 8.5 m/s initial velocity. The height of 𝑉𝑓𝑦 = 𝑉𝑖𝑦 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑡
the cliff is 100 m. How long before the rock 𝑚 𝑚
𝑉𝑖𝑦 = 0 ; 𝑎𝑦 = −9.8 2
hits the ground? How far from the cliff ill the 𝑠 𝑠
rock land? 𝑉𝑖𝑥 = 𝑉𝑓𝑥
1
* 𝑉𝑖𝑥 = 𝑉𝑖 cos 𝜃 ; 𝑉𝑖𝑦 = 𝑉𝑖 sin 𝜃 Horizontal 𝑥 = 𝑉𝑖𝑥 𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 2
𝑚 𝑚 𝑉𝑓𝑥 = 𝑉𝑖𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡
𝑉𝑖𝑥 = (8.5 ) (cos 30) = 7.36
𝑠 𝑠 𝑚
𝑚 𝑚 𝑎𝑥 = 0
𝑉𝑖𝑦 = (8.5 ) (sin 30) = 4.25 𝑠2
𝑠 𝑠 𝑉𝑖𝑦 = −𝑉𝑓𝑦
𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡
*The time where the maximum height is
𝑚 𝑚 reached would be half if the actual time of
𝑉𝑖𝑦 = 4.25 ; 𝑎𝑦 = −9.8 2 ; 𝑦 = −100 𝑚; 𝑡 =?
𝑠 𝑠 flight.
1
𝑦 = 𝑉𝑖𝑦 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑡 2 e.g. A football is kicked with an initial velocity of
2 25 m/s at an angle of 45o. Determine the time of
𝑚 1 𝑚 flight, horizontal displacement, and peak height
−100 𝑚 = (4.25 ) 𝑡 + (−9.8 2 ) 𝑡 2
𝑠 2 𝑠 of the football.
𝑚 𝑚
−100 𝑚 = (4.25 ) 𝑡 + (−4.9 2 ) 𝑡 2
𝑠 𝑠 Solution:
𝑚 2 𝑚
(−4.9 2 ) 𝑡 + (4.25 ) 𝑡 + 100 𝑚 = 0 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑠 𝑠
𝑚 𝑚
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 𝑉𝑖𝑥 = (25 ) (cos 45) = 17.68
𝑡= 𝑠 𝑠
2𝑎 𝑚 𝑚
𝑎𝑥 = 0 2 ; 𝑉𝑓𝑥 = 17.68 ; 𝑡 =? ; 𝑥 =?
In a more complex way: 𝑠 𝑠
𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡
−𝑉𝑖𝑦 ± √𝑉𝑖𝑦2 + 2𝑎𝑦 𝑦
𝑚 𝑚
𝑡= 𝑉𝑖𝑦 = (4.25 ) (sin 45) = 17.68
𝑎𝑦 𝑠 𝑠
𝑚 𝑚
𝑎𝑦 = −9.8 2 ; 𝑉𝑓𝑦 = −17.68 ; 𝑦 =? ; 𝑡 =?
𝑚 𝑚 2 9𝑚 𝑠 𝑠
− (4.25 ) ± √(4.25 ) + 2 (− 2 ) (−100 𝑚)
𝑠 𝑠 8𝑠
𝑡= 𝑚 𝑉𝑓𝑦 = 𝑉𝑖𝑦 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑡
−9.8 2 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
𝑠
−17.68 = −17.68 + (−9.8 2 ) 𝑡
𝒕 = 𝟒. 𝟗𝟕 𝒔; −4.10 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
𝑚 𝑚
−35.36 = (−9.8 2 ) 𝑡 → 𝒕 = 𝟑. 𝟔𝟏 𝒔
* Consider only the positive values of t. 𝑠 𝑠
1
𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑉𝑖𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 2
2
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 1 𝑚
𝑉𝑖𝑥 = 7.36 ; 𝑎𝑥 = 0 2 ; 𝑡 = 4.97 𝑠; 𝑥 =? 𝑥 = (17.68 ) (3.61 𝑠) + (0 ) (3.61 𝑠)
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 2 𝑠
𝑥 = 63.82 𝑚
1
𝑥 = 𝑉𝑖𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 2
2
 1  In equation form, Newton’s second law
𝑦 = 𝑉𝑖𝑦 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑡 2 ; 𝑡 = 1.8 𝑠
2 of motion is 𝐹 = 𝑘𝑎 where “𝑘” is a
𝑚 1 𝑚
𝑦 = (17.68 ) (1.8 𝑠) + (−9.8 2 ) (1.8 𝑠)2 constant of proportionality that depends
𝑠 2 𝑠 on the mass of the body being
𝑦 = 15.95 𝑚
accelerated.
Newton’s Laws of Motion  “𝑘” is proportional to the mass “𝑚”.
 We can replace “𝑘” with “𝑚”. Thus, this
Newton’s First Law of Motion (Law of Inertia)
law of motion can be rewritten as:
Newton’s first law of motion is stated as: 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
“A body at rest continues to remain at rest and Net force – defined as the sum of all the forces
a body with constant velocity continues to be in acting on an object. The equation below is the
constant uniform motion, unless acted upon by sum of N forces acting on an object.
an unbalance force”
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐹1 + 𝐹2 + 𝐹3 + ⋯ + 𝐹𝑁
This is similar to Galileo’s idea of inertia except
that Newton gives meaning to the idea of force. There may be several forces acting on an
object, and when you add up all of those
Force – is something which changes the state of forces, the result is what we call the net force
rest or uniform motion of an object. acting on the object. If the net force adds up to
Examples: zero, then the object is not accelerating,
therefore it moves with a constant speed. If the
 One's body movement to the side when net force adds up to a non-zero value, then the
a car makes a sharp turn. object is accelerating.
 Tightening of seat belts in a car when it
stops quickly. Newton (N) – is the SI unit for force. Defined as
 A ball rolling down a hill will continue to the force that produces an acceleration of 1
roll unless friction or another force stops it. m/s2 to a mass of 1 kg. Thus, if 𝑚 = 1 𝑘𝑔, 𝑎 =
 Men in space find it more difficult to stop 1 𝑚/𝑠 2 , then 𝐹 = 1𝑁. Thus, 1𝑁 = 1𝑘𝑔 𝑚/𝑠 2 .
moving because of a lack of gravity Examples:
acting against them.
1. An aircraft, Lockheed Tristar, has a mass
Newton’s Second Law of Motion (Law of Mass of 5.00 𝑥 105 𝑘𝑔. The total force acting on
and Acceleration) its engine is 2.5 𝑥 105 𝑁. What is its
Newton’s second law of motion is stated as: acceleration?

