Lab # 10 Study the Two Port Network Characteristics

Objective:
To become familiar with three alternative two-port network parameters to calculate
and verify impedance (Z), admittance (Y), Hybrid (H) parameters of a two-port
network.
Part – 1:
Learn to measure the two-port network parameter sets i.e. the impedance,
admittance, and hybrid parameter sets for an unknown two-port network.
Part – 2:
To demonstrate the operational definition of these parameters

Pre-Lab

Background theory:
A port consists of a pair of terminals; current enters through one of the terminals and
the same current leaves through the other terminal. A resistor is a one-port network.
In this lab we will study two-port networks with one input port and one output port.
Such networks are often treated as “black boxes” or modules that may be plugged
into a circuit to accomplish some task, such as filtering the signal or providing a
controlled voltage. Engineers need a way to characterize the behavior of such a
network and have developed several sets of parameters to do that. Each of these
parameter sets relates the input (side 1) and output (side 2) voltages and currents.

In this lab, we use impedance, admittance, and hybrid parameter sets to characterize
a simple circuit. Impedance and admittance parameters are commonly used to
characterize filters and are often useful in designing and characterizing impedance
matching and power distribution networks.

The term immittance is often applied to the use of either impedance or admittance
parameters. Be aware that because the voltages and currents are phasors with
magnitude and phase angle, the parameters also have magnitude and phase angle. A
simple RMS measurement will not suffice.

In Z parameters of a two-port network, the input and output voltages V1 and V2 can
be expressed in terms of input and output currents I1 and I2. Out of four variables i.e.
(V1, V2, I1, I2) V1 and V2 are dependent variables whereas I1 and I2 are independent
variables. The impedance parameters (z parameters) relate the input and output
voltages to the input and output currents by the following two equations:

𝐕𝟏 =𝐳𝟏𝟏 𝐈𝟏 + 𝐳𝟏𝟐 𝐈𝟐
𝐕𝟐 =𝐳𝟐𝟏 𝐈𝟏 + 𝐳𝟐𝟐 𝐈𝟐
or in matrix notation:

𝐕𝟏 𝐳𝟏𝟏 𝐳𝟏𝟐 𝐈𝟏
[ ] =[𝐳 𝐳𝟐𝟐 ] [𝐈𝟐 ]
𝐕𝟐 𝟐𝟏
 The z parameters have units of ohms and are most easily found by applying a set of
open-circuit tests on the circuit. When we apply a voltage to the input with the
output open-circuited, we can measure the input current and output voltage and
find the first two z parameters as follows:

𝐕𝟏 𝐕𝟐
𝐳𝟏𝟏 = ] 𝐳𝟐𝟏 = ]
𝐈𝟏 𝐈𝟐=𝟎 𝐈𝟏 𝐈𝟐=𝟎

We can determine the other two z parameters by applying a similar test to the output
with the input open-circuited:

𝐕𝟏 𝐕𝟐
𝐳𝟏𝟐 = ] 𝐳𝟐𝟐 = ]
𝐈𝟐 𝐈𝟏=𝟎 𝐈𝟐 𝐈𝟏=𝟎

Sometimes the impedance parameters do not exist because the voltages cannot be
described by these equations. Therefore, we need alternatives, such as the
admittance parameters.
The admittance parameters (y parameters) relate the input and output currents to the
input and output voltages by the following two equations:

𝐈𝟏 =𝐲𝟏𝟏 𝐕𝟏 + 𝐲𝟏𝟐 𝐕𝟐
𝐈𝟐 =𝐲𝟐𝟏 𝐕𝟏 + 𝐲𝟐𝟐 𝐕𝟐
or in matrix notation:

𝐈 𝐲𝟏𝟏 𝐲𝟏𝟐 𝐕𝟏
[ 𝟏 ] =[𝐲 𝐲𝟐𝟐 ] [𝐕𝟐 ]
𝐈𝟐 𝟐𝟏

The y parameters have units of siemens (or mhos) and are most easily found by
applying a set of short-circuit tests on the circuit. When we apply a voltage to the
inputs with the output short circuited, we can measure the input current and output
current to find the first two y parameters:

𝐈𝟏 𝐈𝟐
𝐲𝟏𝟏 = ] 𝐲𝟐𝟏 = ]
𝐕𝟏 𝐕𝟐=𝟎 𝐕𝟏 𝐕𝟐=𝟎

We can determine the other two y parameters by applying a similar test to the output
with the input short-circuited:

𝐈𝟏 𝐈𝟐
𝐲𝟏𝟐 = ] 𝐲𝟐𝟐 = ]
𝐕𝟐 𝐕𝟏=𝟎 𝐕𝟐 𝐕𝟏=𝟎

There are occasions where neither the impedance nor the admittance parameters
exist, so there is need for still another set of parameters.
The hybrid parameters (h parameters) are based on making V1 and I2 the dependent
variables and relating them to cross-variables V2 and I1. The h parameters satisfy the
equations
𝐕𝟏 =𝐡𝟏𝟏 𝐈𝟏 + 𝐡𝟏𝟐 𝐕𝟐
 𝐈𝟐 =𝐡𝟐𝟏 𝐈𝟏 + 𝐡𝟐𝟐 𝐕𝟐
or in matrix notation:

