Eranian Linguistic

PRIZE PUBLICATION FUND
VOL. V
ISHKASHMI, ZEBAKI,
AND
YAZGHULAMI
AN ACCOUNT OF THREE ERANIAN
DIALECTS
BY
SIR GEORGE A. GRIERSON, k.c.i.e., ph.d., d.litt.
LL.D., P.B.A.
VICE-PKESIDENT OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY
PRINTED AN"D I'UBHSHED BY THE
ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY

AM) SOLD AT '".
74 GKOSVENOE STREET, LONDON, W. 1
1920 ' n-
CONTENTS
PAGE
Preface vii
Introduction . . ... .1
I. Alphabet 9
II. Phonology .
H
in. Formation of Words and Composition. . 21
Indexes of Words 23
IV. Inflexion
A.
B.
The Article ......
Nouns Substantive and Adjective
29
29
. 29
C. Pronouns 37
D. Verbs 49
V. Indeclinables 57
IsHKASHMi Story 59
Ishkashiii-English Vocabulary 69
English-Ishkashmi-Zebaki-Wakhi-Yazghdlami
Vocabulary 105
A Short List of Yazghulami Words . . .127

Words in other Pajiir Dialects . . . .128
PREFACE
The genesis of this work and tlie materials on which
it is founded are described at length in the introductory
remarks, and need not be repeated here. I cannot,
however, send it forth on its journey without recording
my great indebtedness to Sir Aurel Stein. Not only has
he honoured me by entrusting to me a portion of the
valuable materials collected by him on his epoch-making
journey of exploration, but, in the midst of other and
far more important labours, he has also found time to
read and criticize the first draft of the Introduction, and
to place at iny disposal geographical information, gathered
from personal observation of the little-known country
in which Iskasmi has its home. He has thus conferred
upon my efforts an authoritj- far greater than I anticipated
when I first undertook the preparation of these pages.
GEOKGE A. GRIERSON.
Camberley.
March 1, 1917.
ISHKASHMI, ZEBAKI, and YAZGHULAMI
1. Sir Aurel Stein, on his return in the spring of 1916
from his third Central-Asian Expedition (1913-16), made
over to me a quantity of linguistic materials collected by
him on the rapid journey which,- in September, 1915, had
carried him across the high mountain ranges west of the
Pamirs, and through the chief alpine valleys drained by
the uppermost Oxus.^ These materials relate chiefly to
the Eranian language spoken in that portion of the main
Oxus, or Ab-i-Panja Valley, which lies between Wakhan
(Wa;)ân) and Gharan (Faran), at the great northward
bend of the river, and which from its central village,
takes the name of Iskasm.^
2. The principal tongues of the valleys adjoining the
Pamirs, — apart from Turki, which is spoken by the
Kirghiz occupying the Pamirs proper at the head-waters
of the main Oxus branches and their tributaries, are —
the "Ghalchah" (Talca) languages known as Waxi,
Sarikoli,^ and Su7ni (Shaw's " Shighni "). These have
been illustrated in detail by Shaw in well-known
his
papers in JASB., xlv (1876), pt. i, pp. 139 ff., and xlvi
(1877), pt. i, pp. 97 fF. Yud7a, a dialect of Munjani,
^ For a brief account of the journey, see Sir Aurel Stein's preliminary
report, "A Third Journey of Exploration in Central Asia,'' in the
Geographical Journal, 1916, xlviii, pp. 210 ff.
^ Sir Aurel Stein informs me that the proper pronunciation of
^'Ishkashim" is "Iskasm", with a final ?Ji- vowel. The language is
"lakasml", in which the m

is a consonant.
^ Geiger, and others, this name is spelt " Sariqoli ",
As used by Shaw,
or equivalent, but Sir Aurel Stein informs me that this is wrong. He
its
says, "I think Sarlkoli is the more correct spelling.

' ' The etymology
(Turki) may be doubtful, but I certainly always heard the o short, and
the h just like an ordinary Indian Ic.I made repeated enquiries into the
name, and found that it has a much wider application among the
Kirghiz than is usually supposed. For the name, cf. my Ancient Khotan,
i, p. 23, note."
B
2 ISHKASHMI, ZEBAKI, AND YAZGHULAMl [3
and belonging to the same group, has been briefly

described by Biddulpli, under the name of Yidghah, in
his Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh, pp. cliv ff. The accounts
of the first three have been summarized and investigated
by Tomaschek in liis Centralasiatische Studien. II.
Die Pamir- Dialelde (Vienna, 1880), and those of all
four by Geiger on pp. 287 fF. of vol. i, ii, of the

Grundriss der Iranisclcen Philologie. Besides the
above languages, Geiger has also given a brief description
of Ya7nobi, spoken beyond the Oxus in the uppermost
valley of the Zarafsan River, far to the north-west of the
Pamirs. According to Geiger and others, Ya7nobi also
belongs to the same group, but this is denied by other
Eranian scholars.
In addition to these, I have myself, with the help of
the authorities in Citral, collected specimens of several
Pamir languages. For our present purpose, I may here
mention that these included lists of words in, and trans-
lations into, Munjani, Yud7a, and Zebaki.
3. Sir Aurel Stein's new materials include a list of
words and a story in Iskasmi, a list of words in Wa;;î,
and a shorter list of words in Yaz7ulami. The Wa^î îst
forms a valuable check, and also a supplement, to the
vocabulary of that language prepared by Shaw, but, as
this form of speech is fairly well known, it need not
detain us further here. Suffice it to say that all the
Wa;)(iwords collected bj^ Sir Aurel Stein are included in
the vocabularies appended to this work. The Iskasmi list
and story, dealing, as they do, with a language hitherto
almost unknown, are more important, and will be
examined with some minuteness in the following paces.
The story is a version of the Sarikoli tale which was
given by Shaw on pp. 177 tf. of his first paper, and of
which a translation into Su7ni was given bj' Geiger on
pp. 331 of the GIF. Tlie Iskasmi version is a translation
ff".
made from the Su7ni version, and not from the orio-jnal
4] INTRODUCTION 3
Sarikoli. It was secured by Sir Aurel Stein, together

with tlie Lists of Words in Iskasmi and Wa;)î, in the
course of his marches through the Russian portion of the
Iskasrn tract, September 7-9, 1915, from Qazi Qadam
Sah, Qazi of Russian Wa;)(an. Sir Aurel Stein describes
him as an exceptionally intelligent man for linguistic and
other local inquirJ^ As he lives at Sit;)(arv in Lower
Wa;)(an, his mother tongue is Wa;)î ; but he spent all his
youth as a talihu'l-'ihn in Iskasm village, and spoke

the language quite as fluently as Wa;)(i. In order to
ensure accuracy, the translation was simultaneously
checked by a born Iskasmi named Daulat Qadam.
4. The River Wardoj, which is formed by the junction
of two streams rising in the Hindukus, approaches, but

does not join, the River Oxus near where that body of
water takes its great bend to the north. One of these
streams comes from the Dorah and the other from the
Nuqsan Pass, both leading into Citral. The village of
Sanglic lies in the valley leading to the Dorali Pass, and

gives the name " Sanglici " to the dialect spoken there
and also in the valley leading to the Nuqsan Pass, as well
as along the lower course of the combined Wardoj, where

it passes into the main Bada;)(;san Valley. Where the two
head-waters meet to form the Wardoj lies the small town
of Zebak, and hence the dialect is also known as
" Zebaki ". The tract of Zebak is one of the most polyglot
spots in this part of Asia. Not only lias it its own local
dialect, but Persian, Waxi, and Suvni are all in use, and
Turki is probably known
many. to
Further north-east, separated from Zebak by a re-
markably easy saddle forming the watershed, lies the
small but relatively fertile tract of Iskasm, the dialect
of which closely resembles Zebaki. In fact, a com-
parison of Aurel Stein's Iskasmi with my Zebaki
Sir
materials shows that the two, together with Sanglici,
are all slightly varying forms of one and the same
—
4 ISHKASHMI, ZEBAKI, AND YAZGHULAMI [4
language, which we may call " Iskasmi ". Our materials

for the study of Sanglici are of the scantiest, being
confined to a short list words given by Shaw as an
of
appendix to his first paper; but even this is sufficient
to show that, after allowing for differences of spelling, it
is practically the same as Iskasmi. Sir Aurel Stein, to
whom I am indebted for the revision and correction of the
foregoing geographical remarks, here adds :
" The linguistic unity of the district comprising Iskasm,

Zebak, and Sanglic reflects in a striking manner the ethnic
and political connexion which since early times has existed
between these mountain tracts. It results itself from well-
defined geographical facts. We have here an interesting

illustration of the observation well known to students of
geography that defiles in valleys often form more important
ethnic and political boundaries than watersheds, when these
are crossed by relatively easy passes and routes.
" As far as local tradition and scanty historical data allow
us to go back, the tract comprising the upper Wardoj Valley,

which drains into the Kokca Eiver of Badaxsan, and the
tract of Iskasm, extending from the main Oxus where it makes
its great bend northward, have always formed a separate small
hill chiefship or canton, distinct from Badaxsan on the west and
from Waxan, the territory of the uppermost Oxus Valley, on

the east.The reason for the separation of the Zebak-Iskasm
tract is that, whereas the broad spur which descends from the
Hindukus' towards the Oxus at Iskasm and divides it from the
Wardoj drainage by a remarkably easy saddle, there

is crossed
are in the river valleys both towards Badaxsan and Waxan
narrow defiles to be passed, which form serious barriers. The
same is the case northward. There the succession of gorges,
known collectively as Tiiran, through which the Oxus tumbles
in cataracts on its course to lSu7nan, was for a distance of three
trying marches wholly impassable until quite recent years,
except on foot and even then only with serious difficulty.
Iskasm- Zebak as well as Waxan were ruled as distinct
chiefships usually by relatives of the Mirs of Badaxsan, being
held on a kind of feudal tenure from the far more important
4] INTRODUCTION 5
and powerful principality of Badaxsan. This time-honoured

arrangement was duly noted by Marco Polo when he passed
here, about 1278-4 a.d., on his way to 'Vokhan' and the
'Pamier'.' This and other early references to the Iskasm-
Zebak tract have been discussed by me in Serindia, the detailed
Eeport on my second Central-Asian expedition, now in the
press."
" At present the Zebak tract and the greatest portion of
Iskasm, being south of the Oxus, are included in the Af7an
province of Badaxsan. The few Iskasm villagas north of the
river are under Eussian administration, belonging to the wide
area known officially as the '
Pamir Division '. Iskasm, on the
right or northern bank of the Oxus, is reckoned to extend
upwards to the rockydefiles above the village of Namadgut and
downwards to the hamlet of Malwac, where the gorges of Taran
are entered. The high glacier-crowned main range of the
Hindukus forms the great natural boundary on the south, both
for Iskasm and Zebak. Westwards, the big mountain spur
separating the head-waters of the Wardoj and Kokca Eivers
fulfils the same function in the direction of Munjan. The exact
position of the boundary in the lower Wardoj Valley, leading
north-westwards into Badaxsan, cannot be indicated at present."
My Zebaki materials were prepared at Citral by

Khan Saliib Abdul Hakim Khan. As will be seen
from the following pages, there are a few points of
difference in pronunciation between it and Iskasmi, but
the two are closely related dialects of the same language.
Even the few differences that do apparently exist would
probably be still fewer if the spelling of the Zebaki
specimens had been as consistent throughout as has been
that employed by Sir Aurel Stein for Iskasmi.
To the east of Zebak lies the hill tract of Munjan, the
language of which is Munjani. We have already seen
that the Sanglic Valley leads south, over the Dorah Pass,
^ This was quite correctly recognized by Sir Henry Yule in his
comments on the record of the great Venetian traveller ; see The Boole
ofSer Marco Polo, 3rd ed., pp. 170 ff.
^ Cf. Stein, Serindia, i, pp. 61 ff.
—
into Citral.Having crossed the pass we come into the

Leotkuh (commonly called Lutkho) Valley, belonging to
Citral. Here the language is Ytidya, the only one of the
—
Pamir languages apart from Wa;)(;i, which is spoken by
the large Wa;)(i colony in Northern Hunza territory
(Guhyal) —that has crossed the Hindukus to the south.
It is a dialect of Munjani. We thus see that Iskasmi is
bounded on the west and south by Munjani and its dialect
Yud7a.
5. Sir Aurel Stein adds :
"The Iskasmi country has to its east the uppermost Oxus

Valley, or Waxan, and to its north §u7nan. The narrow gorges
of Taran, separating Iskasm from Su'/nan, afford room for only
a very scanty population, and this, having been directly
dependent, politically as well as 'economically, on Badaxsan,
speaks Persian, though also acquainted with §u7m. To the
east of Waxi and Su7nl, Sarikoli is spoken in the Chinese
portion of the Pamir territory. North of Su7nan lies Eosan,
ruled usually by relatives of the old chiefs of iSu7nan. Its
language is EosanI, a dialect of 8u7ni.
North, again, of Eosan
lies Darwaz, now from Buxara, of which the
administered
language is Tajik!, lying beyond the purview of this work but ;
between Eosan and the Vanj tract of Darwaz lies the long,
narrow valley of Yaz7ulam (called Yazdum in local speech),
' '
now also under Buxara regime."

Its language, Yaz7ulami, is separated from Iskasmi
by Rosani and Su7ni and so far as the list of Môrds
collected by Sir Aurel Stein 'shows, has little in
common with it. The inhabitants of Yaz7u]am are
difficult of approach, and have long been on bad terms
with their more powerful neighbours of Eosan and

Darwaz. The latter used to look upon thein as robbers
and semi-infidels (Kafirs), a result probably of the loner-
continued feuds between the chiefs of these territories,
which enabled the Yaz7ulamis to prey impartially on the
people of either side as occasion afforded. The use of
the term "Kafir" does not imply any connexion with
7] IN'TKODUCTION 7
the Kafirs who inhabit the country south of the

Hindukus, and linguistic evidence lends no sanction to
such a theory. On the contrary, the Yaz7ulami language
clearly belongs to the Talca group, and is nearlj' related
to Su7ni, with which some
of the most commonly used
words agree, rather than with Wa;)(i or Iskasmi.^
6. As regards the relationship of Iskasmi to the other
Talca languages, it can be said definitely that it agrees
more closely with Munjani and Yud7a than with Wa;)(i,
Su7ni, or Sarikoli. It would take up too much space to
work this out at length, but a perusal of the Vocabulary,
in which the corresponding words in all the cognate
languages are given, will show this and those who may ;
find such a comparison laborious will see the connexion

plainly brought before their eyes in the comparative
tables of pronouns in §§53 fF.
7. As the materials brought home by Sir Aurel Stein

do not pretend to be in any way complete, I have in the
following pages supplemented them, so far as I could,
from my own Zebaki materials. I have, throughout,
carefully distinguished the two sources, so that there will
nowhere be any difficulty in recognizing what rests on
his authority and what on mine. The Zebaki materials
suffer under the disadvantage of not having been
recorded by a trained philologist. There are hence
numerous inconsequences in the spelling, especially in
the representation of the vowels, so that a certain reserve
' e.g., Yz. mie, S. meB, but Is. roz, W.

a day; Yz. mdat, rîodr,
S. mest, but Is. md, W. mi2i, the moon ;but Is. remuz,
Yz. x''"''> S. jcSr,
W. ir, the sun. Since this was written, a much fuller account of
Yaz7ulami, from the pen of the late M. R. Gauthiot, has appeared
in vol. viii (1916), pp. 239 ff. of the Journal Asiatique. It altogether
confirms the above remarks. As Sir Aurel Stein's materials were
collected independently, I have retained them in the present work.
I take this opportunity of expressing my great regret on receiving,
simultaneously with the number of the Journal Asiatique that contained
his article, the news of the untimely death of this valued scholar-
explorer. It is an irreparable loss to Eranian studies.
must be exercised in assuming the exact sound of any

Zebaki word.
8. In regard to the general character of the Pamir
languages, attention has been called by previous writers
to the remarkable way
which ancient words have been
in
preserved almost unchanged. Such words cannot be what
in India are called " tatsamas ", for the languages have
no literatures to account for their artificial survival or
resuscitation in modern times. Examples are: \^.tiirt,
a ford, compared with Skr. tirtha-; Mj. asti, a bone,
compared with Skr. astlii- Yd. ksira, milk, but Prs. sir,
;
compared with Av. -^^sira-. Skr. ksira- Yd. trusna, ;
thirsty, but Prs. tis, thirst, compared with Av. tarsna-,

Skr. trma-. In Is. we have an, other, as compared with
Skr. anya- az, I, compared with Av. azdnn
; urk, a wolf, ;
but S. luurj. Yd. ivury, compared with Av. vdhrka-, Skr.

vrka tras, fear, compared with Skr. trasa- and others,
; ;
including the interesting word remuz, the sun. The

origin of the last is obscure till we see the Zb. form of
the same word, which is ormozd, and which preserves the
0. Prs. a{h)urama3ddh- almost letter for letter. In other
Eranian languages the word appears only in the name of
the town Hormizd, vulgo "Hormuz". The identification
of the sun with Ahuramazda finds a parallel in Yz., which
preserves Av. nniOra- in iniO, a day.
The same peculiarity is observable in the neighbouring
Dardic languages spoken south of the Hindiikus, wliere,
for example, we liave Khowar asm, but Prs. ars, a tear,
compared with Av. asru-, Skr. asru- dro-ûm, silver,^ ;
but Prs. dirham or diram, compared with Greek hpa^fj-y]

;
Kalasa, kakaivak, Skr. krkavdku, a cock, and others.
1 Sir Aurel Stein writes about this word, "the term drakhma is found
in the Prakrit of the Kharosthi documents of the Srd-ith centurjf a.d.,
which I discovered at ancient sites of the Taklamakan and Lop deserts,
and of which Professor Rapson, together with MM. Senart and Boyer,
s preparing an edition."
—
10] ALPHABET 9
9. The following contractions for language-names are

used in this work :
Ar.
Geigeb
— ;
13] PHONOLOGY, —VOWELS 11
II. PHONOLOGY
A. Vowels
A. General
11. The phonology of the Pamir languages has been

dealt with in considerable detail by Geiger in GIP.,
pp. 293 ff. I shall, therefore, confine myself to supple-
menting what he there says by adding references to
Iskasmi and Zebaki. Geiger's work is sure to be in the
hands of everyone who may read these pages.
B. Original Short Vowels
12. In Is. and Zb. there is the same confusion in the

use of vowels that obtains in the other Pamir languages.
•Geigerremarks (p. 293) that so far as the scanty materials
permit a general statement to be made, an original
a seems to be best preserved in Mj. and Sg. If we take
the examples given by him, it will be seen that Is. and
Zb. cannot be classed in this respect with the other two.
We have :
Av. yara-, Skr. khara- ; but Is. x^r, Zb. yur, an ass.
Av. Skr. panca ; but Is. Zb. piunz, live.
Av. Gasman- ; but Is. Zb. bam, an eye.

Av. basta-, Prs. bast, Is. vust, bound.
Av. hapta, Is. Zb. uvd, seven.
Av. asta, Skr. astau, Is. di, Zb. 6t, eight. The cerebral
t in Is., wliich should also probablj' appear in the Zb. form,
points to an Indian origin.
The general statement as regards Mj. and Sg. is, however,
as Geiger admits, not based on sure grounds.
Taking Is. and Zb. alone, it may be noted that Is. often
has 4, where Zb. has a. Thus, Is. dust, Zb. dast, a hand
Is. frid, Zb. ferat, he asked ; Is. riii, Zb. rdi, three. In
Is. the infinitive termination is -uk, while in Zb. it is -ak.
13. Similarly, original i and u are liable to change.
Thus :—
—— ——— —— —
12 ISHKASHMI, ZEBAKI, AND YAZGHULAMl [14
Av. spis, Is. spul, a louse.

Av. nurdm, at once ; Is. Zb. ner, to-day.
Av. dv/ySa, Is. udoyd, a daughter.
But u is retained in the following :
Av. buza-, Is. vuz, Zb. tvuz, a goat.

Av. v/ SU-, Is. Zb. siicZ, he went.
Av. supti-. Is. suvd, the shoulder.
C. Original Long Vowels

14. Original a is often represented by &. Thus :
Av. piOiha-, Is. 2311, Zb. pilcZ, a foot.

A v. brdta, Is. vrwd, Zb. ivarud, a brother.
Av. cadvdro, Is. ts'^fur, Zb. tsaftir, Sg. safor, four.
Av. •;/ va-^s-, Prs. ifas, Is. tl^, grass.
Occasionally it is represented by I, as in :
Skr. ndsd, nasta-, Is. mfe, Zb. iiife, a nose.

Skr. phdla-, *sphdla-, a ploughshare ; Prs. supdr, Is.
icspir, a plough.
Original -i is shortened in :
Av. visaiti-, Zb. wiSt, twenty W. and Yd. have ; ivtst,
and S. vist. The Is. form is not available.

Original d remains as u in :
Av. /l^(,-, Prs. Is. Zb. xU{/> ^ pig 5 the Is. and Zb. words
being perhaps borrowed from Prs.
Av. duma-, Is. dumb, a tail.
But it becomes I, through il, in :
Phi. dut, Is. cîi, smoke. Cf. Baloci dlt.

Av. dura-. Is. Zb. dw', far. Cf. Baloci dir.
In this connexion we may add :
A v. vohuni-, Prs. x'"'^'';

Sg. vain, Is. iven, blood.
D. Original Dipldhongs
15. For original diphthongs we can quote :
Av. -âeha-, Is.

x'*'^''')
sweat.
Av. v' vaen-, Zb. vlmbin, I see.
— —— —
17] PHONOLOGY, — VOWELS 13
Skr. Icapota-, Is. kuwid, a dove.

Av. daeva-, Is. lew, a demon.
Av. gaoSa-, Is. yol, Zb. ydl, an ear.
E. B,-voivel
16. I have noted the follovsîng instances of an original

7'- vowel :
Skr. jiirsta-, Is. frut, Zb. ferdt, asked.

Av. ardsa-, Skr. rhm-, Is. xîrs, a bear (borrowed from
Prs. •)(irs).
Av. hdvdza-, Is. wuz-duk, long.

Av. Icardta-, Is. /ceZ, a knife.
Av. Icardta-, Skr. /crta-, Is. Mi, Zb. /cai, made.
Av. mardta-, Skr. 7n.rto, Is. Zb. mul, dead.
F. Miscellaneous
17. Aphseresis of the vowel tt occurs in :
Av. ustra-. Is. stur ; but Zb. ustur, a camel.

Apocope of i occurs in the Zb. termination -n, for -nti,
of the 3rd pers. plur. of the pres.-fut. tense of Zb. verbs.
I do not know the corresponding termination in Is.
Syncope of a occurs in :
0. Prs., Av. \/ bar-, ride ; Is. wroJc, but Zb. verdJc,

a, horse, if this is the correct derivation. It may, perhaps,
be referred to Av. aurvata(-ka-), strong, mighty.
Prothesis of ii occurs in :
Av. duyha, Is. uddyd, a daughter.

Skr. phdla-, *sphdla-, a ploughshare ; S. S2')ur, but Is.
usplr, a plough.
With these we may possibly compare the ivu- in Zb.
wujinjdk, Yd. jinkoh, a woman.
I am unable to account for these instances of prothesis.
The meaning of the wôrds prohibits the suggestion that
the u or wî represents an original vi-.
— — — — ;
Svarabhakti. —Consonants come together quite freely

in Is., while a si)arabhaJcti-vo\re\ seems to be more
common in Zb. Thus :
Is. ivrok, Zb. verak, a horse.

Is. vrWd, Zb. wariid, a brother.
Is. fri, Zb. ferl, good.
Is. trds, fear.
Sometimes, when a conjunct consonant is initial, the

first member is dropped, as in :
Av. Qrdyo, Is. rWi, Zb. rdi, rd, three.

S. *d''vusk,^ Is. voks, a snake.
We have vowel-contraction in Zb. som, Prs. sawam,

I become; Zb. to, thee, Av. tava, and similar cases.
B. Semivowels and Consonants

A. The Semivowels y and v (w)
18. Ok'iginal initial y is retained, and is not changed
to j in :
Skr. yuga-, Is. yoy, a j-oke.
Prosthetic y is not so common as in the other Pamir

languages. Tlie only example I have come across is in
Av. haet'U-, Is. yetik, a bridge, in which the y is substituted
for the original It.
The y sometimes occurs where other Pamir

letter
languages have 7 or i, as in Is. yau, W. zau, provisions
Is. y^>'2, Sg. yw, W. 7(7,2;, S. zes, fuel. On the otlier hand
we have Zb. yuzd, S. zezd, he ran.
19. Original v is preserved, except when initial before
dr or 9r, when it is vocalized to u. Thus :
Av. v/ vaen-, Zb. vinum, I see.
Av. vafra-, Is. varf, snow.

Av. daeva-, Is. lew, a night-demon.
Av. vdr-. Is. ur-naduk, rain.
Av. vdhrka-, Skr. vrka-, Is. urk, a wolf.
>
See Geiger, p. 29S.
— —— — — —
22] PHONOLOGY, — SURD CONSONANTS 15
As in the case of y, prosthetic v (iv) is not common.

Thus :—
S. loo-xt, but Is. at, Zb. ot, eight.
S. luaz, but Is. Zb. az, I. •
S. wuvd, but Is. Zb. uvd, seven.
We have, however :
Av. asi-, Is. ivastuk, In tliis case the Yd. form

a bone.
is and similarly, in other cases,
yestoh, vsrith prosthetic y,
Is. has prosthetic v (w), where other languages have
prosthetic y. Thus :
Av. dp-, W. yupk, Mj. ydoya, Yd. yauy ; but Is. wek or
vek,.Zh. wek or lue, water. Cf. Ormuri iv"-k.
W. ya-^^. Is. ve^, a twig.
B. Surds
20. As in other Pamir languages initial surds are
preserved, but initial c becomes fs. Thus :
Av. kdrdta-, Is. kid, ktd, Zb. kal, done.

Av. kardta-. Is. kel, a knife.
Av. tava, Zb. to, thee.
SIcr. paksman-. Is. pdm, wool.
Av. pd5a-. Is. 25tt, Zb. pud, a foot.
Av. cadtvdro. Is. ts°-fur, Zb. bafur, four.
Av. Gasman-, Is. Zb. fecw?i, an eye.
21. As Geiger (p. 299) points out, an initial surd is
sometimes changed to a spirant, as in :
Av. kafa-. Is. )(<xfuk, foam.

W. pel, but Is. fei, a shovel.
22. Medial surds are weakened to sonants. Thus :
Av. hrdta. Is. vriid, Zb. warud, a brother.

Av. xâp-. Is. sab, night.
In borrowed words, an Arabic medial q (j) tends to

become x- Thus :
Ar. waqt. Is. Zb. wa-xp, time.

Ar. taqsiin, Zh. taxsiin, partition.
—— — ——— .
16 ISHICASHMI, ZEBAKI, AND YAZGHULAMI [23
When t is preceded by the 7* -vowel it becomes I-
Thus :—
Av. mdrdta-, Is. Zb. mul, dead.
Av. kdrdta, Is. kid, kid, Zb. kal, done.
In one case we have a medial i preserved, if the Eranian

form is correctly given by Geiger:
Eranian *dida-. Is. dit ; but Yz. idd, smoke.
Similarly, medial k is preserved after the r-vowel in
Skr. vrka-, Av. vahrka-. Is. urk, a wolf.
An original medial c becomes ts in :
Av. V TTiiic- + paitis (Geiger, p. 300 ; Horn, Grundriss,

160) ; Is. pomutsuk, to clothe ; Zb. piuvietsav, clothe ye.
But after n it becomes z in :
Av. panca, Is. Zb. puns, five.
Again, medial ^ becomes v (lu) in :
Skr. kapota-, Is. kmvid, a pigeon.

Av. supti-. Is. suvd, the shoulder.
C. Sonants
23. Initial sonants are, except in the case of dentals,
usually weakened to spirants. Thus, for gutturals :
—
Av. gaosa-. Is. <ydl, Zb. yal, the ear.
Av. gav-. Is. yii, Zb. 717,1, a cow.
Skr. godhuina-, Eranian *gand]iTtma-, Is. yundum,
wheat.
There is no trace of the change to z, common in S. and
S., and in this connexion compare Is. yUzd, S. zezd, he ran.

For labials we have :
Av. brdta, Is. vrad, Zb. warud, a brother.

Av. haza-. Is. vuz, a goat.
Av. V band-, basta- ; Zb. it'tmfi, bind thou; Is. vust,
bound.
Av. \/ bit-, brUa, Is. vud, Zb. wod, became.
Av. j (Indo-European g^, g^h), as in other Pamir
languages, becomes z in :
—— — —
26] PHONOLOGY, SONANT CONSONANTS 17
Av. jaini-, Is. zdnj, a wife.

Av. jan-, Is. zanuin, I kill.
24. As original initial dental sonant in other Pamir

languages becomes 8 or I. In Is. and Zb. it usually
remains unchanged. Thus :
Eranian *duta-, Is. dit, smoke.

0. Prs. dasta-, Is. dust, Zb. dast, a hand.
Av. -v/ da-, Is. Zb. dud, given.
Av. dasa, Is. dah, Zb. dos, ten.
Av. dxira-. Is. Zb. dlr, far.
Av. dardtia-. Is. c^fr, a ravine.
Av. duySa, Is. uddyd, a daughter.
But:—
Av. daeva-. Is. ieiy, a night-demon.
The last Is. word is probably borrowed from the W. liw.
It is the only case that I have noted in Is. of an initial
d becoming I.
25. As regards medial sonants, g is weakened to the

•corresponding spirant in :
Skr. yuga-, Is. yoy, a yoke.

