Database Systems:

Design, Implementation,
and Management

Chapter 1 Introduction to
Database Systems

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Objectives

• Overview of Information System

• Introduction the