SASI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING

(Accredited by NBA & NAAC with ‘A’ Grade Approved By AICTE, New Delhi And
Affiliated To JNTUK, Kakinada, And SBTET, Hyd)

POWER ELECTRONICS LABARATORY PRACTICE

List of experiments as per the university

1. Characteristics of SCR

2. Characteristics of IGBT

3. Characteristics of DIAC

4. Characteristics of TRIAC.

5. Characteristics of GTO

6. Study of Single – Phase Half and Fully controlled Bridge

7. Study of Single phase invertors using SCR‘s

8. D.C Motor speed control using Single phase Half converter

9. D.C Motor speed control using Single phase Full converter SCR Bridge.

10. Control the speed of a given single phase motor using SCR

11. Speed control of DC Motor using Chopper

12. Study of DIAC & TRIAC Lamp control.

13. Battery charger circuit using SCR

 2 Power Electronics Lab

Circuit Diagram:

Fig. 1: Circuit diagram for SCR Characterstics

Expt No. Date: …………….
STUDY OF CHARACTERISTICS OF SCR
Aim: To obtain the V-I Characteristics of SCR and to determine the latching current, holding
current.
Apparatus Required:
Table 1
S.No. Name of the equipment Range Qty

Theory:

Silicon Controlled Rectifier: The Silicon Control Rectifier (SCR) consists of four layers of
semiconductors, which form NPNP or PNPN structures. It has three junctions,
labeled J1, J2, and J3 and three terminals. The anode terminal of an SCR is connected to the
P-Type material of a PNPN structure, and the cathode terminal is connected to the N-Type
layer, while the gate of the Silicon Control Rectifier SCR is connected to the P-Type material
nearest to the cathode.

Forward blocking mode: In this mode of operation the anode is given a positive potential
while the cathode is given a negative voltage keeping the gate at zero potential i.e.
disconnected. In this case junction J1 and J3 are forward biased while J2 is reversed biased
due to which only a small leakage current flows from the anode to the cathode until the
applied voltage reaches its breakover value at which J2 undergoes avalanche breakdown and
at this breakover voltage it starts conducting but below breakover voltage it offers very high
resistance to the flow of current and is said to be in off state.

Forward conduction mode: SCR can be brought from blocking mode to conduction mode
in two ways - either by increasing the voltage across anode to cathode beyond
 4 Power Electronics Lab

breakover voltage or by applying of positive pulse at gate. Once it starts conducting

no more gate voltage is required to maintain it in on state. There is one way to turn it
off i.e. Reduce the current flowing through it below a minimum value called holding
current.

Tabular Column:
V-I Characteristics
Table No: 2 Table No: 3

IG1= IG2=
VAK (Volts) IA (mA) VAK (Volts) IA (mA)

Model graph:
 Fig. 2:V-I Characteristics of SCR

Reverse blocking mode: SCRs are available with reverse blocking capability. Reverse
blocking capability adds to the forward voltage drop because of the need to have a
long, low doped P1 region. (If one cannot determine which region is P1, a labeled
diagram of layers and junctions can help). Usually, the reverse blocking voltage rating
and forward blocking voltage rating are the same. The typical application for reverse
blocking SCR is in current source inverters.

Latching Current: Latching current (IL) is the minimum principal current required to
maintain the Thyristor in the on state immediately after the switching from off state to
on state has occurred and the triggering signal has been removed.

Holding Current: Holding current (IH) is the minimum principal current required to
maintain the Thyristor in the on state.
Procedure:
V-I Characteristics:-
1. Make all connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Initially keep V1 & V2 at minimum position and R1 & R2 maximum position.
3. Adjust Gate current Ig to some value(2.5/5.0mA) by varying the V1 or R1.
 6 Power Electronics Lab

4. Now slowly vary V2 and observe anode to cathode voltage VAK and anode current
IA.
5. Tabulate the readings of anode to cathode voltage VAK and anode current IA.
6. Repeat the above procedure for different Gate current Ig.
Gate triggring and finding Vg and Ig:-
1. Keep all positions at minimum.
2. Set anode to cathode voltage VAK to some value say 15V.
3. Now slowly vary the V1 voltage till the SCR triggers and note down the reading of
gate current(IG) and Gate Cathode voltage(VGK) and rise of anode current IA
4. Repeat the same for different Anode to Cathode voltage and find VAK and IG
values.
To find latching current:-
1. Keep R2 at middle position.
2. Apply 20V to the anode to cathode by varying V2
3. Rise the Vg voltage by varying V1 till the device turns ON indicated by sudden
rise in IA . The current at which SCR triggers is the minimum gate current required
to turn ON the SCR.
4. Now set R2 at maximum position, then SCR turns OFF, if it is not turned off reduce
V2 up to turn off the device and put the gate voltage.
5. Now decrease the R2 slowly, to increase the anode current gradually in steps.
6. At each and every step, put OFF and ON the gate voltage switches V1. If the
Anode current is greater than the latching current of the device, the device stays
ON even after switch S1 is OFF, otherwise device goes to blocking mode as soon
as the gate switch is put OFF.
7. If IA>IL then, the device remains in ON state and note that anode current as
latching current.
8. Take small steps to get accurate latching current value.
To find holding current:-
1. Now increase load current from latching current level by varying R2 & V2
2. Switch OFF the gate voltage switch S1 permanently (now the device is in ON
state)
 3. Now increase load resistance(R2), so that anode current starts reducing and at
some anode current the device goes to turn off .Note that anode current as holding
current.
4. Take small steps to get accurate holding current value.
5. Observe that IH<IL
Precautions:
1.All the connection should be tight.
2. Ammeter is always connected in series in the circuit while voltmeter is parallel to the
conductor.
3. The electrical current should not flow the circuit for long time, Otherwise its
temperature will increase and the result will be affected.
4. It should be care that the values of the components of the circuit is does not exceed
to their ratings (maximum value).
5. Before the circuit connection it should be check out working condition of all the
Component.
Result:

Viva-voce:
1. Define holding current,latching current, ON state resistance,break down voltage.