But d remains unchanged, and S becomes d in :
Av. pdSa-, Zb. pttd, a foot. In Is. pu the final

consonant has been apocopated, as explained in § 37.
Av. maiSya-, Is. med, the waist.

In one case original d has become r, probably through I.
Skr. sveda-, Av. y/"aeSa-, Is. x'J^'i''". sweat. Cf. S. -âiS.
From the above we see that, unlike the other Pamir

languages. Is. preserves its dental sonants unchanged, and
•changes the soft? dental spirant to the sonant. We shall
see that there is the same preference for the dental sonant
in the casQ of the hard dental spirant.
D. The Spirants x> ^. co'nd f
26. The spirant x is preserved in :
Av. xP-ra-, Is. x'**'",

Zb. x^''"'
^-n ass.
— ——— —— —
The spirant 6 is not preserved, but is changed to

d (cf. § 25) in :—
Av. giida-, Is. yud-drga ; but 8. ja6, dung.
The spirant / is preserved in :
Av. kafa-. Is. -âfuk, foam.
27. The group ^r is preserved in :
Av. su^ra-. Is. sior^, The existence of Yd. surk-oh

red.
renders it unlikely that the Is. word is borrowed from Prs.
The group dr loses its initial 6 in : —
Av. Ordyo, Is. riii, 7A:i. rdi, rd, three.
The only example noted of the group fr is :
Av. vafra-, Is. varf, Mj. varfa, Yd. verf-oh, snow.
28. The group -^m becomes 'ym in :
Av. tao-^ma-. Is. teym, seed.

The group -^t becomes yd in :
Av. V tac-, Phi. tdxtan, Is. toyd, he went ; Zb. a-tayd^

he entered.
The group ft becomes vd in :
Av. supti-, Is. suvd, the shoulder.

Av. hapta, Phi. haft, Is. Zb. livd, seven.
Again, note in the above examples, the presence of the
dental sonant.
E. Nasals and Liquids

29. As in other Pamir languages, n, m, and r are usually
retained. Thus :
Av. nairya-, Is. nark, Zb. na7\ male.

Av. V vaen-, Zb. vinum, I see.
Av. maiSya-, Is. med, the waist.
Av. ndman-. Zb. nem, a name.
Av. raoyna-, Is. reyn, butter.
Av. dura-, Is. Zb. dlr, far.
30. For the group nt we have : —

Av. dantan-, Is. ddnd, Zb. ddndak, a tooths
— —— —
32] PHONOLOGY, —SIBILANTS 19
But in Zb. -nti, the termination of the 3rd pers. plur. of

verbs, becomes n, as in :
Av. hardnti, they bear ; Zb. -âren, tliey eat. No

information is available as to the corresponding form
in Is.
The group rt becomes I (see § 22). The following

are examples, two of which have already been given
in I 22 :
Av. mdrdta{-ka-), Skr. tnrtaka-, Is. muluk, a corpse ;
Zb. malak, a man.

Av. kdrita-, Skr. krta-, Is. kul, kul, Zb. kal, done.
Av. kardta-, Is. kel, a knife.
As for the group rd, I have not noted any example.
The Is. for " heart " is avzuk, which does not seem to
have anything to do with Av. zdrdd- (? cf. W. pilzilv,
p'^zuw). Nor have I noted any example of the group dr.
As for m
it becomes r in the only two cases noted :
Av. darana-, Is. dlr, a ravine.

Skr. t(,rana-, Is. war-uk, a lamb.
F. Sibilants
31. Original s and z are as a rule retained, whether
initial or medial. Thus :
Av. sarata-, Is. sard, cold.

Av. dasa, Zb. dos, ten ; Is. dah is borrowed from Prs.
O. Prs. dasta-, Is. dust, Zb. deist, a hand.

Av. V zan-. Is. zas, zus, Zb. zdt, a son.
Av. azdin. Is. Zb. az, I.
In the following medial s has perhaps become ts: —

Skr. ndsa, nasta-, Is. nits, Zb. nits, the nose.
32. Initial s is retained in : —

Av. V SU-, Zb. Som, I go, I become ; Is. Zb. kod, gone,
become.
Medial s becomes I, as in S. Thus : —
Av. gaoSa-, Is. 'yol, Zb. ydl, the ear.
Av. -^SvaS, Is. -xol, Zb. )(al, six.
— ——:
Av. maeSa-, Is. mel, a sheep.

Av. spiS, Is. spul, a louse.
Av. nisasta-, Is. nulust, Zb. naldst, seated.
The sounds of i and 7 in other Pamir languages are

sometimes represented by Is. y. Thus :
W. zau, Is. yau, provisions.

S. zez, W. yuz, Is. yuz, fuel.
On the other hand we have Zb. yuzd, a. zezd, he ran.
33. The group ;j(S is generally represented by ;>(,
as in S.
Once it is represented by s, as in S. Thus :
Av. -^Svas, Is. -ôl, Zb. ^(al, six.
Av. -^Svipta-, Is. x^'-'W^) milk.

Av. x^^P'i ^^- *'^î night.
The Is. ûrs, a bear, is evidently borrowed from
Prs. )(irs.
34. Indian st is represented by t, and Av. str by t.
Thus :—
Av. asta, Skr. astau, Is. di, Zb. ot. Zb. oi should
probably also be ot.
Av. musti-, Skr. musti-, Is. ')?ii6(!, a handful.

Av. pistra-. Is. ptii, gi-ound parched grain.
The group sm, as elsewhere, becomes on —

Av. Gasman-, Is. Zb. tsdm, an eye.
Skr. paksman-, Prs. pasm, Is. ^âin, wool.
35. I have not noted any example of the group sk (Sk).
For st we have :
Av. staora-, Is. s'Htcr, a calf (elsewhere, an ox, yak, etc.).
Av. Skr. asti, Is. dst, Zb. dst, he is.
Av. basta-, Is. iiilsi, bound.

Av. ast-. Is. tvastick, a bone.
I have no example for sp. Is. safed, white, is borrowed
from Prs. The Is. word for " horse " is ivrok.
The groups sy and sr, as elsewhere, become s. Thus :
Av. syava-, Is. sw, black.

Av. sraoni-, Is. îiiy, the hip.
——
38] FORMATION OF WORDS 21
Av. sruta-, Is. Sud, heard.

Av. asm-, Is. asik, a tear.
G. The Aspirate
36. Initial h disappears : —
Prs. hazdr, Zb. azdr, a thousand.
Av. hapta, Is. Zb. iivd, seven.
Initial hv (Av. hv-, x"-, 0. Prs. Hiv-, Prs. x^-) becomes
X, as in
:
Av. -âeha-, Skr. sveda-, Is. ;)(a'ir, sweat.

Av. / x"'^'''' '^-
x'^*""''"^' ^^- x'^'''*™' •'- ®^^-
Note, that, in Yz., Av. hvar- becomes Yz. xwr, sun.
H. Miscellaneous
37. (1) Dropping of Consonants. —There seems to be
aphseresis in Is. rust, W. karust, a fur robe (of. I.s. kurust,
skin). We have syncope of i in Is. yezd, Zb. yed, he said
(Av. V vac-. see Horn, GNPE., 1072).
; Consonantal
apocope occurs in Is. and Sg., and, in Zb., it is so common
as to be apparently almost optional. Thus Zb. pud, ;
Is. pu, a foot ; Is. yuz, Sg. yu, fuel ; Prs. hec. Is. he,
anything Zb. tdt or td, a father Zb. îtdkak, stale, or std,

; ;
a daughter Zb. wek or we, water

; Zb. x'^ren or x'^'^s, we ;
eat, and many others in Zb.

(2) Prothesis. —Concerning prosthetic y and v, see § 18.
(3) Metathesis. —As instances metathesis, of we may

quote :
PH. ta^r, Prs. tal-^, Is. trus, bitter.
Av. vafra-, Is. varf, snow.
III. FORMATION OF WORDS AND COMPOSITION

A. Formation of Words
38. The materials available are too scanty to allows us
to consider the formation of words with anything like the
completeness attained by Geiger on pp. 308 of the GIP. ff".
(1) The suffix -i, forming abstract nouns is no doubt as

common in I,s. as in other Pamir languages, but the only
;;
example I can give is Zb. sauddi, trading, and this is
probably borrowed.
I have not noted any instance corresponding to the
feminine suffix S. -dns, W. -unj, unless it occurs in Zb.
xoujinjak, a woman.
The -/ca-suffix is very common. Thus, Is. urives or
urwes-ak, a fox ; Av. haetu-, Is. yeti-Jc, a bridge ; Av.
kafa-, Is. âf-uk, foam ; Av. nairya-, Is. nar-k, male
Is. wro-k, a horse ; Is. vml, dead, mul-uk, a corpse
Av. asm-, Is. dsi-k, a tear ; Av. ast-, Is. %uast-uk, a bone
and many others. It will be observed that the junction-
vowel varies, but that it is most often u. In Zb. the
vowel is most often a, as in ddnd-ak,a, tooth; ver-dk,& horse;
§ta, Md-k, or sitd-k-ak, a daughter. In sitd-k-ak the suffix
is duplicated. This suffix is also used to form the infinitive
and the perfect participle of verbs, as in Is. -âr-uk, to eat

Zb. kan-ak, to do ; Is. molust-uk, Zb. naldst-ak, having
seated oneself ; Is. sud-uk, Zb. sud-dk, having become.
(2) The only adjectival suffix noted is -na (W. S. -a7i,
S. -ind, -and), indicating possession, as in Is. pddsd-na, of

or belonging to the king.
(3) As formed by the
alreadj' stated, the infinitive is
addition of the The past participle follows
-/i;a-suffix.
the lines of the other PamTr languages, and need not

detain us here. The perfect participle, as also already
formed with the help of the -/ia-suffix. In the
stated, is
case of the infinitive the suffix is added to the present
stem, as in Zb. deh-dk, to strike ; but, in the case of the
perfect participle, added to the past participle, as in
it is
Zb. ded-dk, having struck. In one case the -ka of the

perfect participle is irregularly added to the present base,
viz. in Zb. is-dk, not *d'yad-dk, having come.
B. Composition
39. As Pamir languages, the genitive usually
in other
resembles a iatptcrusa compound, as in Id'l sanduq, a
—
40] INDEXES, ERANIAN 23
ruby-box, i.e. a box of rubies durr -ûrjln, a pearl-sack,

;
i.e. a sack of pearls. But the Persian order is sometimes

used instead, as in sanduq la'l and -ûj-jin durr.
40. I have noted the following prepositions used as
verbal prefixes :
Av. Skr. d in Is. a-pu-^t-dn, they listened ; I,s. a-toyd,

Zb. a-tayd, he entered, compared with Is. tdyd, he went.
Av. Skr. ni, in Is. nulust, Zb. naldst, he sat down.
Av. paitiS, in Is. poviutsuk, to clothe ; Zb. picmetsav,
clothe ye Av. paitismu-^ta-, Phi. patono-^tan (Horn,
;
Grundriss, 160).
Perhaps Av. Skr. apa occurs in the Is. word p)edin, set
thou alight; but I do not know the derivation of this
word, and its very meaning is doubtful to me.
Indexes of the Words quoted in §§ 10-40
(For Old Persian, Avesta, and Sanskrit, the order of

words is that customary for these languages. For other
languages the order is that explained at the beginning of
the Vocabulary appended to this work, consonants only
being taken into account.)
Eranian
*duta-, 22, 24. *gandhuma-, 23.
Old Persian
a{h)uramazddh-, 8. ^ bar-, 17.
dasta-, 24, 31.
Pahlavi
dut, 14. taxr, 37.
haft, 28. td-^tan, 28.
patmoxtan, 40.
AVESTA
aurvata(-ka-), 17. ast-, 19, 35, 38 (1).
ap-, dp-, 19. asti, 35.
apa-, 40. asm-, 8, /35, 38 (1).
araSa- 16. azdm, 8, 31.

24 ISHKASHMI, ZEBAKI, AND YAZGHULAMI
aMa, 12, 34. -J hand-, 23.

a-, 40. V6ar-, 17.
dp-, see ap-. haranti, 30.
uMra-, 17. 6asto-, 12, 23, 35.
/ca/a-, 21,-26,;38(1). hdvdza-, 16.
kardta-, 16, 20, 30. v/ kV, 23.
forsto, 16, 20, 22, 30. 6uta-, 23.
gav-, 23. ûza-, buza-, 13, 23.
gu0a-. 26. &?'ato, 14, 22, 23.
(/aosa-, 15, 23, 32. nairya-, 29, 38 (1).

yura-, 12, 26. ndvian-, 29.
XOTj)-, 22, 33. wv, 40.
-^Sira-, 8. nisasta-, 32.
XS'was, 32, 33. nuram, 13.
ysvipta-, 33. maiSya-, 25, 29.
caOvaro, 14, 20. mdrdta-, 16, 22.
casman-, 12, 20, 34. msrsta (-ka-), 30.
jan-, 23. miOra-, 8.
jaini-, 23. V'muc- + iâitis, 22.
V tec-, 28. musti-, 34.
tona, 17, 20. mae.sa-, 32.
tarSna-, 8. Vvac-, 37.
tao-xma-, 28. i/tâxs-, 14.
dantan-, 30. vafra-, 19, 27, 37.
dardna-, 24, 30. I'a?'-, 19.
(iasa, 24, 31. vdhrka-, 8, 19, 22.
v/ câ-, 24. visaiti, 14.

(^tt78a, 13, 17, 24. I'ohuni-, 14.
duma-, 14. V'me;i-, 15, 19, 29.
dura-, 14, 24, 29. raoyna-, 29.
daeva-, 1,5, 19, 24. sardta-. 31.
^^rai/o, 17, 27. su^ra-, 27.
paitiS, 40. suj-iti-, 13, 22, 28.
paitisviiiyta- 40. , staoni-, 35.
pa8a-, pdBa-, 14, 20, 25. s^/i, 13, 32.
panca, 12, 22. sydva-, 35.
piMra-, 34. sruta-, 35.
;
INDEXES, — SANSKRIT, ISHKASHMI 25
sraoni-, 35. Au-, 14.

Vû-, 13, 32. haetu-, 18, 38 (1).
^/zan-, 31. hvar-, 36.
zdvdd-, 30. Vxâ^-, 36.
hapta, 12, 28, 36. XâeSa-, 15, 25, 36.
Sanskrit
anya-, 8. trsna-, 8.
aj)«-, 40. trdsa-, 8.
asm-, 8. nasta-, 14, 31.
astau, 12, 34. ?ias(x, 14, 31.
asii, 35. Jii-, 40.
asthi-, 8. paksman-, 20, 34.
a-, 40. panca-, 12.
-w-rana-, 30. prsta-, 16.
rksa-, 16. phdla-, 14, 17.
kapota-, 15, 22. tnusti-, 34.
hrkavdkxi-, 8. mrta-, 16.
/crta-, 16, 30. mrtaka-, 30.
ksira-, 8. yuga-, 18, 25.
khara-, 12. w/ot-, 8, 19, 22.
godhuma-, 23. *sphdla-, 14, 17.
tirtha-, 8. sveda-, 25, 36.
ISKASMi
tt(io7c^, 13, 17, 24. avzuk, 30.
a7i, 8. az, 8, 19, 31.
apu-^tdn, 40. dlild, 24.
ttr/c, 8, 19, 22. c?aA,, 24, 31.
iirnaduk, 19. dumb, 14.
urwes, urwesak, 38 (1). ddnd, 30.
uspir, 14, 17. c^w (far), 14, 24, 29
asi, 35. (a ravine), 24, 30.
ft,^, 14. durr, 39.
asi/^, 35, 38 (1). dws«, 12, 24, 31.
d;;, 12, 19, 34. dti;, 14, 22, 24.
atoyd, 40. /ei, 21.
wcZ, 12, 19, 28, 36. M 17.

fnit, 12, 16. 2}dm, 20, 34.

rii, 23. pomubibk, 22, 40.
'yuddrga, 26. ^-il«0, 12, 22.
ryol, 15, 23, 32. p>ut, 34.
yundum, 23. ™i, 12, 17, 27.
yivzd, 23. reyn, 29.
rêM, 37. remtoz, 8.
he, 37. ?nt.s(;, 37.

M, 16, 20, 30. safed, 35.
kuL 16, 20, 22, 30. sanduq, 39.
kurust, 37. s^wZ, 13, 32.
/wwoid, 15, 22. sa?'cZ, 31.
xafnk, 21, 26, 38 (1). stt^'x. 27.
;x;^<•5f, 14. stwd 13, 22, 28.

xoi, 32, 33. su, 35.
X'U'in, 33. kih, 22, 33.
xair, 15, 25, 36. siic^, 13, 32, 35.
XttT, 12, 26. siiduk, 38 (1).
ûrjin, 39. Sinj, 35.
xarWc, 38 (1). sitttr, 17.
ârum, 36. s«<w.7', 35.
X^M's, 16, 33. tdyd, 28, 40.
la'l, 39. teyvi, 28.
fey, 15, 19, 24. ^ras, 8, 17.
7?ied, 25, 29. ii-m, 37.
??ie^, 32. fe»/W, 14, 20.
mul, 16, 22, 38 (1). fed?u, 12, 20, 34.
muluk, 30, 38 (1). vud, 23.
mut, 34. !(W,-, 19.
nulust, 32, 40. vik, 19.
niUustuk, 38 (1). t'oH, 17,
'Tie?', 13. vey^, 19.
7UM-/i;, 29, 38 (1). wax^, 22.
wfe, 14, 31. we?!,, 14.
pu, 14, 20, 25, 37. vrfid. 14, 17, 22, 23.
pedin, 40. varf, 19, 27, 37.
^)ac?sana, 38 (2). ^vrok, 17, 35, 38 (1).
INDEXES, —ZEBAKI 27
waruk, 30. 2/07, 18, 25.

vust, 12, 23, 35. yetik, 18, 38 (1).
wastuJc, 19, 35, 38 (1). yuz, 18, 32, 37.
vuz, 13, 23. zas, zus, 31.
tuuzduk, 16. lawj, 23.
2/cm, 18, 32. zamivi, 23.
ZEbaki
ormozd, 8. âram, 36.
-isa/c, 38 (3). xaren, 30, 37.
asi, 35. mi(,i, 16, 22.
ustur, 17. vidldk, 30.

01;, 12, 19, 34. iiatesi, 32, 40.
ot(l), 34. naldstak, 38 (1).
aia7d, 28, 40. nCTn, 29.
wz^c?, 12, 19, 28, 36. 7i(xr, 29.
az, 19, 31. ?ie7', 13.
azdr, 36. nits, 14, 31.
ducZ, 24. ^md, 14, 20, 25, 37.

dedak, 38 (3). innnebav, 22, 40.
38 (3).
cê/ta/i;, 2mnz, 12, 22.
ddndak, 30, 38 (1). rd, rdi, 12, 17, 27.
dir, 14, 24, 29. saudai, 38 (1).
dos, 24, 31. sttd, 13, 32.
cZas^, 12, 24, 31. suddk, 38 (1).
feri, 17. som, 17, 32.

/era<, 12, 16. std, 37, 38 (1).
yiii, 23. Mh, 37, 38 (1).
7ed, 37. sitdkak, 37, 38 (1).
^dl, 15, 23, 32. td, 37.
717.ZC?, 18, 32. !!o, 17, 20.

kal, 16, 20, 22, 30. taxsiin, 22.
kanak, 38 (1). <ai, 37.
;i(;Ug', 14. isafur, 14, 20.
Xdl, 32, 33. feim, 12, 20, 34.

;)âre, 37. we, 19, 37.
xur, 12, 26. wod, 23.
wujinjdk, 17, 38 (1). warud, 14, 17, 22, 23.

wek, 19, 37. verak, 17, 38 (1).
wa^t, 22. wist, 14.
wand, 23. wuz, 13.
vinum, 15, 19, 29. zai, 31.
MuNjANi, Sanglici, A ND YtiDfA.

Mj. asti, 8. Mj. varfa, 27.
Yd. jinJcoh, 17. Yd. verfoh, 27.
Yd. Idlra, 8. Yd. twis^, 14.
Yd. trusna, 8. Sg. 2/xl, 18, 37.
Sg. safor, 14. Mj. ydoya, 19.
Yd. surkoh, 27. Yd. ynuy, 19.
Yd. tvury, 8. Yd. 2/estoA., 19.
Sg. t'ttiTi, 14.
Other Talc a Lan GUAGES

S. *d''vuslc, 17. W. tilrt, 8.
Yz. teZ, 22. S. wox^, 19.

S, 70.^, 26. S. wurj, 8.
W. 7 US, 18, 32. W. wisi, 14.
W. karust, 37. S. vtst, 14.
S. x'^'i^> 25. S. wuvd, 19.
Yz. -^vor, 36. S. -(ws, 19.
W. itto, 24. W. yax, 19.
W. pei, 21. W. ?/wjj/t-, 19.
W. p^sttw, pilziiv, 30. W. zato, 18, 32.
Yz. mi^, 8. S. zez,l8, 32.
S. spur, 17. S. iesd, 18, 23, 32.
Persian
ars, 8. paSm, 34.
IxLSt, 12. supdr, 14.
dirhain, diram, .s7r, 8.
hec, 37. sai'am, 17.

liasCir, 36. 37.
/((/x,
14. ((>,'
X%, 8.
X'M.?!, 14. was, 14.

XiTS, 16, 33.
• ;
41-8] the article 29
Dardic Languages
Khowar, asru, 8. Kalasa, kakawak, 8.
Khowar, dro-ûm, 8.
Other Languages
Baloci, dir, 14. Greek, Spa^M, 8.
Baloci, dit, 14. Arabic, taqsim, 22.

Ormuri, ic^k, 19. Arabic, waqt, 22.
IV. INFLEXION
A. The Article
41. The indefinite article is by the numeral
indicated
luak or wok, one, as in (12) ^ ivak kud dyad, a dog came
(37) tvok ddam nulustuk, a man has sat down. There
does not appear to be any occurrence of the definite article
in the story. No doubt the demonstrative pronouns are
used with this force when it is required.
In Zb. the numeral %vok is also used for the indefinite
article. Occasionally we find instances of the Prs. yd-e-
wahdat, wliich in Zb. is weakened to -e. Thus, armdn-e,
a longing. Sometimes both tvok and -e are used, as in
wok bdzargdii-e %vod, there was a certain merchant.
B. Nouns Substantive and Adjective

— have not traced any signs
42. Gender. I of distinction
of gender.
Nmnher. — Throughout the story the
43. plural nomi-
native everywhere the same as the singular. Moreover,
is
when the noun is inanimate, the nominative plural governs

a singular verb. Thus : —
(8) wev der ztinduk sud, their bellies became hungry.
(11) ar-tvadak tsam kur Sud, both eyes became blind.
(17) i tsaTTi tdza su, his eyes will become restored.
'
Here and elsewhere the numerals refer to the paragraphs of the
Iskasini story.
— —
But, in the story, der and tsam are the only two
inanimate nouns that occur in the plural. One instance
occurs of an animate plural noun in tlie nominative :
(12) do ddam-dn sdwul hid, the two men went (on)

the road.
Here the sufBx -dii belongs to sud (sud-dn, they went),
and is not the sign of the plural of ddam. It will be
observed that here the plural nominative is the same

as the singular, but that, with an animate subject, the
verb is in the plural.
In Zb. a plural is formed by adding -ui or -en. Either
seems to be used indifferently. Thus tdt, a father ; tdt-ai
or tdt-en, fathers : indl, property ; nndl-ai, properties.
I consider that the form in -en is the original, and that
-ai stands for -e, a development of -en, by apocope of the
final consonant, which is verj^ common in Zb. (see § 37, 1).
The plural forms occur for both animate and inanimate
nouns. Tlie phiral termination is often dropped, or, in
other words, the plural may optionally have the same
form as the singular. This is the general rule when the
noun is in agreement with a numeral, or with an adjective
indicating plurality.
Occasionally, in Zb., we find a periphrastic plural, as in
hamrah, a friend plural, liamrali-gan.
;
44. Case. —
The vocative is the same as the nominative.
The accusative is generally the same as the nominative,
as in :
(6) tio ê bdm kitr Icun, do thou make thine own eye
blind.
(16) wak tabib avlratu, bring ye a physician.

Tills form of accusative is common in cognate accusatives,
as in :
(3) safar-dn sud, they went a journey ; and in nominal

verbs, as in :
—
(13) kiid u-an kiUal kal, the dog did leadino- him,
i.e. led him.
— —— —
44] DECLENSION 31
Sometimes the accusative is formed by adding -i to the

nominative. As shown by Zb. (see belowr, §§ 48-9), this is
really the termination of the oblique case, the use of which,
in Is., is confined to the accusative. Thus :
(13) wi dimib-i nad, he grasped its tail.
(19) i gul gap-i sud, he heard all his talk.
(27) wa xvuz-i zoyd, he took the goat.

(27) i tal-â-i zoyd, he took its bile.
(33) -yâzina-i-yaib-i isafak talapuni, I demand a hidden

treasure from Your Honour. (Here the first i in âzina-
i-yaib-i is izdfat.)
Note that in the frequently recurring word ambi, a cave,

the final i is part of the word, and is not the sign of
the accusative.
There is a general oblique case, which in the singular is
always the same as the nominative. As explained above,

it originally ended in which has been dropped. For
-i,
the plural oblique see below (| 47). The oblique case

may be used by itself for almost any case, as in the
following :
(12) wak roz, td vuzer, nulust, he sat for one day till
evening.
(19) saliar tsa ivadak -^lot, at dawn he arose from there.
(33) wak dzd ambi dst, in a certain place there is a cave.
The genitive is usually expressed, as in other Pamir

languages, by simply prefixing the governed to the
governing noun thus :
(15) pddsd -)(an, the king's house.

pddsd qusldq, the king's town.
(21)
(24) pddsd udoyd tsdm, the king's daughter's eyes.
The reverse order sometimes occurs, that of Persian
being followed. Thus :
(5, 9) wak lav gdla, a piece of bread.

(33) durr x'^rjln and also ûrjin durr, a sack of
pearls.
— —— — •
(33) la'l sanduq and also sancl'wq la'l, a box of rubies.
The force of the genitive may be given by converting

the governed noun into an adjective of possession by
adding the suffix -na (see § 38, 2). Thus :
(16) pddSd-na wak udoyd ktir siidtik, a daughter of the

king has become blind.
45. Other case relations are indicated with the aid of
prepositions and postpositions added to the oblique form.
The following are prepositions :
dar, in. ta, until, up to.
jpa, in, into. tar, to, into, on to, up to.
'po, in. ba, from.
The following are postpositions :
ha, to, for. dzd, near to, to (place) =

had, after. Hindi pas.
dariin, among, within, sar dza in front of.
vis, below, underneath.

Sometimes a noun may be governed by a preposition
and a postposition at the same time, the two forming
a compound, with the noun between. Thus : —
pa . . . hun, below.
po . . . darun, inside.
46. The following are examples of the use of these

prepositions and postpositions :
(16)pddsd dar yazab sud, the king became in anger,

i.e. became enraged.
(19) nakwa kur p)a avibi be viid, tliis blind man, who
was in the cave.
(18) )(e dfist pa kid du, (if) he put his hand into
the pool.
(12) td vuzer nuhcst, he sat till evening.
(21) tar pddsd qusldq sud, he went to the klno-'s town.
(13) tar amhi luan wud, he took him into the cave.
(18) tar cendr wan sdmhu, (if) he smear it on to the
plane-tree.
— —
47] POSTPOSITIONS 33
(31) tar ta-xt nid, sit down on to the tVirone.

(15) az-im ner tar pddsd )(dn-um, vud, I was to-day in
the king's house.
(14) -ûrs tsa urwes frut, the bear inquired from the fox.
(18) isa kul velc zdnzu, (if) he take water from the pool.
The preposition tsa often drops its final vowel, as in :—

(10) is'-x^ sdr ivah tsdin kif, from thine own head
pierce an eye. So :
(7) is'-wadak, from there, thence.

(28) sahar pddsd ha xobar sud, at dawn news came to
the king.
(34) htd amhi ha, he went to the cave.
(35) ^nan pddSd ha ussitm, shall I take this off to
the king ?
(34) x^ x^ruk hd avul, pomutsuk ha mus avul, he

obtained (food) for his own eating, he obtained clothes for
putting on.
(17) tu ondl darun wok kahut vwz dst, among thy cattle
there is a blue goat.
(20) xS dust ded kul darun, he put his own hand within
the pool.
(29) pddsd dzd-dn dyad, they came near (to) the king.
(18) amhi sar dzd ivak sabs cendr dst, in front of the
cave there is a green plane-tree.
(20) cendr vis sud, he went beneath the plane-tree.
The preposition pa combines with i, it, into pi. We
thus get pi bun (for pa i bun) wak kul dst, below it there
is a pool (18).
(33) po wa amhi darun wak ^y^rjln durr dst, within
that cave there is a sack of pearls.
47. In the plural the oblique case is generally the same

as the nominative. Sometimes it ends in -dw or -d,
corresponding to the W. -aw, S. -iw, and Yd. -ef. Examples
of the oblique plural are :
—
Accusative. —
(25) agar mun lodoyd tsdin taza kul-ut,
if (i.e. when) thou hasfc made my daughter's eyes restored.
(21) pddsd -ê wazir-dw gvZ kill, the king assembled
his viziers.
Oblique case. — (8) cand roz sdwal-dn to-yd, they went
along the road for some days.
(16) pddsd ê luazir dar yazctb sud, the king became in
anger with his viziers.
(18) tar xe tsdm sdmhu, (if) he smear (it) on his eyes.

