Unit-V SSD PDF
Unit-V SSD PDF
UNIT V
5.1 Introduction
Synchronous motor is an AC motor which rotates at synchronous speed at all loads.
Construction of the stator of synchronous motor is similar to the stator of an induction motor.
But the rotor has a winding.
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Unit V Synchronous Motor Drives
From the above equation, it is clear that the speed of a synchronous motor can be
controlled by varying the frequency of the supply.
As in the case of induction motors, the stator flux is maintained constant by keeping the
(v/f) ratio constant in this motor also. Constant flux operation ensures that the
maximum torque at all frequencies is same.
v/f ratio is increased at low frequencies to increase the torque producing capability of
motor.
Above rated speed, the stator voltage is kept constant and the frequency alone is
increased. In this case, the torque produced by the motor may be reduced.
Variable frequency control may be achieved by any one of the methods listed below.
1. True synchronous mode (or) separate controlled mode.
2. Self synchronous mode (or) self controlled mode.
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Unit V Synchronous Motor Drives
5.4 Self controlled synchronous motor fed from a load commutated thyristor inverter
Its output voltage Vds and the output current Id are positive.
Source side converter works as a line commutated inverter in the firing angle range of
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Unit V Synchronous Motor Drives
Now the voltage Vds is negative and the output current Id are positive.
Load side converter
When synchronous motor operates at leading power factor, the thyristors of the load
side converter can be commutated by the motor induced voltages.
It is called load commutation. This converter operates as an inverter and delivers a
negative Vdl and positive Id in the firing angle range of
It operates as a rectifier and delivers a positive Vdl and Id in the firing angle range of
Fig. 5.3
Fig. 5.2 Self controlled synchronous motor drive employing a load commutated inverter
The synchronous motor can be operated at leading power factor by adjusting the field
excitation of it.
In this condition, the inverter operates as line commutated inverter.
When source side converter is operated as rectifier and load side converter as inverter,
then the power flows from ac source to the motor which gives motoring operation.
When source side converter is operated as inverter and load side converter as rectifier,
then the power flows from the motor to ac source which gives regenerative braking
operation.
The torque produced by the motor depends on the difference in voltages Vds & Vdl. i.e (Vds
– Vdl).
The speed of the motor is changed by changing the voltage V ds which in turn is changed
by varying the firing angle of source side converter.
When the source side and load side converters are working as inverters, the firing angle
of each thyristor switches should be less than 180 0 to avoid the short circuit of the dc
supply.
It may happen if two devices in the same leg conduct when firing angle is 180 0. So care
should be taken for commutation overlap and turn off of thyristors.
Let the commutation lead angle for load side converter as βl. Then,
If commutation overlap is neglected, then the input ac current will lag the input dc
voltage by an angle l.
As the motor current is opposite to converter input current, the motor current will lead
the terminal voltage by an angle βl. Hence the motor operates at leading power factor.
For low values of βl, the power factor will be high and the inverter rating will be low.
The value of βl may be reduced by reducing the sub transient inductance of the machine.
It is done by using damper windings.
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Unit V Synchronous Motor Drives
When the load side converter acts as inverter, it is operated with a fixed commutation
lead angle βlc and when it acts as rectifier, it is operated with β = 1800.
At high power factor, the rating of the converter required is reduced. This is achieved by
operating the load side converter with constant margin angle control.
If µ is the commutation overlap of thyristor under commutation, then the duration for
which reverse bias applied is,
Fig. 5.4
Increasing the speed
If the speed is to be increased, then it is given as reference speed ωm*.
Actual speed and reference speed are compared at the comparator and it produces a
positive speed error.
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Unit V Synchronous Motor Drives