2. Write an expression for anode current?

3. Mention the applications of S.C.R?

 8 Power Electronics Lab

Remarks
Signature of the faculty

Circuit Diagram:
 Fig. 6: Circuit diagram for IGBT characterstics

Expt No. Date: …………….

 10 Power Electronics Lab

STUDY OF IGBT CHARACTERISTICS

Aim: To obtain the Output and Transfer Characteristics of IGBT.
Apparatus Required:
Table 7
S.No. Name of the equipment Range Qty

Theory :
It is a new development in the area of power MOSFET technology. This device
combines in to advantages of both MOSFET and BJT. So an IGBT has high input impedance
like as MOSFET and low ON state power like BJT. Further IGBT is free from second
breakdown problem present in BJT. IGBT is also known as metal oxide insulated gate
transistor.
It was also called as insulated gate transistor. The static characteristics or output
characteristics of IGBT shows plot of collector current IC vs collector –emitter voltage VCE for
various values of gate emitter voltage. In the forward direction the shape of output
characteristics is similar to that of BJT and have the controlling parameter is gate-emitter
voltage VGE because IGBT is a voltage controlled device. The device developed by
combining the areas of field effect concept and technology.

Procedure:
Transfer Characteristics:
1. Make all connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Initially keep V1 & V2 at minimum position and R1 & R2 middle position.
3. Set VCE to some say 10V.
4. Slowly vary gate emitter voltage VGE by varying V1.
5. Note down IC and VGE readings for each step.
6. Repeat above procedure for 20V & 25V of VCE and plot the graph between IC
& VGE.
Tabular Column:
Table No. 8 Ouput Characteristics
S.No. VGE1 VGE2
IC
VCE (Volts) IC (mAmps) VCE (Volts)
(mAmps)

Table No. 9 Transfer Characteristics

VCE
VGE (Volts) IC (mAmps)

Model Graphs:
 12 Power Electronics Lab

Fig. 7 Output Characteristics Fig. 8 Transfer Characteristics

Output Characteristics:
1. Initially set VGE to some value say 5V by varying V2.
2. Slowly vary V2 and note down IC and VCE readings.
3. At particular value of VCE there will be a pinch off voltage VP between collector and
emitter.
4. Repeat above procedure for different values of VGE and draw graph between IC and VGE.
Precautions:
1. All the connection should be tight.
2. Ammeter is always connected in series in the circuit while voltmeter is parallel to the
conductor.
3. The electrical current should not flow the circuit for long time, Otherwise its temperature
will increase and the result will be affected.
4. It should be care that the values of the components of the circuit is does not exceed to
their ratings (maximum value).
5. Before the circuit connection it should be check out working condition of all the
Component.
Result:

Viva Voce:
1. In what way IGBT is more advantageous than BJT and MOSFET?
2. What are merits of IGBT?

3. What are demerits of IGBT?

4. What are the applications of IGBT’s?

5. How is IGBT turned off?

6. What is threshold voltage?

Remarks
Signature of the faculty
 14 Power Electronics Lab

Circuit Diagram:

Fig. 3.1 R-C Triggering circuit

Expt No: Date: …………
CHARACTERISTICS OF DIAC
Aim: To perform an experiment (a) to determine DIAC characteristics and
(b) to observe the voltage wave form across it.

.Apparatus Required:
Table 1
S.No. Name of the equipment Range Qty

Theory:
A DIAC is a two electrode, bidirectional avalanche diode which is employed to
switch from off state to the on state in both the direction. The schematic representation and
simple and construction of the DIAC are shown in the figure-1. Its leads are labeled as
terminals T1 and T2 instead of the conventional anode-cathode designation. The term DIAC is
obtained from capital letter, Diode that works on AC.
The DIAC is a four-layer pnpn device, which acts as a switch when voltage applied
across its terminals exceeds a certain voltage known as breakdown voltage. The
Doping level of the layers is kept high, so that the breakdown voltage is law. This
voltage generally is 32 to 40 V. the available DIAC________ breaks (i.e. starts conduction) at
______ V. At conduction it sends a spike of trigger current as high as 2 A. This is sufficient to
turn- on SCR/ TRIAC

Procedure:
1 First of all connect the circuit as shown in the Fig. 3.
2 Initially keep the input voltage to zero.
3 Then increase the input voltage in small steps and note down value of the voltage
across the DIAC and corresponding current through the DIAC in the observation
table.
4 Initially the value of current through the DIAC will be in micro- ampere until the
DIAC starts conducting. After that the value of the current will be determined by
the value of the load connected in the circuit.
5 Take 10 to 15 readings for DIAC voltage and current.
6 Now bring input voltage back to zero.
7 Reverse the terminal T1 and T2 of the DIAC and take another set of the reading by
repeating the above steps.
8 Plot the V-I characteristic of the DIAC on the graph paper.

Tabulation :
 16 Power Electronics Lab

Sr no. With T1 +ve With T2 +ve

V I V I

Model Graph:
Precautions:
1. All the connection should be tight.
2. Ammeter is always connected in series in the circuit while voltmeter is parallel to the
conductor.
3. The electrical current should not flow the circuit for long time, Otherwise its temperature
will increase and the result will be affected.
4. It should be care that the values of the components of the circuit is does not exceed to
their ratings (maximum value).
5. Before the circuit connection it should be check out working condition of all the
Component.
Result:
 18 Power Electronics Lab

Viva Voce:

1.What is the DIAC?

2. Mention some applications of DIAC.

3.Draw the symbol of DIAC.

4.Compare DIAC with SCR.

Remarks Signature of the faculty

Circuit Diagram:
Expt No: Date: …………

CHARACTERISTICS OF TRIAC
 20 Power Electronics Lab

Aim: To perform an experiment to identify modes of operation for TRIAC

Apparatus Required:
Table 2
S.No. Name of the equipment Range Qty

1 Step-down transformer 230V/50V 1

2 Ammeter 0-10mA 1
3 TRIAC chassis ---- 1
4 CRO ---- 1
Theory:
The operation of the TRIAC is equivalent to that of a combination of two thyristor
connected antiparallelly, as given in fig. 1. The TRIAC is a three-terminal device which can
conduct in either direction. The invention of the TRIAC was necessitated because of the need
for controlling power fed to ac loads. The circuit symbol and schematic construction of one
such device are shown in fig.1. Fig.2 shows the characteristics of TRIAC . Flexibility of
operation in such a device consists of turning it on in any of the four modes given below.
Mode 1 The main terminal MT 2 is positive with respect to the main terminal MT1 and
the gate triggering signal is positive. The gate plays the part of the normal gate of a thyristor
formed by the p1-n1-p2-n2 combination.