(16) pddsd -ê xuazlr-d ha "yezd, the king said to his
viziers.
(22) tsa %vazlr-d%v frut, he inquired from the viziers.
In Zb. the declension of nouns closely resembles the

48.
above. The oblique case, singular and plural, ends in -a,
-e, or -i. These can all be used as terminations of the
oblique case, but there is a tendency to use -a most often
for the genitive, and -i most often for the accusative,
although in each case either of the other two terminations
may be used instead. As in Is. this termination is very
often dropped, so that all these cases— accusative, genitive,
and oblique —then have the same form as the nominative.
On the other hand, the genitive sometimes adds its
termination to the oblique form in -i, instead of directly

to the base. Thus, the oblique case of sal, a year, is sdl-i,
and from this a genitive, sdl-i-a is formed, as in am verdk

tsamend sdl-i-a dst, of how many years (i.e. how old) is
this horse ?
49. As examples of these Zb. forms we may quote :
vuts-a zdt avi-a i-^d-i-a naddk, the son of the uncle has
married this (person)'s sister. Here ruts-a is genitive of
vtits, an uncle ; am-a is genitive of avi, this; and i-^d-i
is the accusative of i-^d, a sister ; the -o., being the
pronominal suffix indicating " he ", the subject of naddk.
yii -xdtir gdl-i (nom. gdla)-S dud, thou gavest (dud-e),
bread for him.
—
50] ZEBAKl DECLENSION 35
.lea ti Idyiq-am nasi, I am not worthy for (i.e. to

zat-i
be) thy son. Here zdt-i is the oblique singular of zdt
a son, governed by the preposition ka. Nast-am, I am not.
zin-a ka verdk-a dam deh, put the saddle on the horse's
back. Here zin-a is the accusative, and verdk-a is the
genitive.
ao ka took verdk-a sar, pa u darayt-a vis, naldstak, he
is seated on a horse under that tree. Here verdk-a is in

the oblique case, governed by ka . . . sar, and similarly
darayt-a, governed by pa . . . vlL
The termination -e is merely a variant of -i, and
examples of it are unnecessary. In my materials it occurs
only in paradigms, and not in connected sentences.
As examples of the dropping of the termination in Zb.,
we may quote :
ba payao we neivar, draw water from the well. Here

we is in the accusative. Its full form is wek, ace. wek-i,
so that not only has the termination of the accusative, but
also the final consonant has been dropped (see § 37, 1).
wok naukar qivd, lie called a servant. Here naukar
is in the accusative.
ka tvds wand, bind with a rope. Here was is in the
oblique case.
So many others. The plural follows exactly the same
lines, the terminations -a, -e, and -i being added to the
nominative plural.
All this shows the origin of the Is. termination -i of
the accusative and of the genitive construction. In Zb.

the terminations of the oblique case are in process of
disappearance, but the -i is still more or less preferred for
the accusative. In Is. this accusative termination -i is the
only one that has survived, and it, too, is falling out of
use. In the genitive and the oblique case the termination

has altogether disappeared.
50. Adjectives. —Adjectives call for few remarks. In
both Is. and Zb. they are immutable, changing neither for
36 ISHKASHMI, ZEBAKI, AND YAZGHDLAMI [51
r
—
52] PRONOUNS 37
gender nor for nymber. The adjective precedee the

qualified substantive.
Tlie Is. materials give no example of the comparative
degree. In Zb. the Prs.
suffix -tar is used to form both
comparative and superlative, as in Zh. fen-tar, better or
best, the thing v^îth which comparison is made being put
in the oblique case, governed by tsa, from.
Occasionally we come across an adjective used in the
Persian manner with izafat, as in Is. (33) âzina-e-yaib,
a hidden treasure. The same sometimes occurs in Zb.,
and in both cases is evidently mere borrowing.
51. A comparative list of numerals appears on p. 36.
The Is., W., and Yz. forms are those collected by Sir Aurel
Stein the Zb., Mj., and Yd. forms are taken from my
;
materials, and the others from Shaw and Geiger.
C. Pronouns
52. The following are comparative tables of the 1st,
2nd, and 3rd personal pronouns. The Is. forms are those
collected by Sir Aurel The Zb., Mj., and Yd. forms
Stein.
are taken from myand the others are from
materials,
Shaw and Geiger. No forms are available for Sg. and Yz.
Each of these pronouns has two forms of the genitive
an ordinary genitive, corresponding to our "my", "thy",
"his", etc., and a genitive absolute, formed in Zb. by
adding -nen (or -nan) or, after a consonant, -en (or -an)
to the simple genitive. The genitive absolute corresponds
to our " mine ", " thine ", " his ", " hers ", " ours ", " yours ",
and "theirs", respectively. No forms of the genitive

absolute are available for The corresponding termina-
Is.
tions in other languages are W. S. -an, S. -end, -nd. It is

parallel to the adjective of possession (Is. -na, W. S. -an,
S. -ind, -and) used as a genitive of nouns, as described in
'
§§38,2; 44.
O
a
CD
CO
55] PRONOUN OF SECOND PERSON 39
"i.
3
O
a
o
u
a)
P-i
in
.-J
P^
— •
54-8] PERSONAL PRONOUNS 41
54. The following are examples of the use of the

pronoun of the 1st person in Is. :
(6, 25) as tu-hd ckiyuvi, I will give to thee.

(30) az zus, I (am thy) son.
(35) az âdak âru7n, nedum, I myself will eat,
I will sit.
(5) ivah lav gala inum-bd dai, give to me a piece of

bread.
(24) inum-bd hukm be 6u, if the order be (given) to me.
muvi-bd izum, bring to me.
(26, 33)
(25) agar mun udoyd bam tdza kul-ut, if (i.e. when)
thou madest my daughter's eyes restored.

pronoun of the 2nd person in Is. : —
(6) tu ye bdm kicr kun, make thou thine eye blind.
(29) x^ 'U'doyd tu-bd dayum; tu ûs-wa-^t sul, (if)
I give to thee my daughter, wilt thou be pleased?
(32) ciz talapi tu,what dost thou demand ?
(6, 10, 25) az tu-hd dayum, I will give to thee.
(33) Id'l sanduq gul mum-bd, durr -ûrjln gul tu-bd,

the box of rubies is all for me, the sack of pearls is all
for thee.
(17, 26) tu mdl darun wak kabiU vuz dst, in thy flock
there is a blue goat.
(22) ner-bd dah roz tamu^-bd qardr vtud, ner tamu^
zanum,, the agi-eement for you was ten days up to to-day,
to-day I will kill you.
58. The following are examples of the use of« the

pronoun of the 3rd person in Is. :
(IS) wa cendr nasu, (if) he grasp the plane-tree.

(20) wa cend?' nad, he grasped the plane-tree.
(27) wa vuz-i zoyd dyad, he took the goat (and) came.

(13) ktvd ivan kutalk/Cd, wad ; tar ambi wan wud, the
dog led him (and) took him away, (and) took him away
into a cave.
(18) tar cendr wan sdmbu, (if) he smear it on the

plane-tree.
(33) ivan zdnz mum-ha, izum, take it (and) bring it
to me.
(4) i der zunduk became hungry.

sud, his belly
(17) agar i korost zdnz,itsdm tdza su,\l he takes
. . .
its skin, his eyes will become restored.
(18) i tsdm siyat Su, his eyes will become restored.

(19) i gul gap'i sud, he heard all his talk.
(27) i tal-^d-i zo-^d, he took its bile.
(28) i uddyd isdm siluat sud, his daughter's eyes

became well.
(38) i der kanddr kid, he made his belly pieces (i.e. he

tore it in pieces).
(13) ivi dumh-i nad, he grasped its tail.

(8) wev der zUnduk sud, their bellies became hungry.
59. As in the other Pamir languages, free use is made
of pronominal suffixes. A comparative table of those in
use is given on the page opposite.
When these suffixes consist of more than one letter, the
initial vowel is dropped after another vowel ; or, more
correctly speaking, the initial vowels of these suffixes do
not really form part of the suffixes, and are only inserted,
for the sake of euphony, when the suffix follows a
consonant. Sometimes, if a suffix is added to a word
ending in i, the vowel of the suffix is retained, and a, y is
inserted between the two vowels so as to prevent a hiatus.

Thus (38) ham-digari-y-dn.
No information is available as to the forms of the
and 2nd persons in Is.
suffixes for the plurals of the 1st
The forms given for Mj. and Yd. should be taken with
some reserve, as the materials from which they are
furnished ai"e rather scanty. The Yn. forms are borrowed
from Persian.
As regards Zb. it will be remembered that this dialect
is fond of rejecting a final consonant (§ 37). This accounts
59] PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES 43
1^
03
m
i5
o
!z;
o
p-l
— —
44 TSHKASHMI, ZEBAKI, AND YAZGHULAMI [60
for the duplicate forms -en, -e ; -ev, -e, and so on. In Zb.
the suffix of the 3rd person singular is -a, but it is very
often omitted, so that we here see, as usual, the origin of
the fact that Is. does not — at least as far as the story
shows — use any suffix for this person.
60. As in other Pamir languages, these suffixes are most

often employed to indicate the person of a past tense of
a verb. Thus,
Is. cqm-^t-dn, they listened. But they are
separable, and ai-e most commonly attached, not to the
verb, but to some other word in the sentence. Thus,
(35) az-im lev sud, for az lev sitd-im, I became mad.
When this occurs the suffix may be repeated several times
in the sentence, as in (2) do ddam-dn safar-dn sud for
do ddam safar sud-dn, two men went a journey.
61. Other examples of the use of these suffixes in Is. are
the following :
(15) az-im ner tar ^jadâ y^dn-um sud, to-day I went

into tlie king's house. Here the suffix occurs twice as —
-Im (exceptional for -im), and as -um.
(14) t%i-t hum, dzd tvtid, (in) what place wast thou ?
For tit .wud-at.
. .
(18) ai tu-t 'ptuUa befdm-at vuduk, O king, thou hast

become foolish. Here the suffix occurs twice ; for tu . . .
b'efdm vuduh-at.
(3) tsand roz-dn Mwal stod, for some days they went
along the road. •
(7) -wadak-dn toyd, from there they went on.

fs'
(29) pddsd dzd-dn dyad, they, came near the king.

(36) dyad-dn, apu-^-dn, they came, the}? listened.
(38) ham-digar-i-y-dn keu kid, they made trouble to
each other. Here hum-digar-l is the accusative of ham-
digar, and y is inserted before the -an for the sake of
euphony.
Sometimes these suffixes are used instead of the verb
substantive.Thus :
(30) tu-t tdt, thou art (my) father.

—
63] DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS 45
62. In Zb. these suffixes are employed not only to

indicate the subject of the verb, but also in a wider way.
Thus, in az-im yd zdt ha fai taziana dedak-ann-a, I have
beaten his son with many stripes; the subject "I" is
indicated by -iin and -am, and the object "him" (i.e. the
son) is indicated by the suffix Bedak-am-a accordingly
-a.
means " I
have beaten him Again, in apnit-a wod-am,
".
the subject " he " is indicated by -a, and the indirect object
" for me " is indicated by -am. The phrase is therefore
literally, " lost-he was-for-me," i.e. I lost him.
63. Dem,onstrative Pronouns. — In Is. the proximate

demonstrative pronoun appears under two forms. The
first is nakiva, this. The base nak- also appears in
S. nak-yam, way, and nak-dds, thus in Yn. nah-it,
this ;
this very (sg. ace.) and perhaps in S. ik-yam, this very.

;
I connect the Is. S. and Yn. forms with Skr. ena-, Phi.
Prs. in, to which the -/ca-suffix has been added. The
affiliation of the S. form to this group is doubtful. It is
more probably to be referred to Skr. ayam, Prs. e, also
with the -/ca-suffix.
The other form appears in man, this (ace. sg.), and miv,
their. This also occurs in W. yem, this ; yam, this
S.
{sg. obi. mi, pi. nom. moS, obi. mef) ; s. yem, yam, this
(sg. obi. mi,,pl. maB, obi. mef) Mj. ma, ; this (pi. obi. maf);
Yd. mo, wem, this (sg. pbl. man, pi. obi. maf) ; Zb. has
am, this.
The following examples of this pronoun occur in the
Is. story :
(17) agar nakwa vuz avirl, if he finds this goat.
., (19) nakiua kur pa ambi be vud, this blind man who

was in the cave.
(35) man padsd ha ussum, shall I take away this to
the king ?
(23) waJc roz miv guna ba fak tilapum, I ask from

Your Honour (pardon for) the fault of these for one day.
— —
64. The remote demonstrative pronoun is tva, that, etc.,

the same as the 3rd personal pronoun. Thus :
(33) po tva ambi darun, inside that cave.
Another remote demonstrative pronoun found in

Sir Aurel Stein's list is dlr, that. With this we may
compare S. sg. obi. di, this (pi. nom. duh, obi. def) ; S. di,
of this (PL nom. dad, obi. def). Geiger (p. 320) compares
the S. and S. forms with the Pasto de, tliis. I am unable
to account for the final r in the Is. form, unless the latter
is a dative.
65. In Zb. the personal pronoun of the 3rd person is
used as the remote demonstrative. When used as an

any of the forms ao, u, or
adjective be used for ivo may
any number or case, but the two latter have not been
noted in agreement with a nominative.
66. Reflexive —
Pronoun. The reflexive pronoun in Is.
is -âd-alc, self, inwhich the -ak is the -/ca-suSix. We may
compare the emphatic termination -aO in S. y(Lib-a6, self.
Wi.th âdak we may compare W. -ût, S. ;)(?i, S. -û, -ûh-ad,
Yd. koyali (so Biddulph, ? ôyah). As an example for Is.,
we have :
(35) ao âdak ^(liniin, neduin, I myself will eat, will sit.
67. Sir Aurel Stein's list also gives fak, self, a word
which I have not found in this sense in the story. In
form it resembles S. filk, S. /?(,/,;,, all, but does not agree
in meaning with these words. The nearest form in this
sense that I have met is the Dardic (Gawarbati) phu-ka,
self. I have no suggestion to make as to its derivation,
unless it is connected with Skr. sva- (through *spa-, *hpa-,
*pha-), self, with the Dardic change of v to ^J and the
-/.'rt-suffix. tlie word would be bori-owed from
In this case
Dardic. The word fak occurs twice in the story, and in
each case seems to mean " Your Honour ", much as,
in Hindi, dp means both "self" and "Your Honour".
Thus :—
— — —
69] RELATIVE PRONOUN 47
(23) wale roz miv gxona tsa fak tilapum, I demand

from Your Honour (pardon for) their fault for one day.
(33) âzina-e-'yaih ba fak talapum, I demand from
Your Honour a hidden treasure.
68. The Is. word for " own " is )(e. As usual it always
refers to the subject of the sentence and means "my
own", "thy own", "his own", etc., according to the
context. The corresponding words in the other Pamir
languages are Zb. x^, Mj. -xâi, Yd. x'we, W. S. û, ^- x^'
Yn. x'^'P'^. X^P'''- ^^^ word occurs very frequently in the
story. A few examples will suffice :
(6) tu -ê bain kur kun, make thine own eye blind.
(10) is' --ê sdr wak tsdm kif, pierce an eye from thine
own head.
(7) fn kift, Good pierced his own eye.
xe tsdm
69. Relative —
Pronoun. In all tlie PamTr languages the
force of the relative pronoun is most generally expressed
by the help of a verbal adjective in (W.) -ung ov (S.) -enj.
Thus (Shaw, JASB. xlv, p. 169), W. cini skot-ung x^^9'
the person who breaks the cup.
As has occurred in many languages, there is also a
tendency to employ the base of an interrogative pronoun
with the force of a relative. Thus, in the story, we have
tee or fee or za (cf. Yd. fei, what ?) used as relatives in :
(18) tse-rang kur be vioni, whatever kind of blind

man who there may be, equivalent to "if there be any
kind of blind man ".
(19) nakwa kur pa ambi be vud, this blind man who
was in the cave.
(34) he clz nus vud, za wadak paidd na su, tliere was
not anything which is not manifest there.
As in the first example, fee or fee may practically have
the force of " if ". Similarly :
(24) mum ha hukm be su, if there be an order (given)

to me.
Zb. uses the Prs. ki as a relative.
—— — :
70. Interrogative Pronouns. —In Is. kudum is " who ?

"
and kum or clz is "what?'.'. So ktim dzd, what place?

is used t6 mean " where ". The corresponding words in
other Pamir languages are :
Who ? —Zb. kdi, Mj. kedeva, Yd. kedi, W. kui, S. cot,
S. cdi, ci, Yn. ka-^^ (obi. kai). These all go back to the
old pronominal base ka-.
What?— Zb. tsiz, Mj. ste{l), Yd. ci (Biddulph, tsi),
W. Mz, S. tseiz, S. kd, clz, biz, Yn. cd. These may all be
compared with Prs. ci, clz.
Examples of the Is. forms are :
(14) tu-t kum, dzd vud, where werest thou ?

(16) clz -xobar dst, what news is there ?
(32) clz talapi tu, what dost thou demand ?
71. Other Pronominal Forms in Is. —
wak, a certain (see the article, § 41).
cand, band, some, several.

be-rang, whatever kind of.
he clz, anything.
ham-digar, each other.
He, in he clz, is the Prs. hec, with apocope of the final
consonant (| 37). The other forms call for no remarks.
The following are examples :
(8) cand roz sdwal-dn toyd, for some days they went
(along) the road.
(14) cand tua^t Su-^t, some time passed.
(3) band roz-dn ^dwal &iid, for some daj^s they went
(along) the road.

(32) band roz bdd sak dyad, after several days
Bad came.
(18) be-rang kitr be viinl, whsntever kind of blind man
who there may be.
(34) he clz 7itts viid, za wadak paida na iu, there was

not anything that is not manifest there.
(38) ham-digar-i-y-dn keu kid, they made trouble to
each other.
—
76] VERBS 49
D. Verbs
72. As in other Pamir languages the conjugation of the
verb is founded on two principal bases —the present and
the past. On the present base are founded the present-
future tense, derived from the old present, and other
connected tenses. The past base is the past participle.
From it the past tense is formed by the addition of the
separable pi'onominal sufHxes described in|§ 69 fF.
A perfect participle is formed by strengthening the past
participle by the addition of the -/ca-suffix (see § 38, 3).
A perfect tense is formed from the perfect participle, as in

the case of the past tense, by the addition of the separable
pronominal suffixes. In all this Is. is in accord with the
other Pamir languages.
73. The materials for illustrating the conjugation of

II verb are confined to the verbal forms found in the
story brought home by Sir Aurel Stein, and are necessarily
incomplete. I shall do my best to complete them by the
free use of my Zb. materials.
74. A verb agrees with its subject in number and

person, but when there are a number of singular subjects
to one verb the latter is sometimes in the singular instead
of in the plural. Thus, in 36, we have ûrs, lew, urk,

urwesak dyad-dn, the bear, the night-demon, the wolf,
(and) the fox came, with the verb in the plural ; but, in
14, we have wak -^(urs, wak urk, wak urives, wak vayd
dyad, a bear, a wolf, a fox, (and) a nightmare came, in
which the verb is in the singular.
75. Verb Substantive. — The only form of the present

tense of the verb substantive occurring in the Is. story is
dst, he is. Thus :
(33) wak dzd ambi dst po wa ambi darUn wak ûrjin :
dii,rr dst, wak sanduq Id'l dst, in a certain place there is
a cave : within that cave there is a sack of pearls, there

is a box of rubies. Similarly, in several other passages.
— — — —
50 ISHKASHMI, ZEBAKI, AJCD YAZGHtJLAMI [V6
76. In Zb. this tense of this verb is conjugated by

adding tlie separable pronominal suffixes to the 8rd person
singular. Thus :
SiNonLAR Plural
1. dst-im. dst-en.
2. dst-ai. dst-ev.
3. cist. dst-en.
Similarly, S. lias yost-avi, S. yast-a'm, I am, and so on,
and Mj. hast-am, etc., wliile Yd. has astet for all persons
of both numbers. Zb. has also the word -et, used as
a suffix, to signify "is", as in raqqdsi-et, it is dancing;
feri-t, he is good. With these we ma}' compare the
termination of Yd. astet.
77. The past tense of the Is. verb substantive is vud,

was. It takes the pronominal suffixes like any other past
tense, so that we get :
Singular Plural
1. vud-im or vud-uon. ?
2. vud-at. ?
3. viid. 1 vud-dn.
No forms occur for the plural. The 3rd person plural
is given on the analogy of other verbs occurring in
tlie story.
78. The corresponding Zb. paradigm is :
Singular Plural
1. wod-im. wod-en.
2. ivod-i. tvod-av.
3. ivod-a, luod. wod-en.
The suffix differs from Is. in the 2nd person sino-ular:
but otherwise, so far as they can be compared, the two
agree very well together. In other Pamir languages
we have :
Mj. via, Yd. vio, W. tit, or hilmilt, S. vild, S. vod,

Yn. vuta, he was. It will be seen that the two forms of
— — ;
82] CONJUGATION 51
W. have entirely different bases. The origin of the Mj.

and Yd. forms is doubtful.
79. The following are examples of this tense in Is. :
(15) az-im (for az-im) ner tar pddSd '^(an-um vud,

to-day I was in the king's house.
(14) tu-t hum dzd vud, where wast thou to-day ?
(19) nakwa kur pa ambi tse vud, this blind man who
was in the cave.
(22) ner-ha dah roz tamu-f^-ha qardr vud, (up) to-day
your agreement of ten days was.
(34) he clz nus vud, there was not anytliing.
From the same root we have a 3rd person singular
present, vuni, he becomes, and a perfect base ; vuduk, has
become, in :
(18) tse-rang kur tse vuni, if there be any kind of

blind man.
(18) tu-t pddsd hefam-at vuduk, thou, king, hast
become (i.e. art) foolish.
80. Like the Prs. sudan, the root Sio-, go, is also used to
mean "become". This verb will be dealt with under the
head of the active verb.
81. The Active Verb. — I commence by giving, in the
folding table opposite, all the verbal forms that I have
been able to collect from the Is. story. To these I have
added, between marks of parenthesis, all the Zb. forms
available in my own materials. On this table are based
the remarks that follow.
82. Infinitive. — In Is. this ends in -uk added to the

present base, as in âr-uk, to eat, food ;
pomuts-uk, to
clothe, clothing. Thus, ê -âruk-ba avul, pomubulc-ba
mus avul, he obtained (food) for eating, he obtained
clothes for putting on.
In Zb. the infinitive ends in -ak, as in deh-dk, to strike
su-dk, to go, to become. In W. it ends in -ak or -an, and

in S. S. in tao. In Yd. it ends in -ak.
— —
83. Conjunctive Participle. — The Pamir languages have

no conjunctive participle, such as is common in India.
Instead, tlie two verbs are simply put in juxtaposition, as
in Is. (27) zoyd dyad, he took, he came, i.e. having taken
he came, he brought, equivalent to the Hindi le dya.
84. Present-Future. — This tense, founded on the ancient

present, has the force both of a present and of a future.
It sometimes has the force of a present subjunctive. In

Is. the terminations in the singular are as follows :
1. -um.
2. -i, i.
3. — , ov -i.
No materials are available for the plural terminations.

In other Pamir languages the terminations are as
follows :
—
88] PRESENT CONDITIONAL 53
(35) Tnan pddSd-ha ussutn ? az -âdak âricm, nSdiim,

shall I take tliis away to the king? I myself will eat,
(and) will sit down.
(23) ivak roz miv guna tsa fak tilcvpum, for one day,
I demand from Your Honour (pardon for) their fault.
(33) xîzlna-i-yaib-i ba fak takqntm, I demand a
hidden treasure from Your Honour.
(27) 7ie?' tamw^ zanum, to-day I will slay you.
(29) tiL ûs-ivcixtt happy ?

sill, wilt thou be
what dost thou demand ?
(30) clz talapi tu,
(17) agar nakivu vuz avirijcorost zdnz,i bam taza su,
if he finds this goat, (and) takes the skin, her eyes will
become sound.
(24) viuvi-bd hukvi tse 6u, if there be an order to me.
(33) -ôh ho, it becomes well, i.e. good '
(34) he clz nils vud, za ivadak jâidd na su, there was

nothing that does not become manifest there.
86. Present Conditional. — The present-future has the
force of a present conditional, but the conditional force is
emphasized by the addition of the letter -ic.
In Zb. -a, and in W. -o, is added with the same effect.
Examples of the present conditional in Is. are :
(18) wa cendr nas-u, yê dust pa kid dii (for de-u), tsa
kid vek zdnz-u, tar cendr wan sdinbu, isa cendr zdnz-u,
tar yê tsdm sdmb-u, (if) he grasp that plane-tree, put his
hand into the pool, take water from the pool, smear it on
the plane-tree, take it from the plane-tree, (and) smear it
on his eyes.
87. Imperative. — The 2nd person singular of the

imperative is the same as the present base. The 2nd
person plural adds -aw or -uw.
In Zb. the only termination of the 2nd person plural is
-av; in Mj. and Yd. it ends in -e; in W. it ends in -it;
in S. S. in -id, and in Yn, in -t, thus following the present-
future,
— —
54 LSUKASHMI, ZEBAKI, AND YAZGHULAMI [89

imperative in Is. :
Singular 2.
— (5, 9) luak lav gala mum-ba dai, give me
a piece of bread.
(26, 33) mum-bd izum, bring to me.
(10) ts'-xS sdr tvalc bam kif, pierce (i.e. tear out) one
eye from thj' head.
(6) tu ê tsdm kur make
ki07i, thine eye blind.
(31) tar ta-^t nid, sit down on the throne.
(37) wok cirdy pedin, light a lamp.
(28, 33) su, go thou.
(33) luan zdnz, take it.
Plural 2.
— (16) ivak tabib aviraiv, izmiiw, find ye
(and) bring ye a physician.
(28) ivanitw, izmuxv, call ye (and) bring.
89. Past Tense. —This is simply the past base or past

participle, with the separable pronominal suffixes added to
indicate number and person. As already explained (§ 60)
these are most often added, not to the verb, but to some
other word in the sentence. It will be remembered that,
in Is., there is no suffix for the 3rd person singular. For
this person, tlieref ore, the bare past participle is employed.
The same procedure is followed in all the Pamir
languages. A list of all the Is. and Zb. past participles
known to me will be found in the table opposite p. 51. For
the pronominal suffixes in the various languages, see § 59.
90. The following are examples of the use of the past

tense in Is. :
Singxdar — (35) az-im sud, did become am

1. lev I (i.e.
I) mad ?
Singular — (25) agar mun itdoyd bam tdza kid-ut,

2.
if thou madest my daughter's eyes sound.

Singular — wak kud dyad, a dog came. Similarly
3. (_12)
dyad in many other places.
90] PAST TENSE 55
(34) sud, ambi-bd atoyd, he went, he entered into

the cave.
(38) urJc atoyd, the wolf entered.
(34) ê-)(aruh bd avul, po'mutsuJc-bd inus avul, he found
(food) for his eating, he found clothes to put on.
(30) ê ibdoyd fn-bd dud, he gave his daughter to Good.
(20) cendr vis sud, wa cendr nad, ê dust ded kill
darun, tar cendr sdmbud, tar -ê tsdm sdmd, i isdm tdza
sud, he went below the plane-tree, he seized the plane-tree,
he struck (i.e. put) his hand into the pool, he smeared (it)
on to the plane-tree, he smeared (it) on to his eyes. His
eyes became sound.
(11) fri frin. Good remained (where he was).
(14) ûrs isa urwes frut, the bear inquired from

the fox.
(22) tsa wazirdw frut, he inquired from the viziers.
(5, et passiTn) yezd, he said.

(7) fri -)(S bam kift. Good pierced his own eye.
(38) i der kanddr kul, he made his belly pieces (i.e. he

tore it to pieces). Kul or ktd is frequently used to make
nominal compound verbs, as in (37) at kul, he opened ;
(38) trds kul, he feared (13) kutal kul, he led (21) gul
; ;
kul, he made assembled, he called together.
(27) kut, i talxd-i zoyd, he flayed (it), he took its bile.

(19) sahar tsa wadak ^^tt, nust, at dawn he arose (and)
went forth from there.
(21) ba loadak yut, toyd, he arose (and) went from there.
(34) ût ba wadak rawdn hid, he arose (and) set out
from there.
(38) âh mul. Bad died.
(13) wi dwnb-i nad, he grasped its tail.
(12) wak roz td vuzer nulust, for one day he sat
(there) till evening.
(31) tar ta-xf, nulust, he sat down on the throne.
(4) i der zunduk hid, his belly became hungry.

Similarly, hid, he became, in many other places.
(20) ce7idr vis sud, he went below the plane-tree.

Similarly, Slid, he went, in many other places.
(19) i gid gap-i sud, he heard all his talk.
(14) caiid tua-^t su^t,some time passed.