“The acceleration of a body is directly 𝑚 = 5.00 𝑥 105 𝑘𝑔; 𝐹 = 2.5 𝑥 105 𝑁

proportional to the force exerted on the body 𝐹
and is in the same direction as this force.” 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 → 𝑎 =
𝑚
5 𝑚
 The second law states that the 2.5 𝑥 10 𝑘𝑔 2
𝑎= 𝑠 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝒎
acceleration of an object is dependent 5.00 𝑥 105 𝑘𝑔 𝒔𝟐
upon two variables - the net force acting
2. To avoid an accident, a motorist
upon the object and the mass of the
travelling at 90km/hr braked his car to an
object.
emergency stop. The breaking distance,
 This means that the acceleration is
measured by the break marks on the
directly proportional to the net force and
road, was 50m. The mass of the car was
inversely proportional to the mass.
1000 kg. What is the average braking
force?
𝑘𝑚 𝑚
𝑣𝑖 = 90 → 25 ; 𝑣𝑓 = 0 𝑚/𝑠
ℎ 𝑠
 𝑚 = 1000 𝑘𝑔; 𝑑 = 50 𝑚  On the other hand, the acceleration
of the rifle is given by
𝑉𝑓 2 − 𝑉𝑖 2
𝑉𝑓 2 = 2𝑎𝑑 − 𝑉𝑖 2 → 𝑎 = 𝐹
2𝑑
𝑚 2 𝑚 2 = 𝑎𝑅
(0 𝑠 ) − (25 𝑠 ) 𝑀
𝒎
𝑎= → 𝒂 = −𝟔. 𝟐𝟓 𝟐  So we can see that these two
2(50 𝑚) 𝒔
𝑚 quantities are just equal. Thus,
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 → (1000 𝑘𝑔) (6.25 ) → 𝟔𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝑵 𝑎𝐵 = 𝑎𝑅
𝑠2
Newton’s Third Law of Motion (Law of It can be observed that the action force and
Interaction) reaction force are exerted on different bodies.

