Introduction:

Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things. The human body is composed of
trillions of cells. They provide structure for the body, take in nutrients from food, convert
those nutrients into energy, and carry out specialized functions. The cell (from Latin cella,
meaning "small room"[1]) is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all
known organisms. Cells are often called the "building blocks of life". The study of cells is
called cell biology or cellular biology. In this project we are going to explore the structure of
cell,cell organelles and functions of cell organelles.

Discovery of Cells

The first time the word cell was used to refer to these tiny units of life was in 1665 by
a British scientist named Robert Hooke. Hooke was one of the earliest scientists to study
living things under a microscope. The microscopes of his day were not very strong, but
Hooke was still able to make an important discovery. When he looked at a thin slice of cork
under his microscope, he was surprised to see what looked like a honeycomb.

By the early 1800s, scientists had observed the cells of many different organisms. These
observations led two German scientists, named Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden, to
propose that cells are the basic building blocks of all living things. Around 1850, a German doctor
named Rudolf Virchow was studying cells under a microscope when he happened to see them
dividing and forming new cells. He realized that living cells produce new cells through division.

The ideas of all three scientists — Schwann, Schleiden, and Virchow — led to cell
theory, which is one of the fundamental theories unifying all of biology. Cell theory states
that:

 All organisms are made of one or more cells.

Size ,number and shape of cell.--Book

CEll organells:

Cells have many structures inside of them called organelles. These organelles are like the
organs in a human and they help the cell stay alive. Each organelle has it's own
specific function to help the cell survive.
 These cell organelles are membrane-bound, present within the cells and are distinct in
their structures and functions. They coordinate with their functions efficiently for the
normal functioning of the cell. Few of them functions providing shape and support, whereas
some are involved in the locomotion and reproduction of a cell. There are various organelles
present within the cell and are classified into three categories based on the presence or
absence of membrane.
Organelles without membrane: The Cell wall andRibosomes, are membrane-bound cell
organelles.
Single membrane-bound organelles: Vacuole, Lysosome, Golgi bodies, Endoplasmic
Reticulum are single membrane-bound organelles .
Double membrane-bound organelles: Mitochondria and chloroplast are double membrane-
bound organelles.
Cell Membrane
The cell membrane is also termed as a plasma Membrane or Cytoplasmic Membrane. It is a
selectively permeable membrane of the cell .The plasma membrane is present both in plant
and animal cell, which function as the selectively permeable membrane, by permitting the
entry of selective materials in and out of the cell according to the requirement. In an animal
cell, the cell membrane functions by providing shape and protects the inner contents of the
cell.

Cell wall
A cell wall is defined as the non-living component, covering the outmost layer of a cell. Its
composition varies according to the organism and is permeable in nature. The cell wall
separates the interior contents of the cell from the exterior environment. It also provides
shape, support, and protection to the cell and its organelles. Cell wall is composed of
cellulose

Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is present both in plant and animal cells. They are jelly-like substance, found
between the cell membrane and nucleus. They are mainly composed of water, organic and
inorganic compounds. The cytoplasm is one of the essential components of the cell, where
all the cell organelles are embedded. These cell organelles contain enzymes, mainly
responsible for controlling all metabolic activity taking place within the cell and are the site
for most of the chemical reactions within a cell.
Nucleus- book

Endoplasmic Reticulum- book

Mitochondria: book

Golgi bodies:
Golgi bodies are also termed as Golgi apparatus. It is a membrane-bound organelle, which
is mainly composed of a series of flattened, stacked pouches This cell organelle is primarily
responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipid to targeted
destinations. Golgi Apparatus is found within the cytoplasm of a cell and are present in both
plant and animal cells.
A major function is the modifying, sorting and packaging of proteins for secretion. It is also
involved in the transport of lipids around the cell, and the creation of lysosomes.

Lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive enzymes. They digest excess or worn out
organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria. Lysosomes are like the stomach
of the cell. . Their external membrane is like a gateway that allows molecules inside of the
lysosome without allowing the digestive enzymes to escape into the cell. Cells produce
waste like all living things. The lysosomes are the garbage disposals of the cell. When a part
of the cell becomes damaged or obsolete, it is moved to the outer edge of the lysosome.
The membrane of the lysosome opens and the molecule is moved into the lysosome. Once
inside, the digestive enzymes produced by the lysosome break down the molecule. After it is
has been completely broken down, the lysosome opens to release the remains back into the
cell in the form of a vesicle that the cell can expel through its membrane. The final remains
are much more compact and easier for the cell to manage

Centrosome book

Vacuoles
Plastids


Conclusion
Cells are the smallest common denominator of life. All cells are made from the same major
classes of organic molecules: nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. Though
they are small, cells have evolved into a vast variety of shapes and sizes. Together they form
tissues that themselves form organs, and eventually entire organisms. In this project we
explored the structure of cell ,cell organelles and functions of cell organelles