(11) kdc toyd, Bad went away.
(21) ba xvadak ût toyd, he arose and went from there.
(13) kud wan kutal kid, tvud, the dog led him (and)
took (him) away.
(27) tar pddsd udoyd bam vust, he bound (it) on the
king's daughter's eyes.
(27) iva wicz-i zoyd dyad, he took the goat (and) came.
(37) -xiirs cirdy zoyd, the bear took a light.
Plural 3.
— (36) x^"''^'
^^'^''^ '^'>'^^, urwesak dyad-dn;
apu-)(t-dn, the bear, the night-demon, the wolf, (and) the
fox came ; they listened.
(29) pddSd dzd-dn dyad, they came before the king.
(38) haon-digar-i-y-dn (see § 59) keu kôl, they made
trouble to (i.e. invited) each other.
(2) do ddam-an safar-dn Sud, the two men went (on)

a journey. Here the sufE.x; -dn is repeated.
(3) band roz-dn sdwal sud, for some days they went
(their) way.
(7) b'-tvadak-dn toyd, they went on from there.
(8) cand roz khval-dn toyd, for some days they went
(their) wa}'.
91. Perfect. —The base of the perfect tense is the perfect

participle, which is formed by strengthening the past
by the addition of the -/uU-suffix,
participle being -it
employed as the junction-vowel. Thus, mtlust, he sat

down mdustuk, he has sat down.
;
The perfect base is formed in the same way in Zb., but

the junction-vowel is a or d, as in ouddstak, he has sat
down ; naddk, he has taken. Both in regard to Is. and
Zb. the materials in regard to the junction- vowel are
scanty, and it may be that in both languages it is really
determined by sympathy with the preceding vowel of the
—
95] INDECLINABLES 57
past participle. In Mj. the perfect tense does not seem to

be used. In Yd. 7 is added, as in ii-7-em (Biddulph,
£i-g-evi), I have beaten. W. adds k without a junction-
vowel, while S. S. add j (derived ^rom k), also without
a junction-vowel. Yn. adds y.
In Is. the bare perfect participle forms the 3rd person
singular of the perfect tense. For the otlier persons
separable pronominal suffixes are ernploj'ed, as in the past.
The following ai'e examples of the 3rd person singular
of the perfect tense in Is. :
(87) ivok ddavi nulushik, a man has sat down, i.e. is
seated.
(16) pddsd-na wak udoyd kiir suduk, a daughter of

the king has become blind.
See also the example of vuduk in § 79.
V. INDECLINABLES
92. Adverbs. — ner, to-day ; ner-ba, up to to-day ; inga,
then ; dzd, a place ; in kiovi dad, where ? wadak, there ;
ba wadak or is -wadak, from there, thence var, a door ; ;
in ba var, from the door, i.e. from inside (a dwelling).
It is unnecessary to give any examples of the use of

these. The vocabulary gives references to the passages
in which they occur.
The negative is na or nus, not. Nus- occurs in Zb.
under the form nas. An Is. example, containing both
forms, is :
—
(34) he clz nus vud za ivadak paidd na su, there was
not anything that is not manifest there.
93. Prepositions and Postpositions. — These are dealt
with in §§ 45 ff.
94. Conjunctions. —agar, if ; ca, and.
95. Interjections. — ai and e, ! %o6, well !
Of these ai is used contemptuously (17, 18) ; and

e respectfully.
; ;
ISHKASHMI STORY
(An acute accent, as in wddalc, indicates stress.)
1. Waleddam fri iMak sale.
One man good one bad.

2. Do ddam-an safar-dn £ud.
Two men-they journey-they went.
3. Isand roz-dn sdwal £ud.
Some days-they road went.
4. / der zHnduh sud.
His belly hungry became.
5. Nek (or fri) Sak-hd rêzd, " wak lav gala
Good (Good) Bad-to said, " A piece bread
'mum-bd dai."
me-to give-thou."
6. Sale lyeM, " tu ê bam lenr kiln ; az

Bad said, " thou thine-own eye blind niake-thou ; I
tu-hd daywin."
thee-to I-will-give."
7. Fri yS tsdm leift is-wddak-dn to'yd.
Good his-own, eye pierced; from-there-they went.
8. Gand roz sd'iual-dn toyd. Wev der

Some days' road-they went. Their bellies
Mnduk sud.
hungry became.
9. Fri ryezd, '' wale lav gala mum-bd dai."
Good said, >
" a piece bread me-to give-thou."
10. Sale yezd, " is-xS sdr luale fedm kif

Bad said, "from-thine-own head an eye pierce-thou ;
az inga tu-bd dayum."

I then thee-to I-will-give."
11. Ar-vddak tsain kur sud. Sak toyd, fri

Both eyes blind became. Bad went, Good
frin.
remained.
12. Wak roz2 td vuzer

One day
ISHKASHMI STOEY 61
17. Urh 'yezd, " ai ndfam pafdSd, tu vicU ddrun

The-wolf said, " foolish king, thy cattle among
vxdc kahut vuz dst ; agar naJcwa vuz dvirl
a blue goat is ; if tliis goat he-finds
i korost zdnz i isdm tdza su."

its skin he-takes lier eyes renewed will-become."
18. Xurs yezd, " ai tu-t pd'dsd be-fam-at

The-bear said, " thou-thou king foolish-thou
vuduk. Anibi sar-dzd wak sabz

hast-become. The-cave in-front a green
cend'r dst. Pl-bun luak kid dst.
plane-tree is. Below-it a pool is.
'Ke-rang kur tse vun% wa

Of-whatever-kind blind-man who may-be he
cendr nasu, ê dust pa
the-plane-tree may-grasp, his-own hand into
kul du, tsa ktd vek zdnzu,

the-pool may-put, from the-pool water may-take,
tar cend'r luan sdmbu, tsa
ou-to the-plane-trce it may-smear, from

cend'r zdnzio, tar -ê tsdm
the-plane-tree may-take, on-to his-own eyes
sdinbu, i isdnn siydt su."
may-smear, liis eyes well will-become."
19. Nakwa kur pa ambi tse vud, i
This blind-man in the-cave who was, his
gtd gap-i sud. Scthar tsa ivadcdc
all talk (ace.) heard. At-dawn from there
-yut nust.
he-i'ose he-went-forth.
20. Cendr vis &ud. iva cendr

The-plane-tree below he-went. He plane-tree
62 ISHKASHMI, ZEBAKI, AND YA2GHULAMI
nad, -ê dust ded kill darun,

grasped, his-own hand put the-pool within,
tar cendr sambiid, x^ tar

on-to the-plane-tree he-smeared, on-to his-own
tsdm sdmd. I tsdin tdza sud.
ejês he-smeared. His eyes renewed became.
21. Taa wadaJe x.iit toyd. Tar pd'dsd

From there he-arose he-went. To the-king's
qusldq snd. Pddsd ye wazird'w
town he-went. The-king his-own viziers (ace.)
gid kid.
assembled made.
22. Tsa wazirdw fi'ut,

" ner-bd dah roz
From the-viziers he-asked, " to-day-to ten days
tamuxj-hd qard'r vud. Ner tamu-^
you-to agreement was. To-day you
zaniim."
I-will-kiU."
23. Frl yezd, " e pddsd, luak roz iniv gund

Good said, " king, one day of-these the-fault
tsa fak tilAininn." Pddsd yeM,
from Your-Honour I-demand." The-king said,
"xob."
" Well."
24. Fri jeM, " inum-hd hukm, tse Sii,
Good said, " me-to order which may-become,

pdd&d uddyd tsdvi tdza kttnum."
king's daughter's eyes renewed I-will-make."
25. Pddsd, yezd, " agar mun itdoyd isain tdza

The-king said, "if my daughter's eyes renewed
kiihit, az tu-bd dayuvi."

thou-madest, I thee-to will-give."
ISHKASHMI STORY 63
26. Fri <yezd, "tu mdl darAn wak kabut

Good said, "thy cattle among a blue
vuz dst, muvi-bd izwni."
goat is, me-to brino-."
27. Wa vuz-i zoyd dyad. Kut, i
He the-goat (ace.) took he-came. He-flayed, its
tal-â-i zoyd, tar pddsd udoyd

bile (ace.) he-took, on-to the-king's daughter's
isdm vust. I bam sihat sud.
eyes he-tied. Her eyes well became.
28. Sahar pd'dsd-bd yrobar Sud, i udoyd

At-dawn the-king-to news became, his daughter's
isdm sihat hid. Pd'dSd -ûs-wa-j^t sud.
eyes well became. The-king happy became.
Vezd, " hi xvanuw ihnuw."
He-said, " go-ye call-ye bring-ye."
29. PddSd dzd-dn dyad. Vezd, " -^S
The-king's place-they came. He-said " my-own

udoyd tu-hd dayum, tu -ûs-xvayt
daughter thee-to I-will-give, thou happy
"
kil ?
wilt-become ?"
30. Frl
Fri yezd, " e pddSd, tu-t tdt,
" O king, thou-thou-art father,
Xe udoyd fn-bd dud.

His-own daughter Good-to he-gave.
31. Pd'd&d yezd, " e zus, tar ta-^t nid." Fri

The-king said, ''
O son, on-to throne sit." Good
tar ia-^t nulust.
on-to the-throne sat.
32. Tsand roz bad Sak dyad. " As-saldm

Some days after Bad came. " The-peace
; ""
alaikum." Frl êzd, " alaikum as-salam.

on-thee." Good said', " on-thee the-peace.
?
Ciz talapi tu
What dost-thou-demand thou ?
33. Sak •yekl, "e pa'dki, âzina-i-jaib-i

Bad said, " king, „
treasure-of-liiding (ace.)
taldpum." lezd, " xî

tsa fak
from Your-Honour I-demand." He-said, "Well,
su, su, wak dzd ambi ast. Po iva
it-becomes, go, a place cave is. In that
ambi darun wak -^^'^rjln durr dst. Wak

cave within a sack (of) pearls is. A
sanddq la'l ast. Wan zanz WAivi-bd izum.
box (of) rubies is. It take me-to bring.
Ld'l sanclnq gul 7nuon-ba,, durr

Rubies (of) box all me-for, pearls (of)
XUrjin gul tu-bd."

sack all thee-for."
34. Xut tsa luadak raivan sud ' toyd.

He-arose from there going he-became he-went.
Stod ambi- (or ydr-) bd, a-toyd. Xe
He-went the-cave (cave-) to, in-went. His-own
âriik-bd avul, poviubuk-bd mics
eating-for he-obtained, clothing-for clothes
avid he c Iz nus vud za wadak
he-obtained ; any thing not was which there
paidd na «(.
manifest not may-become.

35. Sak yezd, " e Xudd, az-im lev sud ? onan
Bad said, " God, I-I mad became ? This
pd'dSd-bd usstim ? az -^P-dak xp^rum
king-to shall-I-take-away ? I myself I-shall-eat
iiedunn."
I-shall-sit."
ISHKASHMl STORV 6S
36. Bah Sud. Xurs, lew, uric,

Night became. The-bear, night-demon, wolf,
urwesaJc dyad-an. Apuxt-dn, tsa var
fox came-they. Listen ed-tliey, from the-door
sadd dyad.
a-sound came.
37. Urk yeM, "e -ûrs, wok cirdy |3ef/C».
The- wolf said, "0 bear, a light set -alight.
Xurs cirdy zoyd, var at kul.

The-bear a-light took, the-door open he-made.
Wok addm nulustuk.
A man has-sat.
38. X-U7-8 trds kul. Ham-digariy-dn keu

The-bear fear made. Each-other (aec.)-they trouble
kul. Urk a-toyd. I der kanddr
made. The-wolf in-went. His belly pieces
kul. Sak niul.

he-made. Bad died.
(Translation done by Qazi Qadam Sah and checked by

Daulat Qadam, of Iskasm. September 8, 1915.)
Literal Translation of the above
(slightly altered from Shaw's)
1. (There) were (two men), one good (and) one bad.

2. They went a journej^ 3. (They) went several days'
road. 4. His belly became hungry. 5. The good (one)
said to the bad : me
Give a piece of bread. 6. The
bad one said : Thou make (thine) own eye blind, then
I will give thee (some bread). 7. The good (one) pierced
(his) own eye. Thence they went (on). 8. Several days'
66 ISHKASHMI, ZEBAKI, AND tAZGHULAMI
road they Again their bellies became hungry.

went.
9. The good (one) said Give me a piece of bread. :
10. The bad (one) said: Pierce the eye (which remains)
in thy head, then I will give thee (some bread).
11. Both (his) eyes (thus) became blind. The bad (one)
went (on), the good (one) remained. 12. He sat one day
on (till) evening. (It) became night. A dog came.
13. He laid hold of the dog's tail. The dog leading (him)
took him awaj^. It brought him into a cave and night fell.
1 4. After a time, a wolf, a bear, a fox, a niglit-mare
came. The bear asked the fox Tliou, where wert thou ? :
15. The fox said I was to-day to (at) the king's palace.
:
16. The bear said What news is (there) ? The fox said
: :
The king has become angry with his Wazirs. A daughter

of the king's has become blind. The king said to his
Wazirs: Find a doctor (and) bring (liim). 17. The wolf
said Ah tliou (art) a foolish king. Amongst thy flocks
:
'
(there) is a blue goat. If he brings that goat, (and) takes

the goat's skin, her eyes will become (renewed). 18. The
bear said : Ah ! thou king, thou hast become a fool. Before
the cave (there) is a green plane-tree. At the foot of the
plane-tree (there) is a pool. What kind so-ever (of) blind
person (there) may be, (if) he lay hold of the plane-tree,
and put one hand into the pool, take (water) from the
pool, smear (it) on to tlie plane-tree, take (it) from the
plane-tree, (and) smear (it) on to (his) own eyes, his eyes
will become renewed.
19. man who was in the cave heard all this
Tlie blind
speech ; dawn he rose up thence (and) went out.
at
20. He went to the foot of the plane-tree. He laid hold
of the plane-tree, put liis hand into the pool, smeared
(water) on to the plane-tree, smeared it on to his own eyes.
His eyes became renewed. 21. He rose up thence (and)
went (away). He went to the king's city ; the king
had assembled (his) Wazirs. 22. He interrogated his
Wazirs (saj'ing) : To-day, your ten days' agreement is up
ISHKASHMI STORY 67
(lit. you ten-days' agreement was). To-day I slay you.

to
23. The good (hero of the tale) said king I beg (off : !
the punishment of) their fault for one day. The king
said All right.
: 24. The good one said If the order be :
(given) to me, I will renew (cure) the eyes of the king's

daughter. 25. The king said: If thou curest my
daughter's eyes, I will give her to thee. 26. The good
one said Amongst thy flocks (there) is a blue goat.
:
Bring (it) to me. 27. He brought that goat (and) flayed

(it). He took its gall (and) bound (it) on to the eyes of
the king's daughter. cured. 28. Next Her eyes became
morning news went to the king (that) (his) daughter's
eyes were cured. The king rejoiced. He said Call :
(them and) bring (them). They came before the king.

He said : If I give thee my daughter, wilt thou be glad ?
30. The good one said O king thou (art my) father, : !
I (am thy) son. He gave his daughter to the good one.

31. The king said son mount on the throne. The
: !
good one mounted on the throne.

32. After some days the bad one came. (He said)
Peace be with you. The good one replied And with you :
be peace. What is thy desire? 33. The bad one said: i
king ! I desire a hidden treasure from thee. He

replied : It is good. Go, in such a place (there) is a cave.
Inside the cave (there) is a sack of pearls, (there) is a box
of rubies. Take (and) bring them [it] to me. The box of

rubies (shall be) for me, the sack of pearls for thee.
34. Thence he started (and) went. He went into the
cave. (There was) food to eat, clothes to put on, no lack
of any thing. 35. The bad one said : Oh God ! have
1 become mad ? Shall I take this to the king ? By mji'self
I will eat, I will lie down. 36. (It) becomes night. The
bear, the night-mare, the wolf, the fox, came. (They)
gave ear (and heard) that a sound came from within.
37. The wolf said : Oh bear ! show [light] a light. The
bear took (a) light (and) opened the door. (A) person
68 ISHKASHMI, ZEBAKI, AND VAZGHULAMt
was sitting (there) [lit. person has sat down]. 38. Tlie
bear felt fear ; each invited the other (to enter) [lit. one
to this one gave trouble ^]. The wolf entered. He tore
[made] his belly (to) pieces. The bad one died.
' The expression "to give trouble", "to trouble", is a common

Oriental idiom for '
' inviting in ", answering to the French '
' donnez-vous
la. peine d'entrer"
ISHKASHMI- ENGLISH VOCABULARY
After each Iskasmi word I give, so far as they are
available, the corresponding Wa,^! and Yaz7ularni word in
Sir Aurel Stein's collection, and also (within marks of
parenthesis) a selection of corresponding words in all the
Pamir languages, taken partly from Shaw's articles
partly from Biddulph's Yud7a Vocabularjr, and partly
from my own materials.
The order of words is that employed by me for other
Eranian languages, and alsp for the Dardic languages,
including Kasmiri. The words are arranged in the order
of their consonants, without any regard to their vowels.
Thus, dar, der, and dir all occupy contiguous places, the
situation being determined by the d and the r, and by
nothing else. Only in those cases in which several words
have (like dar, der, and dir) all the same consonants, and
differ only in their vocalization, is the order of the vowels
taken into account. As regards words beginning witl|
vowels, tliese are grouped together at the beginning,
all
the order within the group being determined by the

consonants.
As regards the consonants, so far as alphabetical order
is concerned, I have treated v and w as one letter. They
are so often interchanged, that it would not be advisable
to separate them. The following is the order of the
consonants : b, c, d, S, dz, /, g, 7, li, j, h, ;;^,
I, m, n, p, q, r,
s, s (including s and s), t (including t), is, v (w),-y, z, z.
Whenever a word occurs in the Iskasmi story, the

number of the paragraph is noted in the vocabulary.
The stress-accent, when known, is indicated by ', as
in drâd.
a, prefix indicating motion into, as in a-td'yd (Zb. a-tayd),

he went in, he entered, 34, 38 (cf. Yd. a, in a-vrah, to
bring).
70 ISHKASHMI, ZEBAKI, AND YAZGHULAMI [-«-
-a (Zb.), verbal suffix of the 3rd person singular. Not

noted in Is. (W. -ei; S. -i, -e; not in S.). In Zb. it
often has the force of the verb substantive, as in yu

vln-a kata, his beard is large. It is also used to
indicate the object, as in deddlc-mn-a, I have
beaten him.
ai, interj., 0, used contemptuously, 17, 18 (S. S. eh).
-ai, 1 (Zb.), a suffix with the force of the verb

substantive, as in indl-ai, it is (my) husband. Cf. -a-
-ai, 2 (Zb.), see -at.
do (Zb.), see wa.

-e, 1 (Zb.), see -an.
-e, 2 (Zb.), the Prs. izafat, occasionally used in Zb.

-e, 3 (Zb.), suffix of indefinite article = Prs. -e.
e, interj., 0, used respectfully, 23, 30, 31, 33, 35, 37

(Zb. eh ; S. ^. eh).
-e (Zb.) see -at.

i, 1, or ici, possessive pronoun ; i, his, 4, 18, 19, 20, 28, 38 !
her, 17, 27; its, 17, 27; wi, his, 13. The plural is
ivev, their, 8 (Zb. yu., pi. dwenda ; tsi, i.e. fea + i, from
this ; S. S. lui, pi. wief). Cf. ^î.
i, 2, suffix indicating the accusative case (Zb. i).
I (Zb.), conj., and.

-I (Zb.), see -at.
it (Zb.), see iva.
ddam, a man, 1, 37; dda^ra-dn, man-they, 2 (Zb. ddavi). Ax.

uddyd, W. Bagd, a daughter, 16, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29
(W. Sayd; Yd. luydolt).
iddwi (Zb.), it falleth ; in tslze-ke menbd iddwi, vt^hatever
(share) falls to me.
idzgai, cheese (of sheep-milk); (W. lindic and panlr,
cheese).
ifc, W. butr, a spindle.
afsTis (Zb.), interj., alas ! Prs.
agar, if, 17, 25. Prs.
dyad, he came, 14, 27, 32, 36; dyad, he came, 12;

;
--an] ISHKASHMI-ENGLISH VOCABULARY "

71
dyad-dn, they came, 29, 36 (Zb. is, come thou

(imp.) ; iswrn, I come ; dyad, he came ; isdk, he
has come ; Yd. dgoyah, to come),
wjirj, W. c/cor, a partridge (W.c/cor; S. zaredz ; Yd. jdrjoh).
eh (Zb.), see e.
dkdb, W. hispilr, an eagle (W. bispilr; S. \tsuvd).

akilc, W. tu^-miiry, an egg (W. falenz ; S. kakkd ; Yd.
or5"ffl7i,).
^;i(;a, W. ;YW''i, a sister (Zb. i;)â ; W. ;)î(-'i ; S. i/iix J

Sg. 'i;)(iia
Mj. yaxva; Yd. i/'ixo/O-

uluk, W. ywnij, flour (W. yumj ; S. yogz; S. yavdj
Yd. ydrah).
alaikum as-saldm, on you be the peace (answer to a
greeting), 32, Ar.
aia^ (Zb.), a hill.
ttie;;^ orparak, W. ji-iirs, a rib (W.piirs ; S. paid Mj. ; allâ).

ihnek (Zb.), the moon, see md.
dldsa, W.
zandy^, the lower jaw (W. zand-^; S. zangdn;
zingu; Sg. alasah; Mj. ala-^sah; Yd. za'Ma;)^).
S.
dluzd, W. luarok, Yz. afau, to-morrow (W. varok S. ;
pigdh ; S. i;ei9'a ; Yd. yiije). Cf. pdruzd.

am, (Zb.), this (sg. obi. ama). Cf. ma«, iJiw, and nakiua.
-am (Zb.), see -i??i.
-im (35), -i;??! (15), or -wm (15), verbal suffix of the

1st person singular (Zb. am, em, itn ; W. S. S. -am ;
Yd. e?n, W7n). In Zb. also used for sg. dat., as in
apnit-a wod-am, he was lost for me.

amhi, a cave, 13, 18, 19, 33 (bis); ambi-hd, to the cave,
34 (W. hdi S. hili, garma). ;
aonbol,W. Sui, a place covered with stones, like a moraine

(W. jor; S. qv/rum).
an, W. yan, other (W. S. yan Yd. dir). ;
-dn, verbal suffix of the 3rd person plural, 2 (bis), 3, 7, 8^
29, 36 (bis), 38 (yan after i). In 2 the suffix is
pleonastically repeated {ddain-dn, safar-dn). (Zb. -en,

-e ; W. -av ; S. -en ; Yd. -et, -it.)
;
72 ISHKASHMT, ZEBAKI, AND YAZGHULAMl [andeVVUn-
andervun, W. barz, an awl (W. bdrz ; S. isdrz).
inga, then, 10.

ingituk, W. digo'r, a finger-nail (W. dgor; S. nasawr;
Sg. narâk).
aped or apnit (Zb.), lost (S. beid-ao, bis-am, beid-avi, beSj,
to be lost).
ajpu-^-dn, they listened, 36.
iga (Zb.), so many.
area, W. i/ar0, the juniper (Shaw '"
cypress ") ;
( W. ydrz ;
S. innbdrs).
urk, W. sa2ot, a wolf, 14, 17, 36, 37, 38 (W. Sapt; S. xi^P;
Yd. wuvy).
armdn (Zb.). longing, desire, Prs.
ormozd (Zb.), the sun, see remuz.

urnaduk, W. vur, rain (W. wilr S. tvareij S. bardn ; ;
Sg. iio/i;; Mj. neoda; Yd. novoh).

arvddak, both, 11 (W. /tar /.;i/c S. viri; S. wdrO Yd. ; :
a6eZ-i).
urwes (14 (bis), 15, 16), or ilrwesak (36), W. na-xptr, a fox

(W. na^clr ; S. rapfe ; i^. rtX^fe ; Yd. riisoh).
urwios, W. ^/M'Z;, barley, oats, corn (W. yii.rk ; S. cilsj ;
S. custj josac
, ; Sg. vurvitO ; Mj . /casafc ; Yd. yersiyoh).
is (Zb.), see dyad.
usld, W. sct^, a baking-pan (W. sai ; S. sdd\ Prs. sayac).
isdk (Zb.), see dyad,
dsmdn, W. dsmdn ; Yz. asmin, the sky (W. dsmdn,
asmdn ; S. asmia^ ; S. asmdn ; Sg. asma ; Yd.
asmiTCo/i).
us2Jlr, W. spund'^r, a plough (W. spundr ; S. sjjwr ; Yd.
sporo/t).
ttsitr, W. 2'>'^rg' ashes, cinders (\^^ pare/ ; S. dfcr).
as-saldm alaikuvi, the peace be on you (a greeting), 32.
tossiovx, I shall take away, 35 luud, he took away, 13 (bis) ; j
(W. yond-ak, yond-am, yiM-am, yidk; S. yod-ao,

yas-a7n, y ad-am, yilSj, to take away; ^. ydssum,
I shall take away ydd-e, he took away). ;
;;
-avul] ISHKASHMI-ENGUSH VOCABULARY 73
dst, he is, 16, 17, 18 (bis), 26, 33 (ter) ;

(Zb. ast ; S. yost ;
S. yast ; Yd. ast-et).

asti-a (Zb.), he may send (pres. subj.) ; asto or astud, he
sent (W. stily-an, stuy-am, stait-am, static),
us, W. wuS, grass (W. wiis ; S. wiix; ^- wos^t, va-^^s;
Sg. 6s\ Yd. us).
aSilc, 1, W. yask, a spring (of water) ;
(W. zkibk; S. kaug ;
Yd. psidroh).
dSik, 2, W. 2/a^/c, a tear (from the eye) ; W. yask ; S. yu-^c).
uSlcuz, W. uSlk, a lock (W. Sik; S. ac7tt; §. sîdz'
a key).
ustur (Zb.), a camel, see l^tir.
ustevun, W. fo-ilii, a pitchfork (W. bun ; S. skaun).

at, open ; ai /cm^, he opened, 37 (W. hot ; S. hat ; ^. /lei
Yd. kuMdah).
-at, verbal suffix of the 2nd person singular, 18 (be-fdm-at)'
After a vowel, -t (tu-t), 14, 18, 30 ; with force of
2nd person singular of the present of the verb
substantive (tu-t, thou-art), 30 (W. S. ^. -at ; Yd. -et)-
In 18 it is pleonasticaily repeated. Zb. has -e, -i, or

-ai, as in ned-e, thou tookest ; dud-t, thou gavest
dst-ai, thou art.
at, W. hat ; Yz. host, card., eight (Zb. 6t ; W. hat ; S. wo-^t ;
S. ?,t)aî ; Sg. hat ; Mj. aska).