Mode 2. MT2 is negative with respect to MT1 and the gate triggering signal is
positive. In this case the p2-n1-p1-n4 combination forms a thyristor and the p2-n2 combination
forms an indirect gate, initiating electrons from n2 to p2, from p2 to n1 and finally from n1 to
p1. Thus the combination n2-p2-n1-p1 fires the thyristor p2-n1-p1-n4.

Mode 3. MT2 is positive with respect to MT1 and gate triggering signal is negative.
The gate G forms the igniting cathode through the n5 layer and the p1-n1-p2-n2 combination
acts as the thyristor.

Mode 4. MT2 is negative with respect to MT1 and gate triggering signal is negative. In
this condition the gate G forms the indirect gate to the thyristor p2-n1-p1-n4 through the n5
layer.

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig.-1
2. Put on the AC mains.
 3. Increase positive gate current Ig by gradually increasing Vg from 0.0V till the
positive portion of voltage waveform across TRIAC completely becomes flat (
almost positive zero voltage across TRIAC)
4. Note down the value of this positive gate current Ig for mode I+.
5. Gradually increase further positive gate current Ig till the negative portion of
voltage waveform across TRIAC also becomes flat.(almost both positive and
negative zero voltage across Triac)
6. Note down the value of positive gate current Ig for mode III+.
7. For identifying mode I- and III- change the connections of power supply Vg
and milli ammeter for negative Ig.
8. Repeat steps 3 to 6 to identify modes I-- & III-- and note down the values of
negative gate current Ig.

Waveforms:

Fig. 4.1: Waveforms of TRIAC

Tabulation
 22 Power Electronics Lab

Precautions:
1. All the connection should be tight.
2. Ammeter is always connected in series in the circuit while voltmeter is parallel to the
conductor.
3. The electrical current should not flow the circuit for long time, Otherwise its temperature
will increase and the result will be affected.
4. It should be care that the values of the components of the circuit is does not exceed to
their ratings (maximum value).
5. Before the circuit connection it should be check out working condition of all the
Component.
Result:.

Viva Voce:
 1. Define TRIAC.

2. List the applications of TRIAC.

3. What is meant by quadrac?

4. Compare SCR with TRIAC

Remarks Signature of the facult

Circuit Diagram:
24 Power Electronics Lab

Fig. 5 Circuit diagram of GTO

Expt No: Date: …………

CHARACTERISTICS OF GTO
Aim To obtain the Output and Transfer Characteristics of GTO

Apparatus Required:
Table 3
S.No. Name of the equipment Range Qty

Theory:
GTO is a four layer (p-n-p-n) three junction devices like a thyristor it has two
important constructional differences with a thyristor which bestows it with the gate turn off
capability. The Gate-cathode junction of a GTO is far more inter digitized compared to a
thyristor.Thousands of cathode segments, normally arranged in concentric rings around the
devicecenter, from the cathode structure of a GTO. This highly inter digitized structure of the
GTO cathode ensures that any “current filament” formed during the turn off process of a
GTO is quickly extinguished

“Anode shorts” are introduced at the p+ type anode and n type base junction of a
GTO.“Anode shorts” consists of heavily doped n+ type region introduced inside the p+ type
anodes. They make direct contact with the anode metal plate and provide an alternate path
for the electrons traveling through the n base to reach the anode metal contact without
causing bole injection from the p+ anode. This helps to reduce the “tail current” during turn
off of a GTO.
GTO gives the maximum anode current that can be
repetitively turned off by gate control. This rating is usually lower than IFAVM / IFRMS. In
high frequency switching application this specification gives the absolute peak value of any
desired current waveform the GTO can conduct.
 26 Power Electronics Lab

Procedure:

Fig5.1 V-I characterstics of GTO

Procedure:
 1. First observe the waveforms at different points in circuit and also trigger output
T1 and T1` observe the pulses are synchronized.
2. Now make the connections as per circuit using AC source, UJT Relaxation
Oscillator, SCR’s and Loads.
3. Observe the waveforms across the load and SCR and other points, by varying the
variable resistor Rc and resistance load, observe firing angle of SCR.
4. Use differential module for observing two waveforms (input and output)
simultaneously in channel 1 and channel 2.
5. Check the waveforms for large value of RC and small value of RC and also
triggering points of SCR.
For Relaxation Oscillator:
1. Short the CF capacitor to the diode bridge rectifier to get filtered AC Output.
2. We get equidistance pulses at the output of pulse transformer.
3. The frequency of pulse can be varied by varying the potentiometer.
4. Observe that capacitor charging and discharging time periods and calculate
frequency and RC time constant of UJT Relaxation Oscillator by using given
formulas
Precautions:
1. All the connection should be tight.
2. Ammeter is always connected in series in the circuit while voltmeter is parallel to the
conductor.
3. The electrical current should not flow the circuit for long time, Otherwise its temperature
will increase and the result will be affected.
4. It should be care that the values of the components of the circuit is does not exceed to
their ratings (maximum value).
5. Before the circuit connection it should be check out working condition of all the
Component.
28 Power Electronics Lab
Circuit Diagram:

Fig. 1: Half Controlled Bridge Converter with R load

Fig. 2: Half Controlled Bridge Converter with R-L load

Expt No. Date: …………

Single Phase Half Controlled Bridge Converter
Aim: To obtain the output waveform of single phase half controlled bridge converter with R
 30 Power Electronics Lab

and RL Loads.
Apparatus Required:
Table 1
S.No. Name of the equipment Range Qty

Theory:

The circuit arrangement of a 1-ph converter is shown in figure 1. In the positive half
cycle thyristor T1 is forward biased. When SCR T 1 is fired at ωt = α, the load is connected to
the input supply through T1 and D2 during the period from α ≤ ωt ≤ π+α the input voltage is
negative and freewheeling diode DM is forward biased. DM conducts to provide continuously
current in case of inductive loads. In the negative half-cycle of input voltage T 2 is forward
biased and triggering of T2 at ωt = π +α will reverse bias DM and is turned OFF. Load is
connected to supply through T2 and D1.
The converter has a better power factor due to the freewheeling diode and is
commonly used in applications up to 15KW where one quadrant operation is acceptable.
The half controlled bridge has the inherent freewheeling action and analysis is more
or less the same with or without a freewheeling diode is connected across the load. In
practical it is always adjustable to provide a freewheeling diode in a half-controlled converter
so that the commutation of SCR’s is assumed inductive loads.