𝐕𝟏 𝐡 𝐡𝟏𝟐 𝐈𝟏
[ ] =[ 𝟏𝟏 ][ ]
𝐈𝟐 𝐡𝟐𝟏 𝐡𝟐𝟐 𝐕𝟐

The h parameters are found using a mix of short- and open-circuit tests as follows:
Short-circuit tests:
𝐕𝟏 𝐈𝟐
𝐡𝟏𝟏 = ] 𝐡𝟐𝟏 = ]
𝐈𝟏 𝐕𝟐=𝟎 𝐈𝟏 𝐕𝟐=𝟎
Open-circuit tests:
𝐕𝟏 𝐈𝟐
𝐡𝟏𝟐 = ] 𝐡𝟐𝟐 = ]
𝐕𝟐 𝐈𝟏=𝟎 𝐕𝟐 𝐈𝟏=𝟎

In-Lab
This lab is to determine the impedance, admittance, and hybrid parameter sets for an
unknown two-port network. The following procedure is carried out to perform these tasks.

 Apply input signal of 1 kHz sine wave of about 10 VPP to the input terminal of the
circuit given.
 Make the current and voltage measurements necessary to calculate the input
parameters X11 and X21 for the z-parameter set. Also measure not only the
magnitude but phase of the voltages and currents involved. where X is parameter
type.
 Now apply the 10 VPP, 1 kHz sine wave to the output terminals.
 Make the current and voltage measurements necessary to calculate the
parameters X12 and X22.
 Record the data and calculate the values for these parameters, including
magnitude and phase.

Lab Tasks 1
Measurement of Z parameters:
This lab task is to determine the two-port parameter values for the Z-parameter sets.
Build the circuit on bread board with given component values as given in Figure 1.
Record the data including magnitude and phase values in table 1 and calculate the
values for Z parameters.

Figure 1: Network to acquire impedance and admittance parameters

Solution:

Table 1: Z Parameters

When I/p is open circuited When O/p is open

circuited
S.NO
𝐕𝟐 𝐕𝟏 𝐈𝟐 𝐕𝟐 𝐕𝟏 𝐈𝟏

5V 1.05V 0.7mA 3V 5V 2.12mA

 𝐳𝟏𝟏 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟒𝐤Ω 𝐳𝟐𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏𝐤Ω

 𝐳𝟏𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝐤Ω 𝐳𝟐𝟐 = 𝟕. 𝟏𝟓𝐤Ω
 Lab Task 2

Measurement of Y parameters:
This lab task is to determine the two-port parameter values for the Y-parameter sets.
Build the circuit on bread board with given component values as given in Figure 1.
Record the data including magnitude and phase values in table 2 and calculate the
values for Y parameters.

Solution:
Table 2: Y Parameters
When I/p is short circuited When O/p is short
circuited
S.NO
𝐕𝟐 𝐈𝟏 𝐈𝟐 𝐕𝟏 𝐈𝟏 𝐈𝟐

5V 0.52mA 0.8mA 5V 2.5mA 0.5mA

 𝐲𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝐦 𝐲𝟐𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝐦
 𝐲𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝐦 𝐲𝟐𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝐦
 Lab Task 3

Measurement of h parameters:
This lab task is to determine the two-port parameter values for the h-parameter
sets. Build the circuit on bread board with given component values as given in Figure
2. Record the data including magnitude and phase values in table 3 and calculate the
values for h parameters.

Figure 2. Network to acquire hybrid parameters

Solution:
Table 3: h Parameters
When I/p is short circuited When O/p is open
circuited
S.NO
𝐕𝟏 𝐈𝟏 𝐈𝟐 𝐕𝟐 𝐕𝟏 𝐈𝟏

5V 2.4mA 4mA 3.2V 5V 0.8mA

 𝐡𝟏𝟏 = 𝟐𝐤Ω 𝐡𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟒

 𝐡𝟐𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟔 𝐡𝟐𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝐦

Post-Lab:
Are the parameter values, which you have calculated for the various two-port network
representations in this exercise valid for, say, 10 kHz? Why or why not?

The parameter values, which I have calculated are not valid for 10 kHz. The reason is
that square waves at higher frequencies are not used as input because frequency is
related to time period by the relationship f = 1/T. So as the frequency is increased, the
time period will become shorter and shorter. So it will take shorter time for the output
power levels to stabilize after the input circuit stops drawing power. Hence the
waveform obtained from the oscilloscope will not be clear enough for proper
distinction.

The z and y parameters should be related by a matrix inversion. Invert the 2x2 z
parameter matrix and see if it matches with the y parameters you calculated in lab.

𝑦11 𝑦12 𝑧11 𝑧12 −1

 [𝑦 𝑦22 ] = [ 𝑧21 𝑧22 ]
21
𝑧22 −𝑧12
𝑦11 𝑦12 [−𝑧 𝑧11 ]
 [𝑦 𝑦22 ] = 21
𝑧11 𝑧12
21 𝑑𝑒𝑡[ ]
𝑧21 𝑧22
7.15k −1.5k
𝑦11 𝑦12 [ ]
 [𝑦 𝑦22 ] =
−1.41k 2.34k
2.34k 1.5k
21 𝑑𝑒𝑡[ ]
1.41k 7.15k
𝑦11 𝑦12 0.489 0.102
 [𝑦 𝑦22 ] = [0.0964 ]
21 0.160

The result is nearly equal to Y parameters