-et (Zb.), a suffix indicating the verb substantive, as in
am biz saz raqqdsi-et, what is this singing and
dancing ? frl-t, (she) is beautiful.
ot (Zb.), see at.
a-td^d, Zb. ata'yd, he entered, 34, 38 ; see td<^d. Cf. a.

dtisuk, W. dtisuk, lightning (for W. and S. Shaw gives the
Ar. bdV')^ for barq ; Yd. arionwoh).
uvd, W. hub ; Yz. /ioz;<^, card., seven (Zb. uvd ; W. hiib ;
S. -M-vti; S. wwiJtZ; Sg. /lo/i! ; Mj. oS).

ivduk, woollen thread (W. ziltr ; S. vilry ; S. vudraS).
avul, he found, obtained, 34 (bis) ; dvirl, (if) he finds, 17 ;
dvlraw, find ye (impve.), 16 (Zb. awerum-bi, I shall

;;
74 ISHKASHMI, ZEBAKI, AND YAZGHULAMI [atveud-
find ; awal-am, I found ; S. vig-ao, vare-am, vug -am,

vilgj, to find ; S. vare-am, I find).
dwend, dwenda (Zb.), see wa.

dwdz (Zb.), a sound, noise. Prs.
avzulc, W. paztow, the heart (Zb. duzak or auzew
^. pilzuv; S.zdrd; ^.zraS; Sg. uzdai; M^. zil;
Yd. 2^0-
a0, I, 6, 10, 25, 30, 35 ; az-mi, I-I, 35 ; az-im, I-I, 15
nmmn, me ; viun, my (Zb. az, I ; -ma/c, me, for me
vien, my, me mo^, we 7ndc, of us, us
; ; ; W. wuz, I
sg. obi. ma, maz pi. sale, sakist; obi. ;

sa/c ; S. waz
sg. obi. 771%; pi. m,a£; obi. iiias, ^lasei) ; S. luuz;
sg. obi. mti; pi. mas; obi. mas; Yn. man; sg. obi.
man; pi. md-^; obi. 7?ia;)(;; Yd. 00/t ; sg. obi. man;
'^l. mdy;^; obi. ma;^). Ci. mum, mun.
duzak, duzen (Zb.), see avzuk.
uznuL, W. sta;)^;, a daughter-in-law (W. sta-^; S. zandl).
azdr (Zb.), card., a thousand. Prs. liazdr.
izum, bring thou (impve.), 26 iztom, bring thou (impve.), ;
33 ; izmuw, bring ye (impve.), 16, 28 (Zb. izemav,

bring ye (impve.) W. wilzilm-an, ; ivuzum,-am,
tvazdmd-am, wuzilmetk, to bring).
-ha or (16) ha, postposition of the dative, to, 5 (bis), 6, 9,
10, 16, 22 (bis), 2-i, 26, 28, 29, 30, 33, 34, 35; for,
33 34 (Zb. ha
(bis) ; W. -ar ; S. -ar, -ir ; S. -ar, -er,
erd; Yd. -en).

hi (Zb.), particle used with the present to indicate the
future. Its use is optional. Prs.
hibi, W. tnuin, a grandmother (W. Tnum; S. m,dm).
hoho, W. pup, a grandfather W. piip) S. bdb Sg. bdvd ( ; ; ;
Yd. pap).
hue, W. yvJd, an ibex (W. yuks; S. ya^.
had, after isand roz had, after some days,
; 32. Ar.
hadmastl (Zb.), debauchery. Prs.
-cava] ISHKASHMI-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 75
be-fdm, adj., foolish, ignorant; he-fam-at, foolish-thou, 18

(Prs. be-fahm). Cf. nafain.
halj, (Zb.), a kiss ; hah leal, he kissed.
huk, W. huk, a hillock (W. hoq; S. heaq).
ba^S (Zb.), the portion of food or provision allotted (to an
animal). Prs.
bale (Zb.), yes.
bun, bottom ;
pl-bun, below it, 18 (S. bun ; helow ,
2:>a -bun ;
S. bon).
bar (Zb.), an embrace. Prs.
barg, W. pale, the leaf of a tree (W. paic ; S. pork ;
a.pdrg; Yd. panuk). Prs.

bruj, W. furz, the birch-tree (W. ftirz ; S. kaying ;
S. bruj).
brisum, silk (W. iiar^wiTi; S. tictre^j^-ii??!). Prs.
batuk, W. ur<, a beetle (W. singurt ; S. ^'is/c).
baital (Zb.), a mare.

bdzu, 1, W. band, the elbow (W. feorei ; S. i/orii ; Yd. reze).
bazu, 2, W. arat, a cubit (S. cuv-gaz).
bazargdn (Zb.), a merchant. Prs. bdzdrgdn.
ci (Zb.) in ci-pust, behind, after. Cf. cpost.

cici, W. bap, the bosom (W. 6ap ; S. iej ; S. bas: Sg. c-y'i).
cudan, W. deg', a cooking-pot, cauldron (W. cît; ; S. dey).
oil or Mto, a woman's turban (W. oil ; S. tsaul, coarse
cotton cloth. Cf. lata),

ciliak (Zb.), a finger-ring.
ca7id, some, several, 8, 14. Cf. band. Prs.
cangdl, W. cungdl, a claw, a talon (W. cang; S. cangdl). Prs.

cend'r, a plane-tree, 18 (ter, cend'r. cenar, cendr), 20 (ter,
cendr, cendr, cendr).
copdn (Zb.), a shepherd. Prs.
côî, W. tor, the back of the head (W. tor; S. tur) ; with
cjjosif, cf. ci-pust, s.v. ci, above,
mra, W. cdt, a herd of cattle, horned cattle (W. cat;
S. cdt; S. stdr,pdda).
;
76 ISHKASHMI, ZEBAKI, AND YAZGHULAMI [curgi-
curgl, horse-clothing (W. prigin ; S. parwein).

cirdy, a candle, a light. 37 (bis) (W. sam; S. sdm
S. isirdv). •
cirk, W. rein, dirt (W. riTn ; S. x^'^^)-

cdrniaz, W. ior, a walnut (W. tor ; S. jduz ; Yd. oyitzoh).
cardnd (Zb.), 6i cardnd, he is grazing (cattle) ; cardndani,
for grazing (infin. of purpose). Borrowed from
India.
cdrpd (Zb.), a quadruped ;
pi. cdrpd-hai, cattle. Prs.
cut (Zb.), small, young; a child (Indian). Cf. the next.
cHoJcok, W. dzakldi, little, small (Zb. cut ; W. dzakldi ;
S. cfe-iii ; o. dziilikik, yada ; Yd. rizah).

clz, what? subst., 32; adj., 16 (Zb. tslz, tsa-na ; W. biz',
S. feeia ; S. kd, ciz, biz ; Yd. koyi, bi, ces).
da (Zb.), see dak.
dai, give thou (imp.), 5, 9; c?il(^, he gave, 30; dayum,

I shall give, 6, 10, 25, 29 (Zb. cZai, give thou ; dud, he
gave ; dudak, he has given ; W. rahd-n, rdnd-am>
rdtt-am or Sett-avi, ratk, to give ; S. Sdd-ao, Sd-m,
Sdc^-am,, Sdd!_^', to give ; S. Sed-ao, Bi-am, Sdd-am, Sddj,
to give ; Yd. liah, to give). Cf. du.
dau or (2) do, W. but, Yz. Sail, card, two (Zb. do, dov ;
W. bfoi, bit ; S. Sdu, Bd ; S. So ; S. du ; Mj. tio; Yn. du;

Yd. to/i).
c^w, he may put, 18 ; ded, he put, 20 (Zb. de]i, strike thou,

put thou (imp.) ; dev, put ye (or (?) give ye) ; ded, he
struck ; deddk, he has struck ; W. ding or diin, di-am,
di)(t-am, dietk, to strike, to put ; S. Bad-ao, Bd-m,
ad-am, BdBj, to strike, to put; S. Bed-ao, Bdd-am,
Bdd-am, BdBj, to strike, to put ; Yd. ciali, to beat).
Cf. dai.
ded, deddk (Zb.), see da.
dud^ see dai.
daf, W. doria, a cymbal, or similar musical instrument
(W. doria ; S. naymd).
;
-dos] ishkashmi-eMglish vocabulary 7'r
digdan, W. duldung, a hearth, fireplace, chimney (W.

dildong S katsur).
;
dah, W. Sas, Yz. Sus, card, ten, 22 (Zb. dos; W. Sas

S. Ses; S. Sis; Sg. c?as; Mj. daJi).
deh (Zb.), see du.
dehqdn (Zb.), a cultivator. Ar. Prs.
dak or da (Zb.), postposition, on, in md-dak, here; wo-da ;
or td-da, there. Cf. Is. ivadak, there.

dokdnddr (Zb.), a shopkeeper. Prs.
ddkoSa, W. tukum, a stirrup (W. re/cd^ ; S. pa8-6tt7i).
dildsd (Zb.), consolation. Prs.
daulat (Zb.), wealth. Ar.
daulatddr (Zb.), wealthy. Ar. Prs.
dam (Zb.), the back (of an animal).
duvih, a tail ; sg. ace. dilmb-i, 13 (W. dilfribd ; S. diivibd ;
Yd. lum).
do-mas (Zb.), adv., again.
dand, W. jaoji, a horse's bit (W. ^'aq^'i S. jaojao). ;
ddnd, W. dilnduk, a tooth (Zb. ddndak; W. d'iinduk;

S. Saiit^ftTi ; S. Senddn; Yd. Jitt?).
(Zegai (Zb.), worry. Ar.

rfar, prep., in, 16. Prs.
cZer, W. dur, the belly, stomach, 48 (pi.), 38 (Zb. der;
W. wdnj, dur S. fcec S. He Yd. iizut).
; ; :
dlr, 1, that (S., S. cZi, this (obi. sg.)).

dlr, 2, W. Sor, a ravine, a gorge (W. hor; S. her). Cf.
dir-M.iok, W. Sir, far, distant (Zb. dir ; W. Sir ; S. Sdr ;
Yd. lUroh).
durk, W. û«5^, wood, a stick (W. Sung; S. x^'"'9 y î-
iskavat ; Yd. skut).
dara^t (Zb.), a tree. Prs.

darun, postposition, within, into, 20; among, 17 (ddrun),
26 {dar4n) po darun, in, within, 33 (S. dariin).
;
. . .
durr, pearls, 38 (bis). Ar.

dos. (Zb.), card, ten, see daJu
;'
78 ISHKASHMI, ZEBAKI, AND YAZGHULAMI [dust-
dibst, or (18, 20) dust, W. dast, the liand (Zb. dast\

W. hast ; S. hust ; S. os^ ; Sg. dast ; Mj. idsi ; Yd. last).
dit, W. Sif, Yz. Sac?, smoke (W. S?;< ; S. Sild; Yd. ^tlt).
Cf. su-dlt.
deb, W. Safe/c. a mussuk, a goatskin used for swimming.
(W. &fe/c ; S. amhan ; Prs. sanac). Cf kulvar.
.
dev (Zb.), see liu.
dov (Zb.), see cZaw.
dayuon, see cZai.
cZîid, W. 7wS (? 7-ilcZ), a thief (W. 7uS ; S. iieS). Prs. duzd.
dzd, a place, 33 dzd-an, place-they pddsd dzd-an ayad,

; ;
they came to the place of the king, they came near

the king, 29 ; Jacvi dzd, in what place ? where ? 14
sar dzd, in front of, 18 (Zb. jd).
dzubdr, W. tudd, a canal, watercourse (W. S. wdS;

W. carvi; Sq. ilstang ; Sg. chodar; Prs. jid)).
dzigdalc, W. /cosi, all (Zb. jiik ; W. Icdyt ; S. /ufc ; S. ftih ;
Yd. amba).
dzistihk, W. rang, fast (of a horse) (W. rdiijk; S. rindz).
fai, W. 60s, remaining over, and above (Zb. /ai, much,

very ; W. bos; S. bay().
fei, W. pe-i, a shovel (W. pei, 6ii ; S. fei, beil).
fak, 1, self (W. -^dt, gen. )(u; S. x"*'' J ^- X'^''' X'"'^*^

Yd. koyah). Cf. ;Ye, x'^dak.
fak, 2,you, your honour fea /«A; tildpum, I ask from ;
your honour, 23; similarly isa fak, 33 (? cf. S.filk;

S. /it/i;, all). Cf. the preceding.
fala^-mdn, a sling (W. Skupu ; S. vizdoc).
filla, W. pr^, thick milk, given shortly after calving,

beestings millc (W. jnx > S- ''"'^.^c).
fld'vuk, W. cd&t, the midday meal, breakfast (W. ca&t;

S. feuxO-
/ri, W. hdf, good, 1, 5, 7, 9, 11, 23, 24, 26, 30,31,32;
;;
-gap] ISHKASHMI-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 79
frl-ha, to the good man, 30 (Zb. fen; W. haf

S. carj ; S. bdSdnd Yd. yase).;
farhi, W. pUs, a sheep, full-grown and fat (W. pti^s ;
S. pies),
frin, he remained, 11 (W. warec-n or wara-in, waric-am,
waregn-ani, ware^g ; S. reid-ao, ris-am, o-eid-am,
reiSj, to remain ; S. reid,, he remained ; Yd. uzaiyah,
to remain).
frun, W. riln, a shelf, plank, wooden board (W. run;
S. run),
frinduk, W. wareylc, tired, weary (W. ware^c ; S. warezdj).
ferhm (Zb.), night, night-time.
/)-t(,i, he asked, 14, 22 (Zb. ferdt, he asked ; W. pors-an,
pors-am, porst-am, porsetk ; S. porst-ao, pors-am,
p6rst-am, porstj ; S. pe-^st-ao : Yd. 'ptstah, to ask),
/ttfe, W. yas, the mouth (Zb. fob W. 7(X.s ; ; S. yov ; S. 70.^ ;
Sg. foisah ; Mj. yurab Yd. pxT;)(0?'). ;
,9a;xa (Zb.), thou makest, f reparest gôtx*' ^® prepared ;
(W. go^-an, go-^-am, goxt-am, yetlc, to make),

gia^ (Zb.), postposition, near, with, together with.
ga'ld, W. -ôc, Sg. yista, bread ;
gala, 5, 9 (Zb. gala, bread,
food ; W. x^'^ ' ^- XP^^^ ' ^- S'<*''^« ;
Sg. ;)(esto
Mj. nayan ; Yd. nayan).

gola, W. wolf^Jc, the liver (W. jif/ar ; S. îlcZ ; Yd. ziger).
gul, all, entire, the whole of, 19, 33 (bis) ; ? corruption of

Ar. qui.
gul, assembled ;
gul hid, he made assembled, he called
together, 21 (W. yort ; S. rvdxtj). Cf. the preceding.
gulhdduk, W. 7nu')\ Yz. varm, a cloud (W. miir ; S.varm;

Yd. miy).
gulok, W. spray, a flower, sprout (W. spray ; S. gul ;
^., Yd. gul).

gan (Zb.), a suffix of the plural.
gund, a fault, 23.
gap, conversation; ace. sg. gap-i, 19 (Zb. gap, a word,

;
;
80 ISHSashMi, ZilBAKt, AkD YAZGHtftAMI [gire-
speech ; W. qsa ; S. gap ; Yd. gaj? dah, to converse).

Prs.
gire, a knot (W. zera^ S. zere). Prs. ;
gArml, W. ^dw, heat, warmth (W. Sundr, tov ; S. zvrm,

tuv ; Yd. jjic, hot). Prs.
geryan (Zb.), weeping, lamentation. Prs.
goS-vdr, an ear-ring (W, gilSwdr, gisniz, yiS-porg ; S.
gilcwur, ga-^nez, rydid-safs). Prs. C£. murdik.
govaz, W. înap, a quagmire, mud (W. 70;!, Endp ; Sg. <ydt,
ydt-'ln).
guyd-ke (Zb.), conj., as if, as thpugh. Prs.

guzar, W. turt, a ford (W. tm-t ; 8. paug). Prs.
7tl, W. yiu, a cow (Zb. 7ui ; W. cat yil ; S. cat zau ;
S. jdo, stor; Sg. 7ao ; Mj. yaoda; Yd. yowoh).

yob-naduk, W. 706, green slime on standing water ( W. 706
S. los).
yed (Zb.), he said, see yezd.
yilddra.W. lut, a water-vessel (W. Zii.^ ; S. liet).
yvddrga, W. karau, dung (W. sigin S. ; 7ar'i^, silriln).
yufca, W. .ô^/c, a stick, a rod (W. sopk ; S. ;)(ei6 ; §. ondO).
ydl (Zb.), see yol.
ydl, W. aZ/c, the throat (W. alqum ; S. alqilm ; Sg. 7ar

Yd. ydr-doyoh).
yol, W. ydray, the collar of a garment (W. yardy ; S. zerej).
yol, W. 71,9, the ear (Zb. ydl ; W. yiS ; S. 7awZ ; S. yo-^ ;
Sg. yovar
Yd. 7%). ;
yulak,W. sambdnak, a bow (to shoot with). (W. kamdnak;

S. tsan).
yiddin (Zb.), a slave. Ar.
yundum, W. yudim, wheat (W. yidlm S. ia-ndam ;
S. zindam Sg., Mj. yandam

; Yd. yadam). ;
yenuk, W. r-ijj, hair on the body (Zb. seyund, hair "W. rip ; ;
S. re6}.
7ar, a cave ;
ydr-hd, to the cave, 34. See ambi.
yurik, W. ujirk, lucerne (W. wujerk ; S. bedd).
;
ISHKASHMI-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 81
rê&t (Zb.), he returned, he came back (Yd. yostcah, to

return).
yuz (Zb.), run thou (imp.) yilzd, he ran (W. gofs-an, to
;
run ; S. zezd, he ran ; Yd. yazdah, to run).

yazab, anger, 16. Ar.
jaM, W. rap'^k, refuse (subst.). (W. re^j/c ; S. aylat).
yezd, he said, 5, 6, 9, 10, 16 (ter), 18, 23 (bis), 24, 25, 26,
28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33 (bis), 35, 37 (Zb. yezum, I say
yed, he said ; W. ân-dk, ân-am, -^dtt-am, -ânetk ;
S. levd-ao, lev-am, levd-am, levdj ; S. levd-ao, lov-am,

lovd-am, lovdj).
yezak (Zb.), singing, to sing ; ? lit. " to say ".
he, any ; he clz nus, nothing, 34 (Zb., W., S. hec ; Prs. hec).
hec (Zb.), see he.
hukm, a command, order, 24. Ar.
haUca, a fowler's net (W. tor ; S. tur).
ham-digar, each other ; sg. ace. ham-digar-i ; each other-
they, ham-digari-yan, 38 ; see an. Prs.
hamrah (Zb.), a friend.- Prs.
hus (Zb.), sense, consciousness. Prs.
jd (Zb.), a place, used as postposition, near, near to ; see dzd.

jibak, W. jibak, a pocket (W. yijib ; S. yenjiek).
juk (Zb.), all, entire, the whole. Cf. ckigdak.
jam (Zb.), collected." Ar. ja'in'.
just (Zb.), he fled, he ran awaj' (?cf. Yrs. jastan, to leap).
ka (Zb.), postposition, in, on, to, by means of.
kdi (Zb.), inter, pron., who ? Cf. kitdum.

ke, 1 (Zb.), rel. pron., who ? Cf . fee. Prs.
ke, 2 (Zb.), conj., that. Prs.

keu, in keu kul-dn, they made trouble, i.e. invited (so and
so) to enter, 38. See Shaw, Sarikoli, p. 181, note.
kabut, W. sdvz, blue, 17, 26 (W. savz ; S. x<'^«, sdvz;
Yd. dMln).
;
;;
82 IStlKASHMI, ZEBAKI, AND YAZGHULAMl
hihc (Zb.), a wife. Cf zanj.

kud, W. sac, a dog, 12, 13 (Zb. Iced ; W. sac ; S., ^. kiid ;
Sg. fcoci ; Mj. yalb ; Yd. ^raZu).
kuddm (Zb.), any.

kuduon, who ? (Zb. /aii W. kui S. cot ^. cd-i, ci Mj. kad;
; ; ; ;
Yd. kyum, who ? W. kum-jdi, where ? S. cum, when?).

Cf. fcltTJl.
/«(,/, W. piln, tlie hollow of the hand (W. 2nm). Cf pu-kaf,

.
s.v. pit.
/a/, pierce thou (imp.), 10 ; kift, he pierced, 7 (S cafand-ao,

cafan-am, cafand-am, cafandj, to pierce, to split
S. sicef, pierce thou).
kdfc, W. kapc, a spoon (W. ka2oc, kifcilaz S. cib. kamic). ;
kofcin, W. fcop, a camel's hump (W. kap S. kiep). ;
kdk, W. wesk, dry (W. lyes/c S. zia-f^tj S. /ca/c Yd. usk).

; ; ;
kal, W. kal, hornless (W., S. kal).

kel, 1 ,W. koz, a knife ( W. koz S. ; cog ; S. cecZ ; Sg. kirh ;
Yd. keroh).
kel, 2 (Zb.), consumption ; kel kal, he consumed.
kul, he made, 37, 38 (bis); kid, he did, he made, 13, 21 ;
knl-td, thou madest, 25 ; kul-dn, they made, 38

kunum^ I will make, 24, 25 ; kun, make thou, 6
(Zb. kanak, to do, to make ; kunam or kenam,
I make kun, make thou (impve.) kal, he made, he
; ;
did W. yak or goy-an, goy-avi, goyt-am, yetk

;
S. ceig-ao., kan-am, caug-am, caugj ; S. cld-ao,

kin-ain, cud-am, cilgj ; Yd. kerah, to do, to make).
kul, 1, see kid.
kid, 2, a pool, 18 (ter), 20 (S. kaul). Turki.
kiild, W. sklS, a tall sheepskin cap (W. skiS ; S. x^'UB,
a skull-cap).
kullax, W. htwg', hard (W. tung S. teng Yd. sa^<). ; ;
kalapo, W. pas^, low (W. j^'^si S. karsi Yd. post), ; ;
kulvar, W. pitvar, a small mussuk or goatskin, see deb

(W. pitvar ; S. jagbist).
kum, what ? (adj.) ; /vu-m cfod, where ?, 14, see kudum.

;;
ISHKASIIMI-ENGLISU VOCABULARY 83
Icimd (Zb.), he wished.

kamuJc, W. dam, the back (of man or animal). (Zb. dam ;
W. part, dam ; S. comj, dom ; ^. dam ; Sg. kamik

Yd. piscoh).
kdni, W. kinei, bleaclied coarse cotton cloth (W. kinei
S. Id),
kiln, kandk, kunum, etc., see kul.

kancani (Zb.), a harlot.
ka'ndak,W. za^, a thorn (W. za^; S. suh).
kandar, in kandar kul, he made (into) pieces, he tore to
pieces, 38 (S. kond ; iJj. qand, a piece).
kapal, W. kapdl, the skull.
/cttr, blind, a blind man, 6, 11 (plur.), 16, 18, 19 (W. kur;
S. kaur; Yd. ydSe). According to Shaw this is
Turki.
kr€c, W. ktic, a hut on the Yailak, or summer grazing-
ground (W. ktic ; S. garma).
kurcin, W. kork, a fowl (Zb. kercun, a cock ; W. kork
S. tib-î ; Yd. keryoh).
kurni, W. Sond, a raven (W. Sond; S. xerii).
kurust, or (17) korost, W. jîsi, a skin (W. îs^ ; S. ^Jasi
Yd. kara'ss). Cf . rwsi.
/casa, W. kubun, a wooden dish (W. kuhiin ; S. <o^c).
kd'suk, W. (îlr, the funnel-shaped feeder of a mill (W. (£tlr
S. skaun).
kas, W. â0, an armful (W. ^?a0 ; S. Tnajaul).
kaibs (Zb.), a shoe. Prs. kafS.
kastgdh (Zb.), a field. Prs. IcdStgdh.
kas-vis, W. kalhun, the armpit (W. AaZ ; S. bijel).
ksin, W. saksiUj the posteriors, podex (W. tamsin).
kata (Zb.), see katta.
ket (Zb.), cut (the participle).

^tti5, he flayed, he slaughtered, 27 (S. koyt-ao, key-am,
kd^t-am,, ko-^tj, to flay, slaughter ; S. kiist-e, he
slaughtered ; Yn. /cus-, slaughter).
kutdl, the act of leading; kutdl-kul, he led, 13 (S. A;utai
;; ';;
ceig-ao, to lead ; S._ kutdl-i cud, he led ; Yn. kutdli-s,

his leading).
katta, W. lup, great, big. katta is Turki (Zb. kata).
kovd, W. siisk, a kind of rough boot made of untanned
leather (W. sil^k ; S. pex).
kuwid, W. kihit, a pigeon, a dove (W. kihit ; S. cabaud
a. capud; Yd. kowu).
kevsuk, W. karjops, a magpie (W. karjopc; S. Icargopc;
S. Me6fe).
kdyiy, W. sparhanj, a flea (W. sparBenj ; S. hilrgdh).

kaz, W. /card, crooked (W. /carti S. ; cer(^ ; Yd. co^
Prs. /ot^').
kuluk, W. druks, a bull (Zb. kezHk; W. druks; S. x'^^'

.^. sij; Yd. /ci/ax)-
xa (Zb.), see x^n.

xe, own ;
(my) own, 29 ;
(thine) own, 6 ;
(his) own, 7,
Id (plur.) (bis), 18 (bis), 20 (bis), 21 (plur.), 30, 34;

fe-xe, from thine own, 10 (Zb. x^ W., S. x*; ''^-
;
x^)-
Cf. fak, 1 ; âdak.
Xob, interj., well ! good ! all right, 23, 33. Prs.
Xub (Zb.), adv., well, thoroughly.
âbar, news, 16, 28. Ar.
God, 35 (Zb. x^ddi). Prs.
Xii-dd,
Xadak, (I my) self, 35 (S. xu-bad; &. xii'-bad). CLfak, 1 ; xe.

Xuddri, W. xuddrg, a watermill (W. xf^ôrg ; S. x'^^^V '
Yd. x'i-i'i-'ôh).
Xafa (Zb.), angry. Prs.

Xafuk, W. x»/, foam (W. xi^fi S. X«/)-
Xoftik, W. kax, a cough (W. koi S. kex; Yd. kofah). ;
X%, W. xdg, a wild pig (Zb. x% W. x% S. xa^tc/)- ; ; Prs.

Xol, W. .sad, Yz. su, card, six (Zb. x<5i sdB S. ; W ; xeZ
v*^.
xdusx; Sg. xoar ; Mj. cCxsi; Yd. afeo/i).
XîZfiA', W. bac, a paternal uncle (W. bac ; S. dttS ; Yd. bai).
Xuvi, W. zarl, milk (W. ict?-i ; S. x^^f^; ^- sx^rî
Sg. x'^tab ; Mj. x^''-'" J
Yd. faVa).
Xan, W. ')([in, a house; -ân-um, liouse-I, 15 (Zb. -xan or

xa; W. xun ; S. ced; h. eld; Sg. ân; Mj. Icei Yd. %«). ;
xanavar (Zb.), a house.

W. xai, perspiration, sweat (W. î^, araq S. xcti^)-
Xa-i?', ;
X*r, W. xi^rydn, a nephew (W. x'^-^'i-an).

XUr, W. x^r-, an ass, a donkey (Zb. x^r W. x^r S. £er ; ; ;
mar/cai; Sg. xo-r; Mj. /cara; Yd. xoroh).

s.
Xurc (Zb.), expenditure. Ar. x^'^'i-

Xorajik, W. xarrfob, a spark (W. c/arcZ ; S. x<^rm).
Xurjin, a sack, a saddle-bag, 33 (bis). (S. x'^'î'i'"', a
saddle-bag; ^. xurjin ; Yn. x'lM'j'iî). Prs.
X^fuJc, food, the act of eating; x'^'^''^^^-^^^!
for food, 34.
Xanmi, 35 (Zb. xa^'-a™, I eat xotr, eat thou
I will eat, ;
(impve.); S. xeig-ao, xor-am, xug-aini, xilgj; S. Hed-ao,

. , 'îud-avi, . . . ; Sg. x^tr- ; Yn. x^'f"'- (past,
XO^'t-) )
Yd. x'^î^'^^h to eat).
X^rs, W. ndyordiim, a bear, 14 (bis), 16, 18, 36, 3.7 (bis),
38 (W. ndyordum; S. yilrx', S. yurS; Yd. yer^).

XaTaxv or dw', W. jirdw or 8or, a ravine, a gorge with
a stream {W.jirdv, 8or; S. dardh, Ser; S. serviddj).
XUs, W. x«s, a mother-in-law (W. x*^® 5 S- X^X)-
xSs, see mis-xes.
xus-waxt, pleased, glad, 28, 29 (Zb. xf^îvaxti or x^^'^^^xf''^'

merriment).
Xîi, he arose, 19, 21, 34 (cf. Kasmiri khoP'', he arose ;
Zb. x^^^wm, I arise ; x^^; stand up (impve.) ; x^^; ^^^
arose ; W., S., and S. employ different roots).
Xdtir (Zb.), postposition, for, for the sake of. Ar.

Xdzina-i-yaib, a hidden treasure, ace, -yaib-i, 33. Prs.
Xez, xesw7?i (Zb.), see xi*-^-
xizmat (Zb.), service. Ar. x'ic^'Hai.
xazok, W. x^'"^5''
sweet (W. xuzg,; S. x'ey ; ^. x*^*^'
Yd. ksitnt).
leu, W. mw^^, blunt, stupid (W. inug ; S. mew/c ; Yd. viiyioh).

Cf. ie^;.
;
86 ISHKASHMI; ZEBAKI, AND YAZGHULAMI
labad,W. ^^sm, a patcli on a garment (W. pSin S. psaun). ;
lajam, W. yix^n, a bridle (W. yix^n S. viSdn Yd. avian). ; ;
lekin (Zb.), conj., but. Prs.
ia'Z, rubies, 33 (bis). Prs. la'l.
lip, W. ^'gre'i, complete, entire (W. drilst ; S. piitiln).
lata, W. c-iii, coarse cotton cloth (W. oil ; S. tsaul).
Idta or cil, a woman's turban, see cil. Cf. Zato.
iai), 1, W. lafc, a lip (W. lafc, lav; S. jâuz ; Sg. law;

Yd. j>arsik). Cf. the next,
idf , 2, a piece (of bread), 5, 9 (S. 701' ; S. 7e'M;). Cf. the
preceding.
lev, mad, 35 (W. llw ; S. Seio).' Cf. leu.
lew, a night-mare, a night-spectre that eats people, 36,

i.q. vd'^d, q.v. This word and tlie preceding have
a common origin. Av. dueva-, a demon.
layiq (Zb.), worthj% fit. Ar.
ma, W. mui or z'hnak, Yz. 'ynast, the moon (Zb. ilmek

W.jilvidk ; S. wids ; S. mest ; Sg. didmik ; Mj. yoviya ;
Yd. 771070/1).
i?iai, W. maSilr, Yz. midmad, noon, middaj' (W. iiiaS-iir;
S. viator ; Yd. 77i7;s(eM).
iTj-i (Zb.), a day (Yz. ini^). Cf. roz.

mabdin, W. mcdung, the midst, middle (Zb. vidben,
between, among ; W. malung ; S. inaSdn ; S. mehena,
middle; Yd. do-malan, between). Ar.
moc (Zb.), see az.
med, W. indd, the waist, the middle of the bodj' (Zb. med,
the back ; "W. 77iaS ; S. meS ; S, miB).
onddak (Zb.), adv., here, see dak. Cf. wadak.
muddnn (Zb.), adv., alwaj's, at all times. Ar.
mauj, W. raitj, flame (W. rditj S. sduj). ;
onak (Zb.), see ao.
nnuk, W. iTia/c, the spinal cord (W. nndk ; S. mok).