Tabular Column:
Table 2

Input Firing Output voltage (V0) Output Current (I0)

Load
Voltage angle in
type
(Vin)(volts) Degrees Theoretical(V) Practical(V) Theoretical(A) Practical(A)
Model Calculations:

Procedure:
1.Make all connections as per the circuit diagram
2.Connect first 30V AC supply from Isolation Transformer to circuit
3.Connect firing pulses from firing circuit to Thyristors as indication in circuit
4.Connect resistive load 200Ω / 5A to load terminals and switch ON the MCB and
IRS switch and trigger output ON switch
5.Connect CRO probes and observe waveforms in CRO, Ch-1 or Ch-2, across load.
6..By varying firing angle gradually up to 1800 and observe related waveforms
 32 Power Electronics Lab

7.Measure output voltage and current by connecting AC voltmeter & Ammeter

Tabulate all readings for various firing angles.
8.For RL Load connect a large inductance load in series with Resistance and observe
all waveforms and readings as same as above.
9.Observe the various waveforms at different points in circuit by varying the Resistive
Load and Inductive Load.
10.Calculate the output voltage and current by theoretically and compare with it
practically obtained values.
Precautions:
1. All the connection should be tight.
2. Ammeter is always connected in series in the circuit while voltmeter is parallel to the
conductor.
3. The electrical current should not flow the circuit for long time, Otherwise its temperature
will increase and the result will be affected.
4. It should be care that the values of the components of the circuit is does not exceed to
their ratings (maximum value).
5. Before the circuit connection it should be check out working condition of all the
Component.
6. Use only isolated power sources (either isolated power supplies or AC power through
isolation power transformers). This helps using a grounded oscilloscope and reduces the
possibility of risk of completing a circuit through your body or destroying the test equipment.

Waveforms:
 Fig. 2 : Single Phase Semi Converter output voltage waveforms

Result:
 34 Power Electronics Lab

Viva Voce:
1. What is meant by half controlled rectifier?

2. What is the effect of adding free wheeling diode?

3.Give at least five application of phase controlled rectifier?

4.What is meant by firing angle?

5.What is other name for single half controlled rectifier?

6.What is meant by pulse number?

Remarks Signature of the faculty

Circuit Diagram:
 Fig. 1:Fully Controlled Bridge Converter with R load

Fig. 2:Fully Controlled Bridge Converter with R-L load

 36 Power Electronics Lab

Expt No: Date: …………

Single Phase Fully Controlled Bridge Converter
Aim: To observe the output waveforms of a single phase fully controlled bridge converter
with R and RL Loads.
Apparatus Required:
Table 1
S.No. Name of the equipment Range Type Qty

Theory:

A single phase full bridge converter using four SCR’s is shown in figure1. The load is
assumed to be R and RL. Thyristor pair T 1 and T2 is simultaneously triggered and π radians
after pair T3 and T4 is gated together.
During the positive half cycle SCR’s T1 and T1I are forward biased and when there
two thyristors are fired simultaneously at wt = α, the load is connected to the input through T 1
and T1I. In this case of inductive loads during the period π <wt < π+α the input voltage is
negative and freewheeling diode Dm is forward biased. Dm conducts to provide the
conductivity of current in the inductive load. The load current is transferred from T 1 and T1I to
DM and thyristors T1 and T1I are turned off due to line or natural commutation.
During the negative half cycle of the input voltage thyristors T 2 and TI2 are forward
biased. The firing of thyristors T2 and T2I simultaneously at wt = π+α will reverse bias D M. the
diode DM is turned off and the load is connected to the supply through T2 and T2I .

Tabular Column:
 Table 2
Input Firing Output voltage (V0) Output Current (I0)
Load
Free wheel Voltage angle in
type Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical
(V in) Degrees

Model Calculations:

Procedure:
1. Make all connections as per the circuit diagram
2. Connect firstly 30V AC supply from Isolation Transformer to circuit
 38 Power Electronics Lab

3. Connect firing pulses from firing circuit to Thyristors as indication in circuit

4. Connect resistive load 200Ω / 5A to load terminals and switch ON the MCB and
IRS switch and trigger output ON switch.
5. Connect CRO probes and observe waveforms in CRO, Ch-1 or Ch-2, across load
and device in single phase half controlled bridge converter.
6. By varying firing angle gradually up to 1800 and observe related waveforms
7. Measure output voltage and current by connecting AC voltmeter & Ammeter
8. Tabulate all readings for various firing angles.
9. For RL Load connect a large inductance load in series with Resistance and
observe all waveforms and readings as same as above.
10. Observe the various waveforms at different points in circuit by varying the
Resistive Load and Inductive Load.
11. Calculate the output voltage and current by theoretically and compare with it
practically obtained values.
Precautions:
1. All the connection should be tight.
2. Ammeter is always connected in series in the circuit while voltmeter is parallel to the
conductor.
3. The electrical current should not flow the circuit for long time, Otherwise its temperature
will increase and the result will be affected.
4. It should be care that the values of the components of the circuit is does not exceed to
their ratings (maximum value).
5. Before the circuit connection it should be check out working condition of all the
Component.
6.Use only isolated power sources (either isolated power supplies or AC power through
isolation power transformers). This helps using a grounded oscilloscope and reduces the
possibility of risk of completing a circuit through your body or destroying the test equipment.