Newton’s third law of motion is stated as: When an action force is exerted on a body, a
reaction fore exerted by that body.
“For every action, there is an equal and
opposite reaction.” These forces, action and reaction forces, never
cancel.
The law shows that forces always occur in pairs.
Examples:
 When we push the wall, the wall pushes
against us.  A flying rocket ship
 When the tires of a car push against the  A man jumping from a small boat to the
pavement, the pavement pushes back shore.
on the tires.  Two teams playing tug of war.

It is easy to see that the action and reaction Applications of Law of Interaction
forces are equal when the bodies at rest. How Work
about bodies in motion?
The work done on the object by the applied
 Take an example of firing a rifle. When force is defined as the product of the force, F,
the rifle is fired, the force exerted on the and the displacement, d, through which the
bullet is exactly equal to the reaction object is moved.
force exerted on the rifle.
𝑚2
 Hence the rifle kicks. Since the forces are 𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑; Unit: 𝑁 𝑚; 𝑘𝑔 ; 𝐽
𝑠2
equal, one might expect the kick to be
considerably more than it is. e.g. A stevedore lifts a cargo of 10 kg from the
floor to a truck 1.2 m high. How much work is
But we must remember that the law of done by the stevedore?
acceleration states that acceleration is
1 𝑚
inversely proportional to mass or a 𝛼 𝑚. 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 → 𝐹 = (10 𝑘𝑔) (9.8 ) → 𝐹 = 98 𝑁
𝑠2
If we let 𝐹 to represent both the action and 𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑 → (98 𝑁)(1.2 𝑚) → 𝑾 = 𝟏𝟏𝟕. 𝟔 𝑱
reaction forces, 𝑚 the mass of the bullet, and 𝑀
Momentum
the mass of the more massive rifle, the
acceleration of the bullet and the rifle can now Inertia in motion
be found by taking the ratio of the force of the
mass. The greater the linear momentum of a body,
the greater the effort needed to change its
 The acceleration of the bullet is given path or to stop the body from moving.
by:
𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣; ∆𝑝 = 𝑚(∆𝑣)
𝐹
= 𝑎𝐵 Unit: 𝑘𝑔 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚
e.g. Find the momentum of 100 kg object velocity of 2m/s, what is the final velocity of the
traveling at a speed of 20 m/s. truck?
𝒎 𝑚 𝑚
𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣 → 𝑝 = (100 𝑘𝑔)(20 𝑚/𝑠) → 𝒑 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒈 𝑚1 = 1000 𝑘𝑔; 𝑣𝑖1 = 20 ; 𝑣𝑓1 = 2
𝒔 𝑠 𝑠
𝑚
e.g. The velocity of a 2kg object is increased 𝑚2 = 2000 𝑘𝑔; 𝑣𝑖2 = 0 ; 𝑣𝑓2 = ?
𝑠
from 2.0 m/s to 4.0 m/s by a constant force. Find
𝑚1 𝑉𝑖1 + 𝑚2 𝑉𝑖2 = 𝑚1 𝑉𝑓1 + 𝑚2 𝑉𝑓2
the change in momentum of the object. 𝑚 𝑚
(1000 𝑘𝑔) (20 ) + (2000 𝑘𝑔) (0 )
∆𝑝 = 𝑚(∆𝑣) → ∆𝑝 = 𝑚(𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖) 𝑠 𝑠
𝑚
𝑚 𝑚 𝒎 = (1000 𝑘𝑔) (2 ) + (2000 𝑘𝑔)𝑉𝑓2
∆𝑝 = 2 𝑘𝑔 (4 − 2 ) → 𝟒 𝒌𝒈 𝑠
𝑠 𝑠 𝒔 𝑚 𝒎
18000 𝑘𝑔 = (2000 𝑘𝑔)𝑉𝑓2 → 𝑽𝒇𝟐 = 𝟗
Impulse 𝑠 𝒔

Impulse is the product of the force applied on Contact Forces

the body times the amount of time the force is Is a force that acts at the point of contact
applied on the object. between two objects, in contrast to body
𝐼 = 𝐹𝑡 Unit: 𝑁 𝑠 forces.