Tniikuduk, W. mukt, a frog (W. 7(W(,/c< ; S. -^'-^rhej ;
S. Ser-hic).
. ;
vwx (Zb.), see az.
mal, 1 (Zb.), property.

mal, 2 (Zb.), a husband.
mdl, cattle, 17, 26 (W. mal; S. mid; ^. mal).
mala (Zb.), a jingling repetition of gala, bread, q.v. ;
gdla-mdla, bread and the like, food generally.

ind'la, W namurzg, a busli-harrow, a rake (W. namurzg
S. namilzg).
niel, W. viai, a female sheep, a ewe (W. mai ; S. maul,
mdo).
m.ul, he died, 38; mululc, ], W. murtai, a corpse
(Zb. murum, I shall die ; mul, dead W. mara-in, ;
7nari-am, môrtt-am, viortk ; S. marg-ao, mlr-ann,

tnaug-am, m,augj S. mld-ao, ? mir-am,, m,ud-avi,
;
m-u'yj Yd. murah, to die

; Yn. amir, he died. ;
W. marSdh S. inurhdh §. tnurSd

; Yd. jassat, ; ;
a corpse).
mdlak (Zb.), see viuluk.
m,ulh (Zb.), a country. Ar.

muluk, 2, W. Sai, a man, a strong lad (Zb. Tndldk ; W. Bdi ;
S. curik ; S. cori/c ; Yd. merer),

mum, cf . aa and inun mwm-hd, to me, 5, 9, 24, 26, 83
;
(bis). (Zb. ?7ia/i;, mew W. m.a S. m,ti S. ?7iu

; ; ;
;
Yn., Yd. man),

man, this (ace. sing.)^ 35 (Zb. am, this ; sg. obi ama ;
W. yem; S., o. mi; Yn. iî< ; Yd. -Tnaw). Cf. miv

and nakwa.
mun, my, 25 (Zb. 77iew ; W. zu ; S., S. mw ; Yn., Yd. 7?xaw).
Cf. az, Tnum,.

mind, W. mÛ^r, an apple (^V. mur ; S. man ; 8. miln ;
Mj. am,inga ; Yd. amunoh).

mundsib (Zb.), proper, fitting. Ar.
murdik, W. ôrg', a small ring (W. pcir^ ; S. safs ; cf
m/irjdn. Cf. Yd. 23srgusco]i, a ring). Cf. goivdr.
muryuk, W. mingas, a sparrow (W. wingds ; S. zt»a8ic).
murryavi (Zb.), a duck. Prs. viurydbi.

;
88 ISIIKASHMI, ZEBAKI, A\D YAZGHULAMI
marjdn, W. satlc, an ornament (on the person). (W. satlc ;
S. safs. Cf. nmirdilc).

Tnurum (Zb.), see tnul.
mus, clotlies, 34 (W. hot ; S., ^. lei),
inisuk,W. -âval, a pillow (W. -âval S. bald). ;
mU-y;es,W. ês, a family (W. pêi'; S. x^x)-

mut, W. ??idsi, the fist viut, W. vuic, a double ; handful,
the hollow of both hands (W. most ; S. onut, a fist
W. mic ; S. Tnut, a handful ; W. viic ; S. ingrov,
a double handful).
tnubulc, see po-7nubuk.
miv, of these, their, 23. Cf. a?n., ??iaw, and nakxva (W. i/e7Ji
S. me/; S. me/; Yd. a-maf).

muzdur (Zb.), a servant. Prs. mitzdur.
na, adv., not, 34 (Zb. na). Cf. wus and no, ne.
-na, suffix indicating possession, as in jMdsd-na ivak uddyd,
a daughter belonging to the king, i.e. one of the
king's daughters, 16 (W., S. -an; ^. -and, -ind).
nao (Zb.), see naiv.
no, ne (Zb.), adv., no. Cf. na.

nad, he seized, grasped, 13, 20; nasu, he may grasp, he
may seize, 18 (Zb. nasi, take (impve.) ; ned, he took,
he bought ; naddk, he has taken (as a wife), he has
married ; Yn. nds- past stem, ndt-, to take).
;
nid, sit thou down (impve.), 31 ; nedum, I will sit down, 35 ;
nulust, 12, nulust, 31, he satdown nulustuk, he has ;
sat down, 37 (Zb. nid, sit thou down (impve.) nidai, ;
he lives, dwells; nalast,he sat down; naldstak, he

has sat down, lie dwells W. nilS-n, nazd-am, ne'in-am, ;
nieng ;
S. ndlist-ao, niO-am, nalilst-am, ndlilstj ;
a. . . ., ned-am, nasi or ndst-am, 7iastj or ndstj, to

sit ; Yn. nid, sit thou ; nlddm, I will sit ; anid, he sat
Yd. niastah, to sit).
nudibkwek, W. doydv, whey.

tieduvi, see nid.
ISHKASHMI-ENGLISH VOCABULAKY 89
naf, W. naf, the navel (W. no/; S. vanuj). Prs.

nafam, foolisJi, ignorant, 17. Cf. be-faon.
nigah (Zb.), keeping, guarding. Prs.
nek, adj., good, 5. Cf. /rl
naukar (Zb.), a servant. Prs.
nakwa (17, 19) or nakavl, this (cf. S. nak-yain, this very;
nak-dds, thus ; S. ikyam, this very ; ikyuwi, that
very). Cf. man and mw.
nul, W. ?7its, a point, tip ; W. nilck, a beak (W. mis ;
S. waui
Yd. sdr, a point
; ;W. nilck ; S. nilsk, a beak).
nulust, nulustuk, see nCcZ.
nem (Zb.), a name (W. nung ; S., S. ndvi; Yd. waiji).
mm (Zb.), half. Prs.

ndmiclyak, W. nimak, salt (W. nimaf; S. namahj ;
namolya; Mj. namalya).

Sg.
nan, W. iiaii, a mother (Zb., W. 7ia'n. S. ana; S. mdd, ;
Tiaii Sg. nan; Yd. nlnoh).

;
nuqra (Zb.), silver. Ar.

Jiar (Zb.), see nark,
ner, W. ttSgr, Yz. nur, to-dny, 15, 22 ; ner-bd, to to-day, 22
(Zb. ner ; W. wuBg ; S. wiir ; S. -nur ; Yn. In-nur).
nark, 1, W. 70^, male (Zb. nar ; W. 7cif; S. wier ; S. mr ;
Sg. narak ; Yd. ner).

nark, 2, W. yos-kala, a male sheep, a ram (W. 70.^ mdi,
war ; S. nier maul, wiern b. yirk, niayij Yd. ; ;
plesyeh).
nir-ôk, W. ydngl, a finger (W. ydngl; S. ingd^t; S. angast;
Sg. -iMg''ii ; Mj. ankardia ; Yd. ogiiStcoh).
nasu, see wac^.

iitts, not, in /te cts; tims, nothing, 34 (Zb. ixa, Tias, not).
Cf. na.
nasi, 1 (Zb.), see nad.
nasi, 2 (Zb.), is not ; nast-am, I am not. Prs.
neSt (Zb.), he placed, he put.
nuSt lie vjrent out, he emerged, 19 (Zb. naset, he emerged;
W. niuz-an, niuz-ain, niest-am, nie^k ; S. no. tig-ao.
;;
90 ISHKASHMl, 2EBAKI, AND i'AZGHULAMi
na ti-am, na tiig-ain, na tilgj; S. nastid-ao, nasii-am,

nastuid-aoii . . . ; Yd. ksiyali, to go out; Yn. niz-,
past stem nl&t-, to go out).
neba, W. rrM^jîlk, a weaver's shuttle (W. raspiik ; S. mdki).
nits, W. mis, the nose (Zb. nits W. mis S. mz ; ; ; S. nedz
Sg.fusik; Mj. /os/ca ; Yd. fiskoli).
naiv, W. nao, Yz. Jitl, card, nine (Zb. nao ; W. waw
S. neaiu; ^. 7iao ; Sg., Mj. nao; Yn. 7iai4 ; Yd. no),
nd'tva, W. pilt--)^drnn, a trough (W. jiilt^drm; S. ;)c'^x)-
7iat(,iM,/i:, W. S07fZ, new (W. Ô'fd S.nilj; §>.ndu; Yd. nue). ;
netvar (Zb.), draw (water from a well) (inipve.).

ndvus, W. ndpus, a grandchild (m. or f.). (W. napils
S. nabils ; §. nebos).
pa, prep., in, 19 ; into, 18 (Zb., W., S. pa). Cf. pi,po.

pi, prep.. In it (for pa-i) ; in pi-bun, below it, 18
(cf. S. pis, on). Cf. pa, po.
po, prep., in, in po .. . darun ; inside, 33. Ctpa,p>i.
poi, W. pai, curds (W. p)di ; S. poi ; Sg. neduk ; Mj. niyd).
pu, W. ptT(i, a foot (Zb. pud ; W. pilS ; S. j>eS ; S. pdS ;
Yd. pelloh) ; pu-kaf, W. fco,/, the sole of the foot

(W. pdst ; S. naburg ; Sg. pudaS).
pttcuw, W. loitc, an arrow (S.yitS ; S. sw?'5,_2Jcis ; Yd. Zasyi;)^).
paidd, manifest, hence, ready for use, 34. Prs.

pud (Zb.), see piu.
pudf, W. c/o^^, meat, flesh (W. gv^st ; S. gux^ ; S. ô/<
Sg.jyudaf; Mj. 70s; Yd. juS).

pedin, light thou, set thou alight (impve.), 37 (S. peSed-ao,
to light (impve.), p)eBin).
pddkl (15, 16 (bis), 21, 23 (bis), 24, 25, 27, 29, 30) ; padsa
(17, 18, 21, 28, 31, 33), a king; pd'dsa-bd (28, 35), to
the king; pd'dsd-nu, of, or belonging to, the king,
16). Prs.
paydo (Zb.), a well.
2Xydm (Zb.), a message. Prs. paiydm.
pok, W. puk, hump-backed (W. dilw S. ; ceng).
';
ISHKASHMI-ENGLISII VOCABULABY 91
pakol, a woman's mantilla (W. cil ; S. âhhun).

]ialing, W. poduna, a saddle (W. poSn ; S. biMn ; S. hiSdn ;
Yd. palan).
pdlas, W. jyalas, a rug (W. palas ; S. pcdus).
palu-var, W. dustak, a doov plug C^.gorj; S.gary, a door
socket),
W.
pa-?)!, Jcsdd, broad, wide (W.MdB; S-xuB; Yd. ukwaJt).
pdm, W. 7dr, wool (W. -ycir ; S. wan ; S. w-ilw ; Yd. pmn).
po-rmibuk, to clothe (a persoi)) ;
po-viutsuk-hd, (lie obtained
clothes) for clothing (himself), 34 (Zb. fumebav,
clothe ye(impve.) ; W. pumeisiv-an ; S. pamedzdnd-ao).
panjdli (Zb.), card, fifty. Prs.
punz, W. pdnz, Yz. pwicfe, card, five (Zb. punz ; W. pdnz ;
S., a.'pinz ; Sg. panz ; Mj. pane ; Yd. pans ; Yu.panj).

parak or itZe^, W. pilrs, a rib. .See wZe;)^.
pork, W. p)'ilrk, a rat (W. ijuWc ; S. p'iM"^ ; ^- ^''"'''5'
Mj. ?pd7^y; Yd. per^).

parinda (Zb.), a bird. Prs.
parpardnuk, W. pilpilak, a butterfly (W. pilpilak ;
S. kopali ; Yd. kotiuli).
parra, W. paryan, Sina, parrl, a precipice (W. parian ;
S. pariend, precipitous).
preit, W. par-sang, the wrist (W. parsang ; S. parhilst).
pdruzd, W. 2/tf2:, Yz. hiyer, yesterday (W. j/ez ; S. x^^^ J
S. biydr; Yd. uzlr). Cf. dluzd.
psah (Zb.), adv., now, at this time.

pdsuzan, W. pursits, the hem of a garment (W. parsib ;
S. parasits).
pako, W. ma/cs, a fly (W. ma/cs ; S. cingfm ; Sg. pasai

Mj. moya). pasa is Turki. Cf. Prs. passa, a gnat.
piiT, W. fiis, a cat (Zb. puS ; W., S. pis; §. pa^; Mj. ôâ
Yd. pUkoh).
peSbar, W. pus, the breast, the chest (W. piiz ; S. _po3 ;
^. i'Mia; Sg. ?pM£;; Yd. fiiz, iscinah).
poMk, W. fecii, a cloak, clothes (W. bot ; S. lei ; Sg. vanjln).
Prs.
;
92 ISI-IKASHMI, ZEBAKI, AND YAZGHULAMI
fdsna, W. pdhia, the lieel (W. jôSt, pdsndh ; S. naburg,

puj(ndh). Prs.
peMni, W. rule, the forehead (W. ruk; S. rdk ; Sg. peSani ;
Yd. pUdneh). Prs.

pe^wi', W. Ztt??;;', the cheek (W. luiij ; S. iitl?'^;' ; S. 25«s ;
Sg. peSur ; Yd. kelikoli).
pust, in ci-puM, (Zb:), behind, after,

pwi, W. posi, parched grain ground into meal. Hindi
sattTb (W. piist ; S. pdyt).
pdtik,W. pdtak, the eyelid.

petûn, W. tvajdk, an adze (W. ivdjdk S. ;
ivajdk).
pubuk, W. p?-i!c, a worm, a grub (W. pric ; S. cerm).
pez (Zb.), prep., in.
qimat (Zb.), price, cost. Ar.

qarib (Zb.), adv., near. Ar.
qard'r, an agreement, promise, 22. Ar.
qusldq, a town, a village, 21 (Zb., S. qiSldq. Turki qisldq).
qivd (Zb.), he called, he summoned (W., S., S. qiw, a call,
a summons),
g'asi (Zb.), a judge. Ar.
riti, W. trUi, Yz. feoi, card., three (Zb. rdi or ro ; W. trui ;
S.haroi; S.drrai; Sg. U^di; Mj. sarai; Yd. suvoi).

ricik, W. Hngar, entrails (W. singor S. raitd). ;
rcgr, W. iezDctrc, sand (W. ieMf arc ; S. cits; Yd. sigfio/i). Prs.
re'-jU, W. rdy'"-na, butter (W. ruyn ; S. i-attw ; Yd. maskoh).
rdh (Zb.), a road. Prs.
rakibi, W. pil, a jar, a large cup (W. pil ; S. cenalt). Prs.
revius, W. ir, Yz. ^^vor, the sun (Zb. ormozd ; W. y iJ'
S., S. -xpr; Sg. dlmdn ; Mj. mera; Yd. ??iira).
?'cm(/, manner, kind ; tse-rang, whatever kind of, 18. Prs.

r\bpya (Zb.), a rupee.
raqqdsi (Zb.), dancing. Ar.
rau&an, W. ro^w, Yz. ro^nahai, daylight (W. rwxn; S. ydul;
S. rt(-;x). Prs.
;;;
ISHKASHMI-ENGUSH VOCABULARY' 93
ro'Sni, W. raxntg, Yz. yets, fire (Zb. roSni ; W. raxnig ;
S. 2/ttfe; S. 1/afe; Sg. ro^nai, kmai; Mj. i/im^; Yd. yiir).

rust, W. karast, a fur robe (W. Icarast; S. warbun).
Cf. Jcurivst.
rawdn, going, moving ; ratuaw suri, he started, 34. Prs.
r62;, W. r"-war, Yz. mi0, a day, 8, 12, 22, 23, 32 (8, 22,
and 32 are plural) ; roz-dn, days-they, 3 ; Is. roz,
W. ru^n, Yz. roxnzit, dawn, morning (Zb. vii
W. rwdr ; S. mdO ; S. 7n.e^ ; Sg. rusi ; Yd. mis,
in^x ; Yn. rtl^).
rei, W. raz, a platform (for sleeping) (W. rdz; S. mo;^).
si, W. sii-i, a hare (W. sili ; S. xtiim ; Yd. siy).
sa60, green, 18. Prs.

sad (Zb.), card, a hundred. Prs.
sada, a sound, noise, 36. Ar.
sauddi (Zb.), trade, trading. Prs.
sa/ (Zb.), all.
safed W. ru^n, white (Zb. sur-^yin ',

W. ruxn ; S. speid
S. sufed ; Sg. isjiec^ ; Mj. siipi; Yd. spi). Prs.

safdka (Zb.), husk (given as fodder).
safar, a journey; sa/a?'-aw, journey-they, 2. Ar.
seyund (Zb.), hair. Cf. yenulc.
sahar, adv., at dawn, 19, 28. Ar.
sihat, well, in good health, 27, 28 (Zb. sihat). Ar.
Cf. siydt.
sal, W. sai, Yz. sduza, a j'ear (Zb. sai, a year ; W. sai
S. sal, a half-year ; Yd. sdloh, a year). Prs.
salld, W. sa^Za, a turban (W. salld ; S. dastur ; Sg.
Zatoi).
sdmbu, he may smear, 1 8 (bis) ; sdmd or sdmbud, he

smeared, 20 (W. silx-ctn, silx-am, so-^t-avi, sux'^tk ;
rof-am, rift-am, riftj, to smear

S. rift-ao, S. mdlt, ;
he smears mdlt-e, he smeared

;
Yn. fassdt, he may ;
smear ; afass, he smeared).

sanduq, a box, 33 (bis). Ar.
;;
94 ISHKASHMT, ZEBAKI, AND VAZGHULAMI
sung, W. ydr, Yz. yrtiok, a stone, rock, cliff (W. ydr;

S. zer ; S. zir ; Sg. sonr^ ; Mj. koilca ; Yd. 7cr).
s^nd, W. sis, a louse (W. Sis ; S. spdl).

sar, in sa?" (feci, before, in f I'ont of ; ambi sar dzd, in front
of the cave, 18 (Zb. sar, on, upon ; cf. Yn. sciri, in
front of).
sdr, the head ; tsê sdr, from thine own head, 10 (Zb. sor).
Cf. sivr.
ser (Zb.), satisfied, full. Prs.
sor (Zb.), see sdr, sur.
sv,r, W. sar, the head (Zb. sor ; W. sdr ; S. kdl ; S. /caJ
Sg. sar ; M]. posar ; Yd. piisir). Cf. sar. Prs.

sard, W. swr, cold (adj.); (W. sitr ; S. -is; S. sitdy,
Yd. â;)^'). Prs.
swr^, W. sokr, red (W. so/cr ; S. rilst ; S. rist ; Yd. surkoh).
Prs.
sur-)(Ci, W. ris, Ovis Poll (W. vroks; S. rits).
sur-ûn (Zb.), white. Cf safed..
sut-^dn-tnayzuk, W. malung-yaic, the thigh (W. malung

ydic; S. maSdn ôj, hi-^tun; S. bastim).
sitdra (Zb.), see struk.
struk, W. siar. Yz. stardk, a star (Zb. sitdra ; W. sfotr ;
S. )(f''^<'rj ; S. stardz ; Sg. usturak; Mj. astari;

Yd. sittdreh).
suvd, W. isp, the shoulder (W. jfta/c, tow ; S. sotcZ, cZaiti

S. siv8, fiyak ; Sg. sywd; Yd. suvdoh).
siydt, whole, well, 18, i.q. si/iai, q.v. (W. sihdt).
sdz (Zb.), singing. Prs.

silz, W. sils;, flame, conflagration (W. rduj ; S. sduz). Prs.
su, 1, W. su, black (W. .f

il ; S. tor; ^. ter ; S fe- sot;
Mj. tardvi; Yd. noroh). Cf. su-dit.
su, 2, it becomes, 33; it will become,
17, 18; (if) it
become, it may become, 24, 34 go thou (impve.), 33

;
;
go ye (impve.), 28 ; sui, wilt thou become ? 29 sud, ;
he went, 20, 21, 34 ; he or it became, 4, 8, 11, 12, 13,

;;;
ISHKASHMI-ENGLISH VOCABULAKY 95
16, 20, 27, 28 (ter), 34, 36

ki.d-im, I became, 35
;
;
sud-dn, they went, suduk, she has become, 16

2, 3;
(Zb. som, I go, I become SiLai, he goes, lie becomes
;
s'"'! go, be (impve.) ; kid, he went, he became ; S. set-ao,

so-m, silt-am, seBj ; >S. sit-ao, sdo-avi, sid- or sat-am,
suSj, to go, to become ; Sg. ioh, to go ; Yd. suah, to
become ; Prs. sudan, to go, to become).
sab, W. ndyd, Yz. sab, night, 12, 13, 36 (kib). (W. nayd-
S. x*^^ ' ^- ^'^^> ^S- forûk; Mj. asdwa; Yd.
/csotwo/i).
Sab-gdh, W. i/oir, a nest (W. yod S. ros). Prs. ;
Sabrut, W. biirui-sapar, a moustache W. sdpdr ( ; S. bilrilt

S. burtU).
sec (Zb.), see iîfe.
^ttcZ, 1, he heard, 19 (W. ksilin, kiili-am, ks6n-am, kSong ;
S. yîld-ao, ydn-am, -ûd-am, -xyehj ; §. Sid-ao, . . .

,
siid-atn, . . . , to hear).
§ud, 2, siid-im, Sud-dn, suduk, see sit, 2.
hi-dlt, W. stt-8ii, soot (W. Jcat-SU; S. ceder). Cf. sw, 1,
and (i'li.
s^fnn, W. nabusin, a comb (W. oiajiosan S. waêrj). ;
kbhluk, W. x'^'ic, wet, damp (W. ;âic S. ;âs!! Yd. x'S'Si). ; ;
sak, 1, W. sa/c, bad, wicked, 1, 6, 10, 11, 32, 33, 35, 38;
sak-bd, to the bad man, 5 (Zb. sak W. sdk). ;
sak, 2, W. sak, hoar frost, a white frost (W. sak S. x^^^)- ;
so^cuk, W. solx, the branch of a tree (W. solx S. sot). ;
suxp, (time) passed, 1 4 (Zb. seyt-ani, I passed over

W. soxs-n, soxs-am, sQxst-am, so^csetk).
solg, W. solg, a piece of brick, a clod of earth (W. solg ;
S. x«^5')-
silax (Zb.), poor, needy.
silavz, W. sildt, adj., soft (W. siZai ; S. silet).
som (Zb.), see su, 2.
sitew (Zb.), see suwin.

sinj, W. sttwj, the hip (W. sunj sdr ; S. xaw-n, /cdi, the hip
bone).
;;;
sepon (Zb.), iron (W. iSn ; S. spin ; S. spin, sapsan

Yd. rispin).
surmok, W. tiik, a willow (W. tiik ; S. wanuj).
sarmindi (Zb.), ashamed.
sdtu, W. wa-^dr, a ladder (W. wax*''; S. satta). Turki.
sit, W. sit, earth, dust (W. set ; S. sit ; Sg. sat ; Mj. 7arat
Yd. katter).
stok, W. purcdd, a young woman (Zb. s7a/<;, stdkak, or ^â,

a daughter, a girl ; W. pilrcoS ; S. pcein).
saitdn (Zb.), the devil, Satan. Ar.
sutun, W. sife, a needle (W. sits S. ; sife ; S. saj).
stunuk, W. cd7, a kid, a small goat (Zb. satanak ; W. 007 ;
S. 'yerv).
stur, W. Stur, a camel (Zb. ustur ; W. ttî ur ; S. xî''''" !
S. s7ttr ; Yd. sturoh).

sHur, W. stfir, a calf (W. tywsVi; S. luiSk S. sik). ; ;
silts, W. sirei, a female (Zb. sec W. strei S. siir S. ; ; ; stredz ;
Sg. sis; Mj. mej/a/i; Yd. sioh).

sdwi, W. parhdn, a woman's shift {W.parhdn ; S.parhdn).
Sdwal, a road, path, way, 3 ; Sd'wal-dn, road-they, 8
(W. vaBak ; S. p>dnd ; S. pond ; Sg. pdnda ; Yn. ra<
Yd. pddoh). Cf . soval.
soval,W. waBuk, a road, way, i.q. sdivdl.
sawdlak, W. savdlak, wide outer trousers (W. saivdlak ;
S. sim ; Sg. wt?' ; Mj. sodi). Prs.

suwin, W. g""wd'ra, a cradle (Zb.suen; W. gaura; S. p'^x*).
<a, 1, prep., till, until; td vuzer, till evening, 12 (S. cii;

S. <d ; Yn. sa).
td, 2 (Zb.), see tat.

tu, thou, 6, 29, 32 ; thy, 17, 26 ; tu-bd, to thee, 6, 10, 25,
29, 33 , tu-t, thou-thou, 14, 18 ; thou art, 30 ; tamtb^,
you, 22 ; tamux-bd, to you, 22 (Zb. to, thou-; tl, thy ;
sg. obi., to ; tdmdx, ye, your, and pi. obi.; W. tit,, thou ;
ti, thy ; tao, thee ; sdiSt, ye ; sav, you ; S. tao, thou ;
til, thee; tamds, ye, you; ^, )"((., thou, thy, thee;

;
IShkashMi-english vocabulary 9?
taina, ye, you; Yn. hi, thou ; tau, thee; hmxax-. J'e,
j'ou ; Yd. tu, thou ; toh, thee ; maf, ye, you).
tahib, a pliysician, 16. Ar.
tah-larza, W. andaiu, fever (W. andav ; S. hazgdk). Prs.
fada (Zb.), adv., there, in that place ; see dak.
ted (Zb.), he was burnt (M''. 6au-ak, dau-am, dett-am, 6etk ;
S. did-ao, dau-avi, 9'dd-avi, dehj, to be burnt ;
S. tehd-ao, to burn).
tu,d{7ih.), he shaved.
tag (Zb.), postposition, pa . . . tag, in.
tc'y (Zb.), a razor. Prs.
to^d, he walked, he went, 11, 21, 34 a-io'yd, he entered ;
34, 38 toyd-an, they went, 7, 8 (Zb. atayd, he

;
entered ; W. tuk-an, cau-am, tayd-am, ta-^k ; S.

t'ld-ao, tedz-am, tilid-am, t'ilidj ; ^. . . . , ti-aiii,
tuid- or toid-am . . . ; Yd. liah, to go),

êym, W. tdym, a seed (uT a plant) ;
(W. ta7m ; S. tOyvi ;
Yd. twyum).
ta-)(Sim (Zb.), division, apportionment. Ar.
ta-^, a throne, 31 (bis). Prs.
tila (Zb.), gold (W. tilld; S. iiiâ; Yd. tilla). Prs.
iitM, W. Zo/c, a rag ( W. Zo/c ; S. tsaul).
talxd, bile, gall; sg. ace. tal-xd-i, 27 (W. tal-xdh; S. Zmc,

talxa; H.talxa; Yn. tal-â). Prs.
talapi, thou desirest, 32 ; tildpum, I desire, 23 ; talApum,

I desire, 33 (S. talibt-ao, tdldh-am, tdlibt-am, tdlibtj,
to desire ; S. tildbum, I desire).

talpak, W. p^''kiil, a fur cap (W. S. tu7nay).
tana, W. tana, the body (S. teiia ; Yd. tonoh).

tangiS,W. tardng, a saddle-girth (M'^. tardng ; S. tilrong).
tanuk, W. sandr, thin, slender (.»W. sandr ; S. tanilk

Yd. timkd).
tupak, W. i^^f-Z/.;, a tassel (M''. |ntZ/c ; S. pillk).
tar, prep., to (motion towards), 15, 21 ; into, 13 ; on to,
18 (bis), 20 (bis), 27, 31 (bis); (W. S. ^. tar).
tdr, a fold of cloth ( W. td ; S. tu).

;
98 isHkashmi, zebaki, and yazghulamI
tiArlkdn, W. naydln, adv., before daybreak, ea,v]y in the
morning ( \V. naydin S. pigdn). ;
tras, fear ; tras kul, he feared, 38.

tnd, W. trilc, bad tasting, bitter (W. trdc ; S. trac).
fat (30) or tot, W. tat, a fatlier (Zb. Mi, ta ; W. iai ; S. ^>w?;
S. pec^, dacZ; Sg. i'ai ; Mj. <ai ; Yd. tatt ; Yn. dada).
tuiuur, \Y. tipdr, an axe, a liatchet (Zb. ietwir; W. tipdr;
S. hcddah). Pr.s. tabar.
tdzii. (24, 2.5) ; iiffi-OT (20) or ^foct (17), fresh, (of lost siglit)
renewed, restored, 17, 20, 24, 25. Prs.
tes, W. i«.7(^, sharp (\V. ta7cZ ; S. teid; Yd. furyoJi).
tdzldna (Zb.), a scourge, lash, whip. Prs.
bn, prep., from, 14, 18 (bis), 19, 21, 22, 23, 33, 34, 36.
The final a is sometimes dropped, as in fe-x^, from
thine own, 10; fee!, wadak, 21, 22, 34, or ts-iuddak, 7,
from there (Zb. tsa ; W. ba, sa ; Yn. ci). Cf. Zb. fail,
from him, etc.

be ( 18) or fee (19, 24), rel. pronoun, who, 19 ; u.sed to form
a conditional, practically equivalent to " if " fee vunJ,
;
he may be, or (if) he be, 18 ; hiikm be â, (if) there

be an order, 24 ; be-vdiii/, whatever kind of, 18
(Zb. ke ; W. sa ; S. S. tsa, cond. particle). Cf. r«, 2.
tsi (Zb.), from this, see (',

1.
&"/(«-, W. babur, Yz. cer, card., four (Zb. bufur ; W. bahiir ;
S. bavur: S. fsni'dr ; Sg. <<afor ; 31j. ciif7r : Yd. c7r,
tifdr).
t^ye, see ba.
bain, W. cozm, the eye, 6, 7, 10, 11, 17, 18 (bis), 20 (bis),
24, 2.5, 27 (bis), 28 ; in these (except 6, 7, 10) the
word is plural, but governs a verb in the singular
(Zb. bam ; W. cozvi ; S. bcm ;
S, bem ; Sg. sam ;
Mj. cdm, ; Yd. cam).

bibiiuind, how much ? how manj' some (Zb. baviend !
;
W. biom, sum S. bund (how much how many ?)