Result:
Viva Voce:
1.What is a full controlled rectifier?

2. How can we control the output voltage of a single-phase full converter?

3. What is the type of commutation used in a single phase full controlled converter?

4. What is the effect of adding free wheeling diode?

5. What is rectification mode and inversion mode?

6.What are the applications of Single phase fully controlled rectifiers?

Remarks Signature of the faculty

Circuit Diagram:
 40 Power Electronics Lab

Fig. 1: Circuit Diagram for Single Phase Series Inverter

Expt No. Date: …………

Single Phase Series Inverter with R and RL Loads
Aim: To study the behavior of modified series inverter by varying load resistance at
different frequencies.
Apparatus Required:
Table 1
S.No. Name of the equipment Range Qty

Theory:
This circuit which converts DC power into AC power is called inverter. If the thyristor
commutation circuit of the inverter is in series with the Load, then the inverter is called
“Series are tightly coupled. In this circuit, it is possible to turn-on-thyristor Tp before the
current through thyristor Tn has become zero and vice-versa. Therefore, the Modifed Series
Inverter can be operated behond the resonance frequency (fr) of the circuit. Inverter is
operated at the resonance frequency (fr) if the load current waveform has low frequency and
should not have zero current interval. The inverter’s resonance frequency depends on the
values of L, R and C in the circuit.
Procedure:
1. Make all connections as per the circuit diagram
2. Give the DC power supply 30V to the terminal pins located in the power circuit
3. Connect firing pulses from firing circuit to Thyristors as indication in circuit
4. Connect resistive load 200Ω / 5A to load terminals and switch ON the MCB and
IRS switch and trigger output ON switch.
5. By varying the frequency pot, observe related waveforms
6. If the inverter frequency is increases above the resonant frequency of the power
circuit commutation fails. Then switch OFF the DC supply , reduce the inverter
frequency and try again.
Tabular Column:
Table 2 For R= , L=
Input Output Output
S.No Firing Angle(α)
Voltage(v) Voltage(VO) Current (A)
42 Power Electronics Lab

7. Repeat the above same procedure for different value of L,C load and also above
the wave forms with and without fly wheel diodes.
8. Total output waveforms entirely depends on the load, and after getting the perfect
wave forms increase the input supply voltage up to 30V and follow the above
procedure.
 9. Switch OFF the DC supply first and then Switch OFF the inverter.( Switch OFF
the trigger pulses will lead to short circuit)
Precautions:
1. All the connection should be tight.
2. Ammeter is always connected in series in the circuit while voltmeter is parallel to
the conductor.
3. The electrical current should not flow the circuit for long time, Otherwise its
temperature will increase and the result will be affected.
4. It should be care that the values of the components of the circuit is does not exceed
to their ratings (maximum value).
5. Before the circuit connection it should be check out working condition of all the
Component.
Result:

Viva Voce:
1.What is meant by inverter?

2.What are the different types of inverters?

3.What are the application of series inverters?

 44 Power Electronics Lab

4.In which aspect inverters are classified?

5.What is the other name for series inverter?

6. What are the merits and demerits of series inverter?

Remarks Signature of the faculty

Circuit Diagram:
 Fig. 1: Circuit Diagram for Parallel Inverter

Expt No. Date: …………

Single Phase Parallel Inverter with R and RL Loads
Aim: To study the performance of center tapped transformer type parallel inverter at different
frequencies.
 46 Power Electronics Lab

Apparatus Required:
Table 1
S.No. Name of the equipment Range Qty

Theory:
The circuit diagram of 1-ph Parallel Inverter is shown in fig., SCR1 and SCR2 are
main thyristors. Supply voltage Vdc appears across the left half of the transformer primary
winding OA. Terminal O is positive w.r.t.A. By transformer action terminal B will be at
potential of 2Vdc w.r.t A. Thus capacitor C will get charged twice the supply voltage. The
load voltage will be positive and will have a magnitude V L . At the end of half period SCR2
is firing , capacitor C will be immediately apply a reverse voltage of 2Vdc across SCR1 and
turns off it.
Similarly the Vdc applies to right half of the primary winding and capacitor gets
charged with 2Vdc in reverse direction. Now the load voltage is negative and hence the
current. Since the commutating capacitor is in parallel with SCRs, so it is called parallel
inverter.

Tabular Column:
Table No: 2

VDC(V) TON(Sec) TOFF(Sec) Frequency(HZ) Vload(v)

Waveforms:

Fig. 2: Waveforms across load and SCR of Parallel Inverter

Procedure:
1. Make all connections as per the circuit, and give regulated power supply 30V/5A.
2. Give trigger pulses from firing circuit to gate and cathode of SCR’s T1 & T2.
3. Set input voltage 15V, connect load across load terminals.
 48 Power Electronics Lab

4. Now switch ON the DC supply, switch ON the trigger output pulses.

5. Observe the output voltage waveforms across load by varying the frequency pot.
6. Repeat the above same procedure for different value of L,C load values.
7. Switch off the DC supply first and then switch off the inverter.
(switch off the trigger pulses will lead to short circuit)
Precautions:
1. All the connection should be tight.
2. Ammeter is always connected in series in the circuit while voltmeter is parallel to
the conductor.
3. The electrical current should not flow the circuit for long time, Otherwise its
temperature will increase and the result will be affected.
4. It should be care that the values of the components of the circuit is does not exceed
to their ratings (maximum value).
5. Before the circuit connection it should be check out working condition of all the
component.
Result:

Viva voce:
1. To what voltage will the capacitor gets charged?
 2. What is the need of the transformer is the circuit?