𝐼𝑓 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼 = 𝐹𝑡, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑚𝑣 = 𝐹𝑡, ∴ 𝐼 = 𝑝. Example:

Collision If you are holding a book, your hand is touching

it and exerts a force on it. Likewise, if your book
Collisions are often classified according to the is lying on the table, the table is in contact with
change in total kinetic energy during the it and exerts a force on it.
collision.
Types of Contact Forces
Elastic Collision
Tension force – The word “tension” comes from
Elastic collision is one in which the total kinetic a Latin word meaning “to stretch”.
energy of the system remains constant, the total
kinetic energy of the system before collision is It is the force that is transmitted through a rope,
equal to the total kinetic energy of the system string or wire when pulled by forces acting from
after collision opposite side.

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐾𝐸 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 Example:

= 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐾𝐸 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
When a perfect connector such as rope
Inelastic Collision transmit a force T, the force must be parallel to
the length of the rope. The pull such as flexible
Inelastic collision is one in which the total kinetic connector exerts is a tension.
energy of the system is not the same before and
after the collision. In a completely inelastic Sample Problem:
collision, the colliding objects stick together.
A force of 20 N pulls two carts tied together with
Law of Conservation of Mass a string. The carts, with masses 3 kg and 4 kg
respectively, run on a smooth level surface.
𝑃𝐼 = 𝑃𝐹
𝑚1 𝑉𝑖1 + 𝑚2 𝑉𝑖2 = 𝑚1 𝑉𝑓1 + 𝑚2 𝑉𝑓2 Find the acceleration of the 4-kg cart,
acceleration of the 3-kg cart, and tension on
e.g. Moving at 20 m/s, a car of mass 1000 kg
the string connecting the two carts.
collide with a stationary truck of mass 2000 kg.
If after collision, the car moves back with a 𝑚1 = 4 𝑘𝑔; 𝑚2 = 3 𝑘𝑔; 𝐹 = 20 𝑁
𝑎1 =? ; 𝑎2 =? ; 𝑇 =?
Solution: Friction (Ff) – whether static or kinetic, is a
𝒎 contact force. This contact force acts to
𝐹 = 𝑚 𝑇 𝑎 → 20 𝑁 = (4 𝑘𝑔 + 3 𝑘𝑔)𝑎 → 𝒂 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟔 oppose sliding motion between surfaces. The
𝒔𝟐
direction of this force is parallel to the surface
Consider the 3-kg box: and opposite the direction of sliding.
𝐹 − 𝑇 = 𝑚1 𝑎 Spring Force – a contact force which is either a
𝑚
20 𝑁 − 𝑇 = (3 𝑘𝑔) (2.86 2 ) pull or a push exerted on an object by a spring.
𝑠
𝑇 = 20 𝑁 − 8.58 𝑁 The direction of this force is opposite the
𝑇 = 11.428 𝑁 displacement of the object at the end of the
spring.
Normal force – Is a contact force exerted by a
surface on an object. It’s direction is Thrust Force – the general term for the forces
perpendicular but away from the surface. that move objects such as rockets, airplanes,
cars, and people. Its direction is the same as the
At rest direction of acceleration of the object barring
𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔; 𝑔 = 9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2 any resistive forces.

e.g. Find the normal force of a 4.2 - kg of book Non Contact Force
from a table. Or long range force, is a force that is exerted
𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔 → 𝑁 = (4.2 𝑘𝑔)(9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2)
→ 𝟒𝟏. 𝟏𝟔 𝑵 from a distance without contact or touching.
Examples are gravitational force (such as
Inclined weight), magnetic force, and electric fields.
𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝜃

e.g. Find the normal force of a 4.2 - kg of book

from an inclined table of about 45 degrees .
𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝜃 → 𝑁 = (4.2 𝑘𝑔)(9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2 ) cos 45
→ 𝟐𝟗. 𝟏 𝑵

External downward force

𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔 + 𝐹 sin 𝜃

e.g. Find the normal force of a 4.2 - kg of book

from an inclined table of about 45 degrees with
an external downward force of 20.9 N .
𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔 + 𝐹 sin 𝜃 →
𝑚
𝑁 = (4.2 𝑘𝑔) (9.8 2 ) + (20.9 𝑁)(sin 45)
𝑠
→ 𝟓𝟏. 𝟔𝟏 𝑵

External upward force

𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔 − 𝐹 sin 𝜃

e.g. Find the normal force of a 4.2 - kg of book

from an inclined table of about 45 degrees with
an external upward force of 10 N .
𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔 + 𝐹 sin 𝜃 →
𝑚
𝑁 = (4.2 𝑘𝑔) (9.8 2 ) − (10 𝑁)(sin 45)
𝑠
→ 𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟑 𝑵