;
:'
Yd. ca7id (how much ? how many ?).

;
tSUKASHMI-ENGLISH VOCABULAKY 99
ba-na (Zb.), what ? see clz.

band, some, several, 3, 32. Cf. cand.
biirik, W. ydst, a shed, a macan{W. yost; S. ka-pd, alajuk).
biw-ling, W. Zowg', a leg (W. Zowt/ ; S. king; ^. ling: an
animal's leg)
bwddak, see fea.
bwend, W. cuimTi, an apricot (W. ckvdn; S. 710^; ^. luls;
Mj. ceri ; Yd. cfre).
bis (Zb.), what ? see ciz.

bize (Zb.), whatever.
lya, he, 18, 20, 27 ; that (adj.), 33; i or wi, his, .see i 1;
wan, him, 13 (bis) ; it (ace), 18 ; that (ace. sub.st.),
33 ; ivev, of them, their, see i 1 (Zb. ao, sg. obi. yit, u,

imi, tvo, pi. aivend, obi. aivenda ; W. yao, sg. obi. 2/ao,
pi. yaiSt, obi. -i/aw ; S. yil, uSg. obi. iui, pi. tvo, obi. u'ii?/,
'iwiy ; S. yil or i/icZ, obi. sg. ir/ or wtt-)?!, pi. tud,

obi. wief ; Mj. tw, sg. obi. lycMt, pi. 'ioai, obi. waf;
Yd. liuroJi, sg. obi. -vjan, pi. lifireli, obi. -q/'; Yn. «'/(,
sg. obi. a-iui, pi. 1 aulit, obi. auti).

ivo, 1 (Zb.), conj., and. Cf. .e^f, 1.
tyo, 2, i(;il. (Zb.), see i«(.

totic, W. wic, a cloth-eating moth, a wood-worm (W. it'Cc
S. kxiivdli).
vjoda (Zb.), there, see vxuluk.

wild, he took awaj^ 13 (bis), see ussum.
mid, he, it, or there was, 19, 22, 34 ; vxul-um (-im), I was,
15; vud-at, thou wast, 14; viiduk-at, thou hast
become, 18 ; be viml, he may be, 18 (Zb. ivod, lie
was ; S. viid, he was ; vehj, he has been ; vid, he may

be ; !t3. vod, he was vii^j, he has been ved, he
; ; may
be; Mj. -yit/, he was; Yd. hlok, he was; Yn. av\i,
lie was).
wadak, there, 34 ; ba loadak, from there, thence, 19, 21 ;
b-iuddak-an, from there they, 7. Cf ba (Zb. woda

.
;
W. c^ra ; S. iim ; S. yum-ande ; Yd. Jcfire). Cf cZaA:. .

loo ISHKASHMl, ZEBAKi, AND YAZGHULAMi
vayd, a niglit-spectre tliat eats people, a nightmare, 14.'
Cf. letv (W. vd-^/d ; S. void),
vajab, W. avart, a span (measure) ;

(W. avart ; S. warlord).
wiLJiiiijak (Zb.), a woman (Yd. zinkoJt).
vajer, W. purz, Yz. sam, evening (W. 'p'drz ; S. bturn,
X'l^'^n] Yd. sa7?i). Cf. vtizer.
tvak or (37, bis) ifo/i', W. (7;, Yz. 11-07, card., one, 1 (bis), 12,
23; a (indefinite article), a certain, 5, 9, 10, 12, 14

(quater), 16 (bis), 17, IS (bis), 26, 33 (ter), 37 (bis);
(Zb. tuok W. ic, : i: S. iv, i ; S. yiiv, yi, I; Sg. vdk;
Mj. Yd. yu; Yn. 1).
wek or (18) vek, W. yupk, water, 18 ; wek-togdok, W. cdl,
a well, pool, marsh (Zb. we; W. yupk S. x*^^^'

ivek, :
S. safe; Sg. vlk; Mj. ydoya; Yd. yauy, water;

Zb. payao ; W. (V(,/,. a well).
wok, see roa/;.
oo/cs, W. fuks, a serpent, a snake (W. fiiks ; S. tafiluk ;
Mj. yii; Yd. ti).
ve^, W. zaî *'' twig ( W i/a^; I

S- futdq).
wa-^^, a time, a period of time, 14 (Zb. iva-^t). Av.
widij' (Zb.), postposition, before, in front of.
tri'dvu^, \N. pdrmeyung, a trouser-band (Sg. ralrd^t).
wcni, see -ira.
iren, W. v'u-^mi, h]ood (W .vn-îin : S.vrcî^Tn; 8. ivi^^n:
Sg. r(i_ hi ] Yd. J noli).
vJn, W. rryiN, a beai'd (Zb. rtn: W.rcyis; S. hint : S. ion;

Mj. ydr~a]i; Yd. j/drzoJn.
v'dnd (Zb.), see rO.sl.
rJnd (Zb.), he saw; viuuni, I .see ( \V. xriug, u-in-am,

vnid-am, iriHi'lk ; S. 'irui)d-(io, icei u-(nit, u-diid-am,
ivdndj \ S, ivJiil-rio, v'Jii-niii, )i-7iid-<im, w-Jndj).
vdnjl, Sg. raujiii,. », robe, a cloak (Zl). irnvjl: Vf.hot:
S. ?ef ; Sg. ran j In ).
ivihilb, W. rnyfnn, a female calf.
luanmv, call ye, snnunon ye (impve,), 28.

^)•», W. i/wrm. llie forearm W. !/»))« ( ; S. cerOst ; Sg. qdqi).
;;;
vur, W. bar, a door, 37 ; var, W. vie, outside; fen var,

from the door, from inside, 36 (Zb. tvar; W. bar;
S. divir ; H.dive; Mj. lahu ; Yd. htvor; Yn divar,
a door ; W. vie ; S. 'rCt.c ; S. vCij, oiitside).
vur, W. vilr, a load (W. rdr ; S. wez ; S. wiz).
vrCid, W. rrii^, a brother (Zb. warud ; W. wtU ; S. vrod ;
S. vrod; Sg. uurd; iij. werai; Yd. vrai).

rurf, W. câ/zi., ROsani, ilniz, snow (W. -iâ'/u ; S. TcMJia/i.
i-5. îwiji' ; Sg. varf ; Mj. vdrfa ; Yd. iverfoli). Prs.

(riY;/:, W. 1/a.s, a lioi'se (Zb. verdk; W. ydS; S. vurj
S. vorj ; Sg. vordk; ,Mj ydsap ; Yd. yasp). ?A\'.
aufvat{-aka-), see § 17.
ivaruL-, \\ . wwrk, a lamb (W. loiirk ; S. barqcl ; S. imry).

uriJs, W. crao, the eyebrow (W. (vd'a-o ; S. ciirdo ; S. t;rw7 ;
Sg. I'lwit (?)).
worb, W. tDoZc, a (juail (W. tyo^c ; S. badandh).

toerdz (Zb.), adj., high, tall ; adv., up. Of. the next.
vrdzd, W. vovz, a mountain height (W. ti-uc; S. êr
Sg. vraz ; llj. va^vi^f., up). Cf. the preceding and

xviizduk.
vdse, W. tisai, cotton thread (W. icdae; S. padeb). Cf. C'tls'
and ('(^.s'.
luisln, ^V. pisdn, a whetstone (W. S. pasdu).

rdst, he bound, he tied, 27 (Zb. 'iwmk^, bind thou (inipve.) ;
W. iHiud-dk, vdnd-avi, vdst-am, vandctk ; S. vlst-au,
L-ind-<tm,uust-avi,rusfJ; ^.uist-ao. . . . ,
vdst-am, . . .).
washd:, W. i/aic, a bone (W. (/ate ; S. ust-^ln ;

S. sityjln ;
Sg. tisto/.-; Mj. pasll; Yd. yestoh).

ivds (Zb.), a rope (S. vtix)- C!f. vdse and -iJiw.
•(;i.s, 1, W. 'p'kp, a bed (W. pip; S. 6a6el'; !^. 6t)vj).
vis, 2, postposition, below, 20 (Zb. vU, down, below).

W. sivan; S. vo-x ^- ka'''nand
t;u-.s, a rope (Zb. tvds ; 5
Yd. tanau).
wist (Zb.), card, twenty (W. wsit ; S. vist ; Yd. ivlstoh).
watik, W. itti, a feast,
vttte (Zb.), an uncle.

;;
xvev, see i 1.
viiz, W. tiby or (male) hue, a goat; 17 (bis), 26 ; ace. sg.,
vuz-i, 27 (Zb. lyitz ; W. iwy, buc ; S. vac^, reicfe
S. vaz ; Sg. vxiz ; Mj. vorah ; Yd. vizoh).

wazir, viziers, 16 ; tvazird-bd, to the viziers, 16 ; u'ciziravj,
viziers (ace. pi.), 21; ba tuazvrdw, from the viziers, 22.
u'usivusdk, W. Sfis, a wasp (W. Bos ; S. hari).

ivuMuk, W. ivuc, high ; W. •yorz, long (W. tvuc ; S. hiliq,
biland ; Yd. biland, high ; W. tiorz; Yd. van, long).
Cf. vrdzd.
vuzer, evening, 12 ; see vajer.
yaih, W. zaii, provisions, supplies, cereals ( W. zdu ; S. zau).

yu (Zb.), see tva.
yaf (Zh.), found (Prs. ydftun).
ydy, W. sanvar, a yoke (W. sivar S. yily). ;
yar^, W. 'pOsk, animal's droppings (W. 2ôsk; S. biikmi).

yetik, W. skord, a bridge {\\ skord; S. yeid; Yd. yeyah). .
yatim (Zb.), a servant. Ar.

2/U3, "W. 7(7.5, fuel (W. ryftz; ; S. zez ; S. i-ia ; Sg. yii;
Mj. (».3ma).
ydzda,\Y. Sas-iw, card, eleven (W. S((s ir ; S. Ses-at-i

S. hls-et-yvw: Yd. lass-yu). Prs.
2;n., 1, and 13 (Zb. ico ; W. S. at ; hj. e^ ; Yd. u).

za, 2, rel. pron. subst., which, 34. Cf. fee.
zidd (Zb.), superfluity, abundance. Ar.-Prs.

zodiond (Zb.), so much (S. dund).
zdycuk, W. syafe, a cliough (W. sivdb ; S. 707).
zdyd (Zb.), see zanz.
zoyd, see sajis.

-.oi, W. t^rti.si, the sleeve of a garment (W. drusi; S. zill).
zul, W. i()?, a bell (W. hd ; S. 7^/).

z(did (Zb.), necessary. Ar. zarUr.
zdvian, \V. ;;«/(., a child, infant (Zb. zd man ; W. zdh,
zaiiian ; S. bacah).
;;;
zaTTiin (Zb.), land. Prs.

zin (Zb.), a saddle. Prs.
zinda (Zb.), alive. Prs.
zung, W. brill, the knee (W. hnn ; S. zun ; ^. âti
Sg. zong ; Yd. zi/c).
zdnz (if) be takes, 17 ; take thou (impve.), 33 ; zdnzu, he

may take, 18 (bis) ; zoyd, he took, 27, 37 ; zoyd ayad,
he took (and) came, he brought, 27 (Zb. zdyd, he
took ; S. zo-^t-ao, zoz-ara, zu-^t-am, zit,-^tj, to take
ti.zd^t, he took).
zas or (30, 31) zus, W. potr, a son (Zb. 0ai ; \V. potr;
S.pob; S.puts; Sg. zamdnak ; M^.pur; Yd. puser;
Yn. zuta).
zdt (Zb.), see zas.
zivuk, W. zik, tlie tongue (Zb. zevuk ; W. si/c ; S. ziv ;
S. zet; ; Sg. zuluk ; Yd. êuM').
zanddkl (Zb.), famine.

zunduk, or (4) zunduk, or (8) zmiduk, W. marz, hungry
(W. marz; S. marzanj S. guSnft Yd. •u^îa
\ ;
Yn. diivaz).
mnj, W. /ijonrf, a wife (Zb. A-ftc ; W. kond : S. yin ;
S. 7MI,
im ; Mj. zinga ; Yd. illoh).
mnum, I will kill, 22 (S. zed-ao, zdn-am, zed-am, zilBj ;
S. zld-ao, zin-am, zld-am, . . . ).
luwdk (Zb.), a deer.

ENGLISH-ISHKASHMI-ZEBAKI-
WAKHI -YAZGHULAMI VOCABULARY
(Including a few words from othei' Pamir languages.)
So far as has been possible, the particular English

words selected to illustrate the meanings of the words
quoted are tlie same as those used by Shaw in his
vocabularies of Waîî and Sariqoli in JASB. xlv (1876),
pt. i, pp. 192 ff. This has been done in order to facilitate
comparison with these languages.
a, Is. wak, u'ok ; Zb. wok, -e.
adze. Is. pet-ûn ; W. ivajdk.

after, Zb. ci-pu&t.
again, Zb. do-onas.
alas, Zb. afsus.
alive, Zb. zinda.

all, entire, Is. dzigdak, gul ; W. kost ; Zb. juk, saf.
Cf. " complete ".
always, Zb. muddm.

amongst. Is. ddrCtn, darrin ; Zb. ka .
gal, ha
".
mdben. Cf. " midst
and. Is. za; Zb. i, ivo.
anger. Is. yazah.
angry, Zb. xw/tt.
Is. yar^; W. 'po^k.
animal's droppings,
any: at any time, Zb. hec %va-)(t, kitdam wajt; anyone,
Zb. Itec-kd ; anything. Is. he ciz.
apple. Is. mind ; W. tnur.

apricot, Is. bweiid ; W. cuwaii.
arise: he arose. Is. xit^; I arise, Zb. êzum ;
stand thou up
(impve.), x^^ '> he arose, Zb. êt.
armful, Is. kaS W. pdz.
:
armpit, Is. kaS-visW. kalbun. ;
arrow, Is. pucun W. wuc. ;

if, as though, Zb. guya-ke.

as, as
ashamed, Zb. sarmindi.

ashes. Is. usur ; W. parg.
ask, he asked, Is. frut ; Zb. ferat.
ass, donkey, Is. )(Ur ; W. Zb. -îir.
assembled. Is. gid.

awl, Is. andervun : W. barz.
axe, Is. tuiuur ; W. tipar ; Zb. teivdr.
back (of a man or woman). Is. Icamuh ; W. dd'in ; Zb. <?a?n,
bad, wicked, Is. W. Zb. sale.
bad tasting, bitter, Is. trus; W. true.

baking-pan. Is. usid; W. sat.
barley, Is. urwus ; W. yirk.

be : Is. thou art, -at ; is, ast ; lie may be, wunl ; I was,
vud-im (or ? -itin) ; thou wast, vud-at ; he, she, or it
was, viod ; thou hast become, vuduk-at ; Zb. thou art,
Ctstai ; is, dst, -a, -ai, -et, -i ; lie was, wod-a, wod: he
was for me, ^vod-am-a.
beak, Is. ntd ; W. nilck.
liear (subst.). Is. ^tws ; W. ndyordum.
beard. Is. Zb. vin ; W. reyis.
".
beat, see "strike
Ijecause, Zb. ke, tsiz-bd ke.
become : Is. it becomes, su] wilt thou become, hii ; it will
become, su : (if) it become, Su ; it may become, sii ;
I became, .ûd-iiti ; he became, siid ; she has become,

hidiik ; thou hast become, suduk-at : Zb. I become,
.so»i; it becomes, s(la/, : become (impve. ), .s'd; I became,
kud-em (or -im) \ he became, iud. See also "be".
"
Cf. " go, move to
bed, Is. vU\ W. jilp.
Ijeetle, Is. but ak ; AV. urt.
before (place), in front of. Is. sc(r d:a : Zb. ba . . .
irnia, jd.
ENGLISH-PAMIR VOCABULARY 107
behind, Zb.- ci-pust, ka . . . ci-pust.

bell, Is. zul ; W. iol.
belly, stomach, Is. Zb. der ; W. dilr.

below, Is. vis; below it, pi buii : Zb. pa . . . vil
Cf. " down ".
big, see "great",

bile, gall, Is. fot^â.
bind, tie : Is. he bound, viist ; Zb. impve., ludnd.

birch. Is. bruj ; W. furz.
bird, Zb. parinda.
bit (horse's), Is. dand ; W. jaoji.
bitter, see "bad tasting",
black, Is. Su W. Su.
;
blind, a blind man, Is. kfir.
blood, Is. luen ; W. wuîin.

blue. Is. habut ; W. sdvz.
blunt, stupid. Is. leu ; W. mluj.
body. Is. W. tdna.
body, middle of the, see " Waist ".
bone. Is. luastuk ; W. yaic.

boot (rough, of untanned leather), Is. kovd: W. silsk.
bosom, Is. ctci ; W. bap.

both. Is. arvddak.
bottom, Is. bun, in jrl hun, below it.
bow (to shoot with), Is. yillak ; W. sambdnak.

box, Is. sa7idiiq.
hoy, Zb. zdman.

branch (of a tree). Is. soycuk ; W. hoI-^.
bread, gala W. ôc

Is. Zb. ; ; Sg- x^'^'^tt. Cf. " food",
".
breakfast, see " midday meal
breast, Is. j:ie.s&((v ; W. j:)^^ ; Zh.har. Cf. " embrace ".
breathing-difficulty, see " height-sickness".

brick (piece of), clod (of earth). Is. W. solg.
bridge, Is. W. skord.

yetik;
bridle. Is. lajam W. yixO'^. ;
bring : Is. bring thou (impve.), izum ; bring ye, iznuvw ;

lie took and came, i.e. he brought, zoyd djad; Zb.

bring ye (imjDve.), ilemar.
broad, wide, Is. pcirn ; W. kXCid.
brother. Is. vrUd ; W. vrilt ; Zb. ivarud.

bull. Is. Icuzuk; W. druks; Zb. kezuk.
burnt, be : Zb. he was burnt, ied.
Ijush-harrow, rake, Is. main ; W. naimorzrj.

but, Zb. lei:. ill.
butter. Is. reyn ; W. ru'y"7ia.
butterflj', Is. 2X(r2Kirdnuk ; W. 2:>ilinlak.
\mj : thou boughtest, Zb. ned-e ; see "grasp".
calf, Is. sHur ; W. Mur.

calf (female), Is. udiiib; W. rayum.
call, summon : Is. call ye (impve.), ixaniiu- ; Zb. he called,
qivd.
camel. W. stiir; Zb. uHhir.
Is.
camel's hump. Is. /uo/'ctw kop. ; W

canal, watercourse. Is. dzxthdr; W. ivdd.
cap (tall, of sheepskin Shaw, a skull-cap), ; Is. kuld; W.s/ciS.
eat. Is. W. iîs; Zb. i)u><.
cattle. Is. vuU ; Zb. cdrpdhui. Cf. the next,

cattle (herd of), Is. cava ; W. cat. Cf. the preceding,
cave. Is. ainbi, jdr.
cereals, see " provisions ".
certainly, Zb. zalul.

clieek. Is. peSiiv. W. luuj.
cheese. Is. idzgai (of sheep-milk) ; W. lindic, panir.
child, infant. Is. Zb. zdman ; W. zah ; Zb. cut.
"
chimney, see " hearth
chough. Is. zdjcuk ; W. Ncaly.
claw, talon, Is. cangdl ; W. cungdl.

cliff, see " stone ".
cloak, clothes, Is. posdk ; W. hot.
cloak, robe. Is. vdnji; Sg. vanjln; Zb. imnji.

clod, see " brick (piece of) ".
feNGLlSH-PAMltl VOCABULARY 109
cloth (coarse cotton), Is. lata ; W. cill.
cloth (bleached, coarse cotton), Is. kdni ; W. kind.

clothe (another person): Is. clothing (verbal noun), po-
mubuk ; Zb. clothe y&, irwmebav.
cloud. Is. gulhdduk ; W mur ; Yz. varm.
cock, Zb. kercUn. Cf. " fowl ".
cold (adj.). Is. sard; W. sar.

collar (of a garment), Is. yol ; W. ydray.
collect: he collected, 7A). javi kal.
comb, Is. £"-fdn; W. nabiism.
come: Is. he came, dyad, dyad; they came, dyad-aii ;
Zb. I come, isum ; come thou (impve.), is ; he came,

dyad he has come, isdk.
;
come back, see " return ".

command (subst.), Is. hukvi.
complete. Is. lip ; W. t^gei. Cf. " all ".
conflagration, see " flame ".
consoling, entreaty, Zb. dildsd.

consume : he consumed, Zb. kel kal.
conversation. Is. gap.
cooking-pot, cauldron. Is. cudan; W. deg.
corpse. Is. Dittiif./.; ; \\' . murtal. Cf. " die ".
cough. Is. xC'/w'"' ; ^- ^''"X-

country, Zb. inidk.
cow. Is. W. yiu Zb. ywi.
yu ; ;
cradle. Is. W. gHvd'ra

suiuin ; ; Zb. suen.
crooked. Is. kaz W. kard. ;
cubit. Is. J)dzu W. arat. ;
cultivator, Zb. dchqdn.

curds. Is. 2ôi ; W. pa;.
cnt (past part.), Zb. kct-
cymbal, see "musical instrument".

"
cypress, see "juniper
dancing, Zb. raqqdsl.

daughter. Is. îdoyd; AV. hagd; Zb. stdk,'stdkak, Std.
110 ISHiCASHMI, ZEBAKI, AND YAZGHULAMt
daughter-in-law, Is. uznul W. sta-^^. ;
dawn, morning, Is. ruz W. rtb-xii Yz.

; ; ro-^nzit; atdaAvn,
Is. sahar.
dawn, daylight. Is. raiisan ; W. roypi ; Yz. rohmhat.
daj'. Is. roz ; W. rHvdr ; Yz. mid Zb.; i/ii.
daj'break, see " morning ".

debaucherj', Zb. hadmasti.
deer, Zb. zuivah.
desire: Is. I desire, talwpuvi, tilctjium; thou desirest,
talap i.
devil, Zb. saitdn.
die: Is. he died, mul ; Zb. I die, miirum ; die thou (impve.),
mur ; dead, inul.
dirt, Is. cirk ; W. rem.
dish (wooden), Is. Msa; W. kuhun.
distant, see " far ".
divide : he divided, Zb. ta-)(Sim 1ml.

do, see " make ".
dog, Is. hud ; W. sac ; Zb. kcd.

donkey, see " ".
ass
door. Is. v<ir ; W. hdr ; Zb. war.
door-plug. Is. pdlit-var ; W. diisfal.-.
dove, see " pigeon ".
down, Zb. viJ. Cf. " below".

draw (water from a well) : Zb. (impve. sg. 2), netcar.
dry, Is. kdk W. wesk. ;
duck, Zb. muryavi.

dung, Is. yîddrga ; W. knrau.
dust, see " earth ".
dwell, see " sit ".
each-other. Is. Iiam-digar.

eagle, Ls. Akdb ; W. hispilr.
ear, Is. 70Z ; W. 718; Zb. 7a/.
earring, Is. gos-vdr.
earth, dust. Is. iit ; W. sit.
teNGLlSH-PAMIR VOCABULARY 111
eat : Is. eating, food (verbal noun), -âriik ; I will eat,

Xd'nim; Zb. -^âravi,! eat; ^jârew, we eat; -âreii,
they eat; eat thou (iinpve.), x^"'-

egg, Is. W. ttuy^muvy.
akik ;
eight, Is. at W. hat Yz. hoM.

; ; ; Zb. ot.
elbow, Is. hazu; W. h"-rut.

eldest (of a family), Zb. kata.
eleven. Is. ydzda ; W. Sas-iw.
embrace, bar. Cf. " breast ".
emerge, see " go out ".
enter : Is. he entered, a-toyd; Zb. he entered, a-tuyd.

entrails, Is. 1'icik ; W. Mngar.
evening. Is. vajcr, vuzer W. 'piirz; ; Yz. mm.
expenditure, Zb. -ârc.
eye, Is. Zb. f^nm ; W. cozm.

eyebrow. Is, vr'iis ; W. vrao.
eyelid, Is. pdtik ; W. pdtak.
fall : Zb. it falleth (a share falling to a person), ^dawl,

family. Is. mis--)(es ; W. -ês.
famine, Zb. zanddkl. Cf. " hungry ".
far, distant, I.s. dir-sluk ; W. hir ; Zb. dir.

fast (of a liorse). Is. dzisiuk ; W. rang.
father. Is. tot, tat ; W. tat ; Zb. tat, ta.
fault. Is. guild.
fear (subst.) : Is. he feared, irds k\d.

feast. Is. ivatik W. tui. ;
female, Is. W. strei Zb. .sw-.

silb ; ;
fever, Is. tab-larza W. anddw. ;
few, a, Zb. bamend.

field, Zb. kastgdh.
fifty, Zb. panjdh.
find, obtain : Is. (if) he find, dvirl ;
find ye (impve.), dviraxv ;
avul, he obtained ; Zb. I find, awerum ; I found,

" ".
aiudl-am. Cf . found
finger. Is. idr-ôk ; W. ydngl.
.
finger-nail, Is. ingituk ; W. cligb'r.
tire, Is. rhini ; W. ra-^nig ; Yz. i/efe ; Zb. roSni.

fireplace, see " hearth".
tist, Is. initt ; W. most.
fit, worth j^, suitable, Zb. Idyiq.
fitting, proper, Zb. nnunasib.
five. Is. Zb. funz W. pd^n^ Yz. ; ; pindz.
flame. Is.mauj W. rauj. ;
flame, conflagration. Is. W. siiz.

flay, kill : Is. he flayed, kut.
flea, Is. kdyiy] W. sparSaîj.
flee : Zb. he fled, just.
flour, Is. t6?'i(,/c ; W. yumj.

flower, sprout. Is. gulok ; W. spra'y.
fly (snbst.). Is. pa&a ; W. maks.
foam. Is. -yfLifiik ; W. x'^'/-
fold (of cloth). Is. tar.
food, Zb. r/aZa, gdla-mdla. See " bread ".
foolish, Is. he-fdm, nafann.

foot, Is. pu W. ; Zb. pud.
for, Is. Zb. 6a; Zb. yatir.
ford, iLgiczd)- : \V. <((,r?.
forearm. Is. wt ; W. yxtrm.

forehead, Is. pieMni ; AV. i--?;/,-.
found, Zb. yi(f.
four. Is. fe"/t(,9' ; W. bahar Yz. cer Zb. ; ; tsafar.

fowl. Is. kicrcin W. kork; Zb. kercwn.
;
fox. Is. strives, drivesak W. noxC'"!'. ;
friend, Zb. hamrali.

frog. Is. miikuduk; W. miikt.
from. Is. Zb. tea; Zb. from among (two), fea . mdben
from this, 6v ; from him, tsd: from them bdicend.
front, Is. in front of, sar dza. CM'. " before",
frost (white), see " white frost '
fuel. Is. yito ; W. yiiz.
full, replete, sec " satisfied ".

ENGLISH-PAMIR VOCABULARV 113
fur cap, Is. talpak ;W. p'^'Ml.

fur robe, Is. ruSt ; W. karast.
girl, Zb. Ktak. Cf. "daughter'

girth (of a saddle), Is. tangis ; W. tardng.
give : Is. I will give, dayum; give thou (impve.), dui; he
gave, dud ; Zb. give thou (impve.), rfai ; thou gavest,
dud-i ; he gave, diul ; lie has given, dad<ll:
go, move to: Is. go thou (impve.), Xu ; he went, Sud ; thej'
went, sud-dn ; Zb. I go,som ; he may go, mai
walk ;
thou (impve.), •iV? ; he went, sud. Cf. "become",

go, walk, depart : I.^. he departed, toyd ; they went, toyd-an.
go in, see " enter"
go out, emerge : Is. he went out, nuXt ; Zb. he emerged,
naset.
goat, Is. vihz ; W. twy (male, hiic) ; Zb. %vîz.
goat (small), see "kid''.

God, Is. -îida ; Zb. -ûddi.
gold, Zb.tihi.
good, Is. frl, nek ; W. bdf ; Zb. ferl.
gorge, see " ravine ".
grandchild (ni. or f.). Is. iwvus : W. nr'ijnts.
grandfather, Is. bobo ; W. ^mp.

grandmother. Is. hibl ; W. warn.
grasp, seize : Is. he may grasp, nasu : he grasped, iiad:
Zb. take tliou (impve.), nasi ; betook, he bought, wed ;
he has married (so and so), naddk.

grass, Is. dl ; \V. iruX.
graze : Zb. he is grazing (cattle), bi-cardiid : for grazing
(infin. of purpose), cardndatii.

great, big, Is. katfa ;
W. //'/) ; Zb. kala.
green, Is. saJjz.
hair (on tlie body), Is. rêmok ; W. rip : Zb. iê'ûnd.
half, Zb. nlm.

hand, Is. dust, dust; ^^'. Zb. ddst.
" ".
hand, hollow of, see " hollow and " handful
handful (double), hollow of both hands, Is. mut ; W. muc.
".
handsome, beautiful, Zb. ferl. Cf. " good
hard, Is. Iculla^ ; W. tung.
hare, Is. si ; W. sili.
harlot, Zb. kuncanl.

hatchet, see " axe ".
he, she, it, that : Is. he, tua ; that, lua, dir ; his, wi, i ;
her, l ; its, i ; him, ivan ; it (ace), tuan ; that (ace

subst.), ivan ; their, loev ; they, -dn ; Zb. he, she, it,
that, ao, -a ; him, her, it, yu, a, ivo, wH, -a ; his, her,
its, T/Ti-; gen. abs. sg. yiman, ydnea: they, dwend;

their, dwenda ; theirs, divenden.
head. Is. sur, si'ir ; W. xar Zb. sor. ;
head (back of), I.s. cpost W. tor.