3. What type of commutation is employed in this circuit?

4. What are the applications of parallel inverter?

5. What are the merits and demerits of parallel inverter?

Remarks Signature of the faculty

Circuit Diagram:
 50 Power Electronics Lab

Fig1: Speed Control of DC motor using 1ϕ Converter

Expt No. Date: …………

D.C Motor speed control using Single phase Half converter
Aim: To study the speed control of a dc motor by varying armature applied voltage through
phase controlled converter.
Apparatus:
Table 1
S.No. Name of the equipment Range Qty
1 DC motor control unit

2 DC ammeter 10 1
3 DC voltmeter 300 1
4 CRO ----- 1
5 DC motor 230V/5A 1

Theory:
I t can be stated that for any load current to flow one device from the top group (T1
or T2) and one device from the bottom group must conduct. However, T1 T2 or D1 D2
cannot conduct simultaneously. On the other hand T1 D2 and T2 D1 conducts
simultaneously whenever T1 or T2 are on and the output voltage tends to go negative.
Therefore, there are four operating modes of this converter when current flows through the
load. Of course it is always possible that none of the four devices conduct. The load current
during such periods will be zero. It can be concluded that the diode D2 and D2 conducts for
the positive and negative half cycle of the input voltage waveform respectively. On the
other hand T1 starts conduction when it is fired in the positive half cycle of the input
voltage waveform and continuous conduction till T3 is fired in the negative half cycle. Fig.
11.3 shows the circuit diagram and the waveforms of a single phase half controlled
converter supplying an R – L – E load.

Tabulation:

S.NO Out put Duty Frequency Speed(RPM) Current

Voltage(V) Cycle(%)
 52 Power Electronics Lab

Model Wave forms:

Procedure:
1. Switch ON the mains supply to the single phase converter firing circuit
2. Verify the trigger outputs and their phase sequence.
3. Connect the trigger outputs from firing circuit to the corresponding SCR’s Gate and
Cathode
 4. Initially connect a Rheostat of 50 Ohms / 5amps.
5. Connect field terminals of DC motor to the field supply points in the power circuit

6. The connect armature terminal of the DC motor through the rheostat and the rheostat and
the ammeter provided in the unit to the output of rectifier

7. Set the input voltage to 100Volts

8. Vary the firing angle potentiometer and observe the trigger outputs

9. The pulse train width will increase as we decrease the firing angle from 180o to 0o.

10. Next vary the input voltage upto 230 volts in steps and note down the readings in the
tabular column

Precautions:
1. All the connection should be tight.
2. Ammeter is always connected in series in the circuit while voltmeter is parallel to the
conductor.
3. The electrical current should not flow the circuit for long time, Otherwise its temperature
will increase and the result will be affected.
4. It should be care that the values of the components of the circuit is does not exceed to
their ratings (maximum value).
5. Before the circuit connection it should be check out working condition of all the
Component.

Result:

Viva Voce:
1.What is meant by step up chopper?
 54 Power Electronics Lab

2.Explain how forward motoring operation is attained with four quadrant chopper in a D.C
motor?

3.Explain how forward breaking operation is attained with a four quadrant chopper in a D.C
motor?

4. Explain how reverse motoring operation is attained with a four quadrant chopper in a D.C
motor?

5. Explain how reverse breaking operation is attained with a four quadrant chopper in a D.C
motor?

6.What is meant by step down chopper?

Remarks Signature of the faculty

Circuit Diagram:
Expt No. Date: …………

CONTROL THE SPEED OF A GIVEN SINGLE PHASE MOTOR

USING SCR
 56 Power Electronics Lab

Aim: To study speed control of Induction motor and plot speed v/s

Apparatus:

S.No. Name of the equipment Range Qty

Theory:
AC voltage controller’s are thyristor based devices ,which converts the fixed Ac
voltage into variable AC voltage with same frequency .The circuit diagram of Single phase
AC voltage controller is shown in figure .It consists of two SCR’s connected in anti parallel.
The input and output voltage waveforms are also shown. The SCR’s are gate controlled and
gate pulses are obtained from firing unit.
For R-Load: For the first half cycle of input voltage waveform SCR T1 conducts and gives
controlled output to load. During the other half cycle of input voltage waveform SCR T2
conducts .During the Positive half cycle T1 is triggered at a firing angle of wt= α .T1 starts
conducting and source voltage is applied to the load from α to π. At wt= π both Vo and Io
falls to zero. Just after wt= π, T1 is reverse biased and therefore it is turned off by self
commutation. During the negative half cycle of T2 is triggered at wt= π+α, then T2 conducts
from wt = π+α.

Procedure:

1.Make all connections as per the circuit diagram

2.Connect firstly 30V AC supply from Isolation Transformer to circuit
3.Connect firing pulses from firing circuit to Thyristors as indication in circuit
4.Connect resistive load 200Ω / 5A to load terminals and switch ON the MCB and
. IRS switch and trigger output ON switch
5. Firing angle is varied in steps gradually, note down corresponding speed
 of the induction motor using Tachometer and tabulate
6. Observe waveforms in CRO, across load by varying firing angle gradually up to
1800.
7. A graph of v/s speed is plotted.

Precautions:
1. All the connection should be tight.
2. Ammeter is always connected in series in the circuit while voltmeter is parallel to the
conductor.
3. The electrical current should not flow the circuit for long time, Otherwise its temperature
will increase and the result will be affected.
4. It should be care that the values of the components of the circuit is does not exceed to
their ratings (maximum value).
5. Before the circuit connection it should be check out working condition of all the
Component.
6. Use only isolated power sources (either isolated power supplies or AC power through
isolation power transformers). This helps using a grounded oscilloscope and reduces the
possibility of risk of completing a circuit through your body or destroying the test equipment.

Model Graph:
 58 Power Electronics Lab

Tabulation:
S.NO Firing angle(α) Speed (rpm)

Result:

Viva Voce:
1.What is ac voltage controller?

2.What are the applications of ac voltage controllers?