;
hear : I.s. he heard, sud.

lieart. Is. (ii'zuk ; W. p^zuiu ; Zb. duzah, ducen.
heartli, tirephxce, chimnejr, Is. digdun ; W. diddung.
heat, Is. garini; W. taw.
heel. Is. W. 'pusmi..
lieight (of a mountain), a mountain height. Is. vruzd ;
W. vorz.
lieight-sickness (from rarefaction of air), W. siISyh ; Turki,

tidal-.
hem (of a garment). Is. 'pdsuKnt ; W. 2'>u'>"siti.
here, Zb. mdduk, see dak.

hidden treasure, Is. -âziita-i-ja d).
liigh, Is. wukhdc ; W. ivur \ Zb. ir/'i-az.
hill, Zb. (dax-

liillock. Is. W. huk.
liip, Ls. ,si.nj ; W. mnj.
hoar frost, see " white frost"
hollow of the hand, Is. kaf: W. jian.
hornless, Is. W. kid.
horse. Is. iU7-ok ; W. yas ; Zb. verdk.

horse-clothing, Ls. curgl.
hot, Yz. /ca.f.
house, W. x""-**; 2b. x"'"', x'*' x'*'**^'^'''-

Is,
x"**;
how many how much ?, some, Is. btimdnd Zb.
? ; tsamend.
hump-backed, Is. ^w/c W. 2:'w&. ;
hundred, Zb. sad.

hunger, Zb. zanddln. Cf .
" famine ".
hungrj^. Is. zutiduk, zHndtik, Cf. " famine ".
husband, Zb. inal.

husks (fodder)j Zb. safdkd.
hut (on the summer grazing-ground), Is. hr'ic ; W. kUc.
I, Is. as, -im, -Im, -lom ; to me, mtiin-hd ; my, onun ;
Zb. I, as, -(1711, -em, -im ; me, for me, male, -am ; to
uie, men-hd ; my, inen ; mine, menen ; we, v/iiix J
'^s,
our, onoc ; ours, mdcen.

ibex. Is. 6i(-c ; W. i/i(-M.
if, Is. agrar, tee ; Zb. ke.
in. Is. r/ar, jxt, jio : in it, p* ; Zb. in, te, pa, piez ; inside,
jjo. . . . tag.
into. Is. daritn ; Zb. /at, pa.
iron, Zb. .sejôn.
it, see " he ".
jar, large cup. Is. raklhi; W. pll.
jaw. Is. dldsa; W. cand-^.

journey, Is. safar.
judge, Zb. qdzl.
juniper (Sliaw's cypress), Is. area : W. ya7-z.
Iveep thou (impve.), Zb. ingalt, kun.

kid, small goat. Is. stunuk ; W. fa7 ;
Zb. satanak.
kill : Is. I will kill, kmum.
kind : of whatever kind. Is. tee 7'aw^. i
king. Is. padsd, ixV d'-^d ; of, or belonging to, a king. Is.
pd'dSd-na.
kiss, Zb. hah.
:
knee, Is. zimg ; W. brin.

knife, Is. kel ; W. kol
knot, Is. give.
lad (strong), see '

man ".
ladder, Is. $dtu ; W. vcixar.
lamb. Is. ivaruk ; W. xvurk.
land, Zb. zarain.
large, see " great ".
last : last jêar, Yz. par-ives.

leading (the act of), I.^. kutdl.
leaf (of a tree). Is. barg ; W. 2-?aZc.
lean, see " thin ".
leg, Is. isiw-ling ; W. long.
light, lamp, candle. Is. cird'y.
light : Is. light thou, set thou alight (impve.), perhn.

lightning, Is. W. dtisuk.
lip. Is. lav ; W. lafc.
listen, give ear: Is. they listened, apu-^t-dn.
little, small, Is. cHokok: W. ckakl/ri : Zb. crtt.
live, abide, see " sit".
liver. Is. gold W. tuolf'k. ;
load. Is. vur W. vi\r.

;
lock, Is. uskuz W. aUk. ;
long. Is. wuzdtik W. ?;o)-;. ;
longing, Zb. fO'))ia,7!.
lose : Zb. he lost, apnit, aped.

louse, Is. sptU ; W. sis.
low, not elevated, Is. kalapo ;

\\'. pa.'^t.
lucerne, Is. 7!(,r;7i' ; W. ujirk.
" macan," see " shed '.
mad. Is. lev.
magpie. Is. keiduk; W. hirjops.

make, do : Is. I will make, kunum ; make thou (impve.),
biln; hi.i iiuule, lie did, kid, kill ; thou madest, kitl-ut
;
ENGLISH-PAMIR VOCABULAEY 117
they made, kul-dn Zb. to do, to make (infin.), kandk ; ;
I make, I do, kenavi, kimam we make, kunen make ; ;
thou (impve.), fctm; 1 'diA, kal-'an; he did, /cttf they ;
made, kal-eni.
male, Is. nark ; W. 70s ; Zb. nar.
man, Is. ddatn ; men, ddam ; Zb. ddam.
man, vir, a strong lad. Is. muluk ;W. o'U ; Zb. maldk.
manifest, ready for use. Is. 'pctida.
mantilla (woman's). Is. pakol.

many, Zb. Jul.
maro;, Zlj. htiital.
" ".
marry, see grasp
''
marsh, see " well
me, see " I ".
meat, flesli, Is. piidf : W. gost.
merchant, Zb. hdzargdn.

merriment, rejoicing, Zb. -âXwa^tJ, -îiswu^ti.
message, Zb. j)Bydiit.
midday, see "noon ; midday meal, breakfast, \k. Jii'i'vuJ:
W. cast.
midst, middle, Is. mdbdln : \Y. viulung. Of. "among.st",
milk, Is. ^'^^ -"'"'-2 '"'""^ (thick after calving),

X'""'
beestings milk, Is. ////a ; \V. plx-
mill, watermill, Is. W. the funnel-
x"-'^'"*''' i
x'"^^"'^' ;
shaped feeder of a mill. Is. kd'suk: W. dar.

moon. Is. vid W. mdi, z'hnak Y/.. mdst Zb. ilmek.
; ; ;
moraine, see "place covered with stones".

morning, see " dawn " early in the morning, befoi e ;
daybreak. Is. tdrikdn; W. nwydin.

moth (that eats clothes), a woodworm, Is. vvc ;
W. w;'LC.
mother, Is. ndn ; W. nan.
mother-in-law, Is. x'^« ;
^^- X"*'-
moustache, Is. S(i.brv,t ; W. hurut-ki'par.
mouth, Is. fiib ; W. yai ;

Zb. fob.
much, Zb. fai.

".
mud, see " quagmire
musical instrument (of the cymbal kind), Is. daf; W. doria.

" mussuk," a goat-skin used for swimming, Is. deb ;
W. Mbk; a small mussuk, Is. kulvar] W. pitvar.

my, see "I ".
name, Zb. nein.

narrow, tight, W. iang.
navel, Is. W. tidf.
near : Is. near the king, pndm dza ; Zb. near, qarlh, ja,
ka . . gal.
needle. Is. sutun ; W. sib.
needy, poor, Zb. Sild^.
nephew, Is. ^f/- : W. -ûrydn.
nest, Is. kib-gdh: W. yotr.
net (for catching birds), Is. hxdka.
new. Is. naiviik ; W. soyd.
news, information. Is. -^âhar.
night, Is. sah, kd) ; W. ndjd ; Yz. sdh ; Zb. ferhin.

nightmare, night-spectre. Is. lew, vdjd.
nine. Is. naw : \V. ndo ; Yz. nu ; Zb. new.
no, Zb. ne, no.
noise, sound, diixli.
noon, midday. Is. mai; W. inaSu)': \'z. miOmad.
nose, Is. nib ; W. i/iis ; Zb. nib.
not. Is. na, nus ; Zb. m(, n, nas ; I am not, Zb. nat>t-ein{-ivi).
now, Zb. 'pstdi.
0, Is. '(i (contemptuously), e (respectfully) ; Zb. eli
( respectful),
".
obtain, see " Hlid
of, belonging to. Is. -na ; Zb. of, -e [lidfat).
on, upon, Zb. ka, sar, ka . . . sar.

on to, Is. tar.
on you be the peace, Is. alaikum as-saldm.

one. Is. wak, wok; W. ui Yz. woy Zb. ivok.
; :
open: Is. he opened, at kid.

ornament (on tlie person), Is, onarjdn ; W. srdk.

other, Is. an W. ya')i. ;
outside. Is. vnr ; W. vie.
ovis Poli, Is. sur-û ; W. riS.
own : Is. u\y own, tliine own, his own, yê ; from thine own,
Isxe ; Zb. own, -xi. Cf. "self".
parciied grain ground into meal, satta, Is. 'put; W. 2ôst.
partridge, Is. ujirj ; W. cl-ur.
pass : Is. (time) passed, sio^t \ ^b. I passed over, .se^jî-am.
patcli (in a garment), Is. labad ; W. ^Jsiw.

peace be on you, Is. as-suldm ahi'ikimn.
pearls, Is. darr.
perspiration, sweat, Is. )((iir ; W. x"'-
pliysician, iuh'ih.
piece, Is. lar ;
(cut to) pieces, kuncldr.
pierce: Is. pierce tliou (impve.), kif; he pierced, kift.
pig (wild). Is. Zb. yil;/ ; W. x''!7-
pigeon, dove. kuwld; W. kibil.

Is.
pillow. Is. misuk; W. x'-'-'-'"^-

pitchfork, Is. iiMevwii; W. hun.
place. Is. ikd ; Zb. ju.

place, put : Zb. he placed, neHt.
place covered witli stones, moraine. Is. amhol ;

W. hu.
plane-tree. Is. cend'r, cennr, cendr.
platform (for sleeping). Is. rei; W. nil.
".
pleased. Is. x^^-'f'X^- *-'^- " "'erriment
plough. Is. lisplf ; W. s])und"r.
pocket. Is. W. JBhak.

point, tip, Is. nrd; W. in.is.
pool, Is. kid ; see also " well ".

".
poor, see " needy
posteriors, podex. Is. ksln W. saksin.
;
precipice, Is. 2:>arra ; W. paryan.

prepare : Zb. thou preparest, g&x^ \
he prepared, rjayt.
price, Zb. qimat.

.
120 ISHKASHMT, ZEBAKI, AND YAZGHULAMI
property, Zb. iiiOl.
provisions, supplies, cereals, Is. jjcm; W. zau : Zb. ba-^s.
put, see " strike ", " place ".
put on (clotliesj, see " clothe''.
quagmii-e, inud, Is. f/or.az ; \V. Hinap.

f(uail. Is. vr(*)'/s ; W. lvDIc.
rag, Is. twUl W. ; I ok.

rain, Is. urnaduk ; W. viir.
"
rake, see ' bush-liarrow

rain, male sheep, Is. nark; W. yus-kida.
rat, Is. por/t' ; W.jjitrl'.
raven, Is. kurui ; W. XOiuI.
ravine, gorge with stream. Is. (J7i\ ôniir: W. Sor, jirdic.

razor, Zb. /ey.
ready for use, see " manifest .
red. Is. suf^^ ; W. sOkr.

refuse (subst.), Is. yaul; W. I'oji"!,-.
rejoicing, see " merriment ".
remain : Is. he I'eniained, /r/u,

remaining over and above. Is. fat: W. bos: Zb. ziarJ.
"
Cf. " much
renewed, fresh. Is. tHza. tdzn.. iaza.
return, come back : lie returned, Zb. yest
rib, Is. [iiirhl-, ule-^ W. purs. ;
ring (small). Is. iimrdik W. pijiy ; ; Zb. a ring, cillak.

rise, see " arise ".
road. Is. sdval, Nihvul ; W. wuStLk ; Zb. nl/i.

robe, see " cloak ".
"
rock, see " stone
rod, stick', I.s. 7?/ /'(((. ; W .sV/^;/,-.
rope. Is. oas ; Zb. Kvr.s.
rubies. Is. Id'l.

rug, Is. pdUis ; W. jiaiiiu.
run : Zb. run thou, yOz ; lie ran, yiizd.

rupee, Zb. rwpya.
;
KNGLISH-PAMIR VOCABULARY 121
sack, Is. ûrjin.

saddle, Is. paling ; W. poduna ; Zb. oln.
safe, well, sihat. GL " well ".
salt, Is. ndinulyak ; W. nimak.

sand, Is. reg ; W. lewarr.
satisfied, full, Zb. ser.
say : Is. he said, yezd ; Zb. ye&utn, I say ;

yed, he said
gap ded, he said,
see: Zb. I see, ohubin; he saw, vlnd.
seed (of a plant), Is. tcym; W. tdyvi.
seize, see ''
grasp ".
self. Is. âcZa/,:, /'((/,;

;
3'oui- Honour, /a,/,:,
send : Zb. he may send, usii-a; he sent, asCud, asto.

sense, consciousness, Zb. liTis.
serpent, snake, Is. roks : W. falcs.
servant, Zb. noiizdur, naukar, yatvni.

service, Zb. -îzmal.
seven, is. Zb. uud ; W. hilh ; Yz. Iiovd.
several, some, Is. caiid, band.
sharp, I.S. ffz : W. tdyd.
shave: Zb. he shaved, tad.
she, see ' he ".
shed, " macan," Is. tsiirik; W. ydst.

sh«ep (full-grown, fat). Is. farhl ; W. pCus : female sheep,
ewe, mel W. inai.
Is. ;
slielf, plank, wooden board, Ik. frCm ; W. filn.
shepherd, Zb. copdn.

shift (woman's). Is. mwl W. ; pai'hd'u.
shoe, Zb. kaus.

shopkeeper, Zb. dokdnddr.
shoulder. Is. iwvd ; W. itsp.
shovel. Is. fei ; W. pel.
shuttle (weaver's). Is. neba ; W. ra^pilk.
silk. Is. hrisum.

silver, Zb. nuqra.
sing : Zb. to sing, yezdk.
singing (noun), Zb. s<lz.
sister, Is. tx<J'> W. x*''''.'

^^^- '-X'-'- •
sit : Is. I will sit, nedum ; sit thou (impve.), n7d ; he sat,
nidust, nidnst] he has sat down, mdustuk; Zb. he

lives, dwells, nicfai ; sit thou (impve.), w-icZ ; he sat,
he lived, ncddst ; he has sat down, he is seated,

naldstak.
six, Is. x"? ; W. Sad: Yz. .fa : Zb. ^^dl.
skin. Is. karust, korost ; W. -piiit : goat-skin, see "mussuk".

skull, IS. W. kapdl.
sk}-, Is. dsmCin: W. ds-mdji; Vz. usmhi.
slave, Zb. ^/nldiii.
sleeve (of a garment). Is. '.Ol: W. driisl.
slender, see " thin

"'.
slime (green on standing water). Is. joh-naduk ; ^Y. job.
sling, Is. fahiyîndn.

'
small, see " little •
smear: Is. hi; may smear, sdmbic; he smeared, samd,

sdmbitd.
smell (noun), Yz. bJ.
smoke. Is. dlt : W. Sit ; Vz. Sad.

"
snake, see " serpent
snow, Is. V(ii[/'\ W. £(6)rt ROsanl, ziniz. :
soft, Is. aUav: W. sddt.;
sole of the foot. Is. ^j((,-/,'a/' W. kaj. :
so many, Zb. hjii.
some, see ''

several ", " how much '( ", " few
so much, Zb. zodnnd.
son. Is. stf.s, zas : W. iiOIr ; -Zb. ;((/.
soot, Is. su-dlt: W. ka-hlt.

sound, Is. s((dii.
span (measure). Is. najali: W. acart.

spark. Is. -xôrdjd,- : W. -^ânick.
sparrow, Is. iit'iti'yiik : W. mhifja,s.
spinal chord, Is. iawk; W. mak.

spindle. Is. i/c ; W. hiltr.
ENGUSH-PAMrR VOCABULARY 123
spoon, Is. kdfc ; W. hajK.

sprino- (of water), Is. (Uik; W. ijask.
sprout, seo "flower".
"
stand np, see " arise
star, Is. struh; W. sUlr ; Yz. .^turak : Zb. sitdr((.
start, set forth : I,s. lie started, rawa.n ^nd.
stick, see " rod ".
ddkokt W. iiikum.
stirrup, Is. :
stomach, see " belly ".

stone, rock, cliff, Is. sii,ii,g; W. yar ; Yz. ryrhok.
strike, apply, to put : Is. (if) he put, da : he put, applied,
ded ; Zb. strike thou, put thou (impve.), delt ;
put ye
(impve.), fter ; he struck, lie knocked, t/ecZ ; he said,
gap ded ; I have lieaten liiin, (Uddk-avi-u.
strong lad, see " man ".
stupid, see " blunt ".
summer, Yz. amau;/.

sun, I.s. remaz ; W. n' ; Yz. -^(^vdv ; Zb. ormozd.
superfluous, see " remaining over and above ".
supplies, see " provisions ".
sweat, see " perspiration

'
sweet. Is. -âzok ; W. x^-'-ll-
tail, Is. dumb.

take : Is. lie talces, zan'. ;
(if) he take, zanza ; take thou
(impve.), zd-iiz ; he took, sojd; Zb. he took, zdyd.
See also " grasp ".
take away: Is. I shall take a,wiiy./asstoin; hetook away/ffitc/.

tall, Zb. 'tverdz ; see " high ".
tassel. Is. twpak ; W. pulk.

tear (from the eye). Is. dsik; W. ya&k.
ten, Is. dah ; W. has ; Yz. Zus ; Zb. dos.
that, see " he ".
that (conj.), Zb. h;.
then. Is. inga ; Zb. ao loa^t.

thence, Is. tsa wadak, btuadak.
there, Is. wadah; Zb. Idda, woda, wiida.

they, see " he ".
thief. Is. duzd ; W. gih<) (? yttd).
thigh, Is. sat-^dn-mayzuk ; W. malung-yaic.

thin, lean, W. ôt.
thin, sleiidei-. Is. tanuk ; W. sandr.
this, Is. nukd.vl : (adj.), nakiva: (ace. subst. ), man; of
these, their, 'iiiTv ; Zb. this, am: of this, fima.
thorn, Is. h'l' ndah- : \\ ck .
y.
thon. Is. tu, -at, -t ; to tliee, tii-bCi ; thy, tu you (ace),

;
ta;mu^; to you, ticinu-^-bd ;

your Honour, fak;
Zb. thou, til, e; sg. obi., ô, /;"; thy, ti : thine, tlnen ;
you, tOmo-^ : of you, iomrj-^'. yours, t6md)(en.

thousand, Zb. ouir.
thread (of cotton). Is. rdye ; \V. (ustu.
tliread (of wool), Is. icdnk.

three. Is. viii : \V. irdi; Yz. tsot ; Zb. )v7.(, rd.
throat, Is. 71:?/ : W. alk.
throne. Is. ta-\^t.
tight, see "narrow

till, until. Is. td.
time, Is. ZI3. tva-^t.
tip, see " point ".
tired, wear\', Ik. friiuhok ; W. irnrf-^l:.
to. Is. hd. Ita ;

(motion towards), tar; Zb. hd. ka.
to-daj?. Is. Zb. iit^r : W. (iSy ; Yz. nnr.
to-m(jrro\v. Is. Cdii.'.d ; W. ivurok ; Yz. Kfau.
tongue, I.s. -ji.riik ; W. '.'"/.: Zb. n'vuk.
tooth, Is. dd lid : \V. di'uidi(k : Zb. dditdak.
town, village, Ls. fjWKldq ; Zb. qiXldq. Cf. " city '.
trading (noun), Zb. sitnddi.

treasure. Is. ^^<lzJ'n(l.
tree, Zb. dant-^t.
trouble : Is. he made trouble, gave trouble, i.e. (politely)

invited in, keu-kAd.
trough. Is. nd'ii'a ; W. pdt-^ârm.
trousers (wide outer), Is. Sawdlak W. iavalak.

;_
trouser-band, Is. 'wulvuS; W. pdrmeyung.

turban, Is. W. salld.
turban (woman's). Is. Idta, cil.
twenty, Zb. wiSt.

twig, Is. i;e^ ; W. cai(.
two, Is. dau, do ; \V. bdl : Yz. Sau ; Zb. dov, do.
uncle (paternal), Is. )(iiluk ; W. hac ; Zb. uncle, vub.

under, Zb. pa . . . vis.
up, Zb. iveruz.

upon, see " on ".
very, Zb. fai.

vessel (water-), Is. yiiddra ; W. lilt.
village, Zb. qiSlaq.

vizier, Is. wazlr ; ace. pi., ivasira'u) ; from the viziers,
ba ivaîrrrii' ] to viziers, ivazfnl-hd.
walnut. Is. cdrvKiz ; W. tor.
waist, middle of the body, Is. med ; W. mud.

wasp, Is. wuzwiisdl^ ;W- S'7,s.
water, Is. trek, vek ; W. ytq^k ; Zb. 'irek, ice.
".
watercourse, see "canal
waterniilL see " niill ".
wealth, Zb. daulat.

wealthy, Zb. daulatddr.
weeping, lamentation, Zb. [jerydii.
well, pool, marsh. Is. icek-logdok; W. cdl; Zh. ^xi-ydo.

well, whole, in good ]\en\ih,ls. '<iliaf ,.uydf.,td'.n ; Zh.siliat.
well, thoi-oughly, Zb. x'-''^-
well ! very well ! good ! yes. Is. x^?'-
wet, damp. Is. suhluk ; W. x«'i'^'-
what, see " who ?".
whatever, Zb. b'Tze.
whatever kind of, Is. be-rang.

.
wheat, Is. yundum ; W. ^nclim.

when, Zb. wuîe Ice, Ice.
where ? Is. hxmn dzd.

wlietstone, W. jîsaoi.
Is. vnsui. ;
whej^ Is. W. (hiy(7cr.

nuiluJcavJc ;
white, Is. safed W. ru^n Zb. sicr-x;un. ; ;
white, frost, hoar frost, Is. W. iaic.

wlio (re).). Is. be, tse ; which (=if), tse ; which, za ;
Zb. who, ke.
who? I.S. Icudiim; wliat ? Is. Icum ; (adj.), c'lz ; Zb. who ?
hdi; what f* tslz, hana.

".
wliole, see " well
why ? Zb. b'lZ-hu.
wide, see ''
broad ".
wife. Is. zdnj ; W. Ivnd ; Zb. Jcdc.
willow, Is. kirinolc W. ; i'dk.
wish : Zb. he wished, kimd.

with, together with, Zb. (jul , ha i/<d.
with, by means of, Zb. /•((.
within, Is. po dd/raii ; from within (doors), isa var.
wolf. Is. urk ; W. mi.pl
woman (a J'oung woman). Is. iitok; W. 2)u,rcdd; Zb. a

woman, icujinjrik ; a girl, a daughter, Stuk.
woman's turban, see " turban ".
wood, Is. durk \V. Xuvg. ;
wool, Is. piri)i ; W. yor.

word. Is. Zb. ,'/"/'.
worm, Is. pubnk ; W. prir. For "woodworm'', see

" moth ".
worrj', Zb. deqaf.

worthy (of), Zb. hlijU].
wrist, I.s. preM ; W. par-sang.
year, Is. \V. Zb. xal ; Yz. satiza ; last j''ear, Yz. 'par-ives.
yes, Zb. bal('.
yesterday'. Is. paruzd ; W. yaz ; Yz. hlyer.

A SHORT LIST OF YAZGHULAMI WORDS

(with, when known, the corresponding Su7ni and Isl?asmi
words)
afau, Is. dlucd, to-morrow.

ainang, S. menj, summer.
asmin, Is. dstiidn, the sky.
bi, H. hoi, a smell.
hiyer, S. hiydi-, I,s. pdracd, yesterday.
cer, S. isavor, 15. ts'^fitr, card., four.
Sau, S. So, Is. dato or do, card., two.

Sad, >S. Sild, Is. dit, smoke.
Bus, S. Ses, Is. da/i, card., ten.
yrtsok, S. itr, Is. siong, a stone, rock, cliff.
host, S. wct.si, Is. at, card., eight.
]idvd, S. wuvd, Is. w.tZ, card., seven.
Jm^, hot.
X^r, S. ;)^ftr. Is. I'emuz, the sun.

7/vi^, Is. roz, Zb. m?, S. me6, a day.
midniad, Is. mai, noon, midday.
mdst, S. ')?iesi. Is. -Jiiti., the moon.
uFb, S. 7iao, Is. wcra, nine.
nur, S, nttr, Is. ner, to-da^^

pincb, S, ;25in2;, Is. 2^dnz, card., five.
jyar-wes, S. par-wus, last year.
ro-^nzit, S. ?'!t,.s7, Is. ros', dawn, morning.

romahai, S. ri6x, Is. raukm, dawn, daylight.
sdusa. Is. sdi, a year.
.sit, S. yd^bs-^, Is. )(oZ, card., six.
•sdfc, ^1. sa6, Is. stt6, night.
mm, Is. vajer, evening.

sUu^dk, S. i%fr(Z:, Is. siruA;, a star.
Isoi, S. arrai,', Is. rui, card., three.
'm;o7, y. ylw, Is. (fo-fc or wok, card., one.
.
varm, Is, gulbdduk, a cloud.

yeis, S. ydb, Is. rosni, fire.
OTHER PAMIR DIALECTS

Sg. -êsia, Is. gala, bread
Sg'. vanjhi, Is. vunji, a cloak, robe.
Rosani ziii't.-, Is. varf, snow.
Stephen Austin find Sons, Ltd., Printers, Hertford.

Eranian Linguistic

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PRIZE PUBLICATION FUND

SIR GEORGE A. GRIERSON, k.c.i.e., ph.d., d.litt.

PRINTED AN"D I'UBHSHED BY THE

ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY

A Short List of Yazghulami Words . . .127

when I first undertook the preparation of these pages.

"lakasml", in which the m

says, "I think Sarlkoli is the more correct spelling.

and belonging to the same group, has been briefly

four by Geiger on pp. 287 fF. of vol. i, ii, of the

Sarikoli. It was secured by Sir Aurel Stein, together

youth as a talihu'l-'ihn in Iskasm village, and spoke

of two streams rising in the Hindukus, approaches, but

Sanglic lies in the valley leading to the Dorali Pass, and

as along the lower course of the combined Wardoj, where

language, which we may call " Iskasmi ". Our materials

foregoing geographical remarks, here adds :

" The linguistic unity of the district comprising Iskasm,

defined geographical facts. We have here an interesting

us to go back, the tract comprising the upper Wardoj Valley,

hill chiefship or canton, distinct from Badaxsan on the west and

from Waxan, the territory of the uppermost Oxus Valley, on

Wardoj drainage by a remarkably easy saddle, there

and powerful principality of Badaxsan. This time-honoured

My Zebaki materials were prepared at Citral by

into Citral.Having crossed the pass we come into the

bounded on the west and south by Munjani and its dialect

"The Iskasmi country has to its east the uppermost Oxus

now also under Buxara regime."

with their more powerful neighbours of Eosan and

the Kafirs who inhabit the country south of the

find such a comparison laborious will see the connexion

7. As the materials brought home by Sir Aurel Stein

' e.g., Yz. mie, S. meB, but Is. roz, W.

must be exercised in assuming the exact sound of any

compared with Av. -^^sira-. Skr. ksira- Yd. trusna, ;

thirsty, but Prs. tis, thirst, compared with Av. tarsna-,

but S. luurj. Yd. ivury, compared with Av. vdhrka-, Skr.

including the interesting word remuz, the sun. The

but Prs. dirham or diram, compared with Greek hpa^fj-y]

Kalasa, kakaivak, Skr. krkavdku, a cock, and others.

9. The following contractions for language-names are

13] PHONOLOGY, —VOWELS 11

11. The phonology of the Pamir languages has been

B. Original Short Vowels

12. In Is. and Zb. there is the same confusion in the

Av. Skr. panca ; but Is. Zb. piunz, live.

Av. Gasman- ; but Is. Zb. bam, an eye.

13. Similarly, original i and u are liable to change.

Av. spis, Is. spul, a louse.

Av. buza-, Is. vuz, Zb. tvuz, a goat.

C. Original Long Vowels

Av. piOiha-, Is. 2311, Zb. pilcZ, a foot.

Skr. ndsd, nasta-, Is. mfe, Zb. iiife, a nose.

Av. visaiti-, Zb. wiSt, twenty W. and Yd. have ; ivtst,

and S. vist. The Is. form is not available.

But it becomes I, through il, in :

Phi. dut, Is. c^ii, smoke. Cf. Baloci dlt.

In this connexion we may add :

A v. vohuni-, Prs. x'"'^'';