3. What are the two types of control?

4. What are the merits and demerits of voltage controllers?

5. Why is the trigger source for the two Thyristor isolated from each other in a single-phase
voltage controller?

6. What is the difference between cycloconverters and ac voltage controllers?

Remarks Signature of the faculty

 60 Power Electronics Lab

Circuit Diagram:
 Fig : Four Quadrant Chopper circuit

Expt No. Date: …………

Chopper Controlled DC Motor
 62 Power Electronics Lab

Aim: To analyze the operation of four quadrant chopper drive by controling the speed
of the dc motor.
Apparatus:
Table 1
S.No. Name of the equipment Range Qty

Theory:
Chopper converts fixed DC voltage to variable DC voltage through the use of
semiconductor devices. The DC to DC converters have gained popularity in modern
industry. Some practical applications of DC to DC converter include armature voltage
control of DC motors converting one DC voltage level to pulse width modulated voltage,
and controlling DC power for wide variety of industrial processes. The time ratio
controller (TRC) is a form of control for DC to DC conversion.
In four quadrant dc chopper drives, a motor can be made to work in forward-motoring
mode (first quadrant), forward regenerative breaking mode (second quadrant), reverse
motoring mode (third quadrant) and reverse regenerative breaking mode (fourth quadrant).
The circuit shown offers four quadrant operation of a separately-excited dc motor. This
circuit consists of a DC Power Supply, four choppers, four diodes and a dc motor. Its
operation in the four quadrants can be explained as under.

Four Quadrant diagram:

Fig 2: Four Quadrant Diagram
 64 Power Electronics Lab

Fig 3: Four Quadrant Chopper circuit

Forward motoring mode (I quadrant):
During this mode or first-quadrant operation, chopper CH2, CH3 are kept off,
CH4 is kept on whereas CH1 is operated. When CH1, CH4 are on, motor voltage is
positive and positive armature current rises. When CH1 is turned off, positive armature
current free-wheels and decreases as it flows through CH4, D2. In this manner controlled
operation in first quadrant is obtained.

Forward regenerative breaking mode (II quadrant):

A dc motor can work in the regenerative-breaking mode only if motor generated emf
is made to exceed the dc source voltage. For obtaining this mode CH1, CH3 and CH4 are
kept off whereas CH2 is operated. When CH2 is turned on, negative armature current
rises through CH2, D4, Ea, La, ra. When CH2 is turned off, diodes D1, D4 are turned on
and the motor acting as a generator returning energy to dc source. This results in forward
regenerative-breaking mode in the second-quadrant.

Reverse motoring mode (III quadrant):

This operating mode is opposite to forward motoring mode. Chopper CH1, CH4
are kept off, CH2 is kept on whereas CH3 is operated. When CH3 and CH2 are on,
armature gets connected to source voltage Vs so that both armature voltage and armature
current iaare negative. As armature current is reversed, motor torque reversed and
consequently motoring mode in third quadrant is obtained. When CH3 is turned off,
negative armature current freewheels through CH2, D4, Ea, La, ra; armature current
decreases and thus speed control is obtained in third quadrant. Note that during this mode
polarity of Ea is opposite to that shown in circuit diagram.

Reverse Regenerative-braking mode (IV quadrant):

As in forward braking mode, reverse regenerative-braking mode is feasible only if
 motor generated emf is made to exceed the source voltage. For this operating mode, CH1,
CH2 and CH3 are kept off whereas CH4 is operated. When CH4 is turned on, positive
armature current ia rises through CH4, D2, ra, La, Ea. When CH4 is turned off, diodes D2,
D3 begin to conduct and motor acting as generator returns energy to dc source. This leads
to reverse regenerative-braking operation of the dc separately excited motor in fourth
quadrant.
The chopper circuit provided is made to work in the following manner:
Forward Rotation:
During this mode chopper is operating in I quadrant (Current & Voltage are
positive) however chopper jumped to IV quadrant momentarily because current doesn't
become zero instantaneously. Therefore in forward motoring current is always positive
but voltage may be positive or negative. In this way chopper operated in I and IV
quadrants.
Reverse Rotation:
During this mode chopper is operating in III quadrant (Current & Voltage are
negative) however chopper is jumped to II quadrant momentarily because current doesn't
become zero instantaneously. Therefore in reverse motoring current is always negative but
voltage may be positive or negative. In this way chopper operated in III and II quadrants.

procedure:
Keyboard settings
Stop/Set key:
This key is used to stop the process. And also this key is used to move the curser to set
the parameters (frequency, duty cycle and Fw/Rw).
INR key: This key is used to increase the parameters (f, Dcy or Fw/Rw) by one.
DCR key: This key is used to decrease the parameters (f, Dcy or Fw/Rw) by one.
RUN key: This key is used to run at set parameters.
Note: The parameters of the curser positions are varied by pressing INR, DCR keys. The
curser can be brought to different parameters (frequency, duty cycle, Q1&Q4/Q3&Q2) using
SET key. When the process is under RUN the parameters can't be changed (INR, DCR keys
are inactive). The parameters can be changed only after STOP key is pressed and the process
return to SET after wait.When RUN key is pressed the motor goes to RUN mode after wait
 66 Power Electronics Lab

mode. The parameters can be changed only after STOP key is pressed. The process return to
SET after wait.
1. Keep the toggle switch to SET QUAD position.
2. Power circuit connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Connect motor terminals to respective points in the power circuit as shown in the circuit
diagram. Field of the motor to field terminals of the unit.. Armature to the respective
terminals in the circuit.
4. Voltmeter and ammeter are connected internally as shown in the circuit..
5. Triggering pulses are connected internally to respective IGBTs..
6.Connect the power scope to monitor current and voltage waveforms (if provided) otherwise
use CRO.
7. Check the connections and conform the connections made are correct before switching on
mains supply.
8. Connect three pin power cord from the four quadrant chopper power unit to the single
phase three pin power mains
9. Switch on the field supply to the motor.
10. Switch on the single phase power supply to the four quadrant chopper triggering circuit.
11. Keeping power supply voltage knob to minimum position sett frequency, duty cycle,
directions of the motor..

Tabular Column:
 Forward Motoring Mode:
Table No:2

S.No. Duty Cycle Speed In rpm

Reverse Motoring Mode:

Table No: 3

S.No. Duty Cycle Speed In rpm

12. Enter RUN key.

 68 Power Electronics Lab

13. DC power supply voltage must be increased now from 0 up to suitable value (say 100-
150V) by switching on MCB.
14. When RUN key is pressed the chopper is gone for wait mode,, during this mode the
chopper duty cycle is adjusted to less than 10% for a time interval.. After that the
chopper goes to RUN mode, during RUN the chopper duty cycle is adjusted to the sett
value.
15. Observe the speed of the motor in rpm..
16. Now reduce the supply voltage to minimum value..
17. Enter STOP key..
18. When STOP key is pressed the chopper is gone for wait mode,, during this mode the
chopper duty cycle is adjusted to less than 10% for a time interval.. After that the
chopper goes to SET mode, during SET the chopper frequency, duty cycle, chopper
directions (Fw & Rw) can be set.
19. Do the experiment for different duty cycles.
20. Observe the load voltage & load current waveforms using power scope. Load the motor
21. Load the motor slowly (maximum 1A) & study the performance of the motor.
22. Every time reduce the load when you are setting new duty cycle.
23. Release the load. Reduce power supply voltage.
24. Switch OFF power supply.
25. Switch OFF firing circuit & field supply to the motor at the end.
26. Remove the connections
Precautions:
1. All the connection should be tight.
2. Ammeter is always connected in series in the circuit while voltmeter is parallel to the
conductor.
3. The electrical current should not flow the circuit for long time, Otherwise its temperature
will increase and the result will be affected.
4. It should be care that the values of the components of the circuit is does not exceed to
their ratings (maximum value).
5. Before the circuit connection it should be check out working condition of all the
Component.

Result:

Viva Voce:
1.What is meant by step up chopper?
2.Explain how forward motoring operation is attained with four quadrant chopper in a D.C
motor?

3.Explain how forward breaking operation is attained with a four quadrant chopper in a D.C
motor?

4. Explain how reverse motoring operation is attained with a four quadrant chopper in a D.C
motor?

5. Explain how reverse breaking operation is attained with a four quadrant chopper in a D.C
motor?

6.What is meant by step down chopper?

Remarks Signature of the faculty

 70 Power Electronics Lab

Circuit Diagram:
 Fig: Lamp control using TRIAC and DIAC

Expt No. Date: …………

 72 Power Electronics Lab

Study of DIAC & TRIAC Lamp control

Aim: To study the DIAC and TRIAC lamp control operation

Apparatus:
S.No. Name of the equipment Range Qty

Theory:
DIAC TRIAC Power circuit is shown, the working of this cicuit is can be
explain as during the positive half cycle the capacitor start charging, when the
capacitor charged upto Vc, then DIAC start conduction, when the DIAC trun
ON it gives a pulse to the gate of TRIAC due to which the TRIAC start
conduction and current flow trough RL.During the negative half cycle the
capacitor charges in reverse polarity. When the capacitor is charged upto VC ,
then DIAC start coducton and give pulse to the TRIAC. The TRIAC coduct and
current is flow through the RL. As we know that the DIAC works in both
polarities because it just like the two diodes connected to parallel to each other .
Therefore it conducts for both polarities. The out put of the DIAC is given the
gate of the TRIAC, so TRIAC start conduction and lamp will be energized.

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram
2. Initially potentiometer kept at minimum position so lap does not glow at this instant.
3. Note the voltage across the diac and triac.
4. Capacitor and potentiometer using multimeter and CRO.
5. Potentiometer is now placed at medium and then to minimum position and their voltages
were noted.
Precautions:
1. All the connection should be tight.
2. Ammeter is always connected in series in the circuit while voltmeter is parallel to the
conductor.
3. The electrical current should not flow the circuit for long time, Otherwise its temperature
will increase and the result will be affected.
4. It should be care that the values of the components of the circuit is does not exceed to
their ratings (maximum value).
5. Before the circuit connection it should be check out working condition of all the
Component.
Viva Questions :
1. What type of commutation is used in this circuit?

2. What are the effects of load inductance on the performance of AC voltage controllers?

3. What is extinction angle?

4. What are the disadvantages of unidirectional controllers?

5. What are the advantages of ON-OFF control?

Remarks Signature of the faculty

Circuit diagram:
 74 Power Electronics Lab

Fig: Battery charger using SCR

. Expt No. Date: …………

 Battery charger circuit using SCR
Aim: To charge the battery by using SCR
Apparutus:

S.No. Name of the equipment Range Qty

Theory:
A simple battery charger based on SCR is shown here.Here the SCR rectifies the AC mains
voltage to charge the battery.When the battery connected to the charger gets discharged the
battery voltage gets dropped.This inhibits the forward biasing voltage from reaching the base
of the transistor Q1 through R4 and D2.This switches off the transistor.When the transistor is
turned OFF,the gate of SCR (H1) gets the triggering voltage via R1 & D3.This makes the
SCR to conduct and it starts to rectify the AC input voltage.The rectified voltage is given to
the battery through the resistor R6(5W).This starts charging of the battery.
When the battery is completely charged the base of Q1 gets the forward bias signal through
the voltage divider circuit made of R3,R4,R5 and D2.This turns the transistor ON.When the
Q1 is turned ON the trigger voltage at the gate of SCR is cut off and the SCR is turned
OFF.In this condition a very small amount of charge reaches the battery via R2 and D4 for
trickle charging.Since the charging voltage is only half wave rectified ,this type of charger is
suitable only for slow charging.For fast charging full wave rectified charging voltage is
needed.
Procedure :
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram
2.Apply AC main voltage to the step down transformer and the voltage should be down to
20V approx
 76 Power Electronics Lab

3. When the battery connecter to the charging circuit, the battery will not be dead completely
and it will get discharged this will give the forward bias voltage to the transistor through the
diode D2 and resistor R7 which will get turned on.
4. When the transistor is turned on the SCR will get off
5. When the battery voltage is dropped the forward bias will be decreased and transistor gets
turned off.
6. Test the battery is charged or not.

Precautions:
1. All the connection should be tight.
2. Ammeter is always connected in series in the circuit while voltmeter is parallel to the
conductor.
3. The electrical current should not flow the circuit for long time, Otherwise its temperature
will increase and the result will be affected.
4. It should be care that the values of the components of the circuit is does not exceed to
their ratings (maximum value).
5. Before the circuit connection it should be check out working condition of all the
Component.

Result:
Viva Questions :

1. What is the vaue of IG if the SCR is in ON state?

 78 Power Electronics Lab

2. What is the value of maximum forward current of the SCR?

3. What are the advantages of SCR?

4. How much voltage charged by the battery?

Remarks Signature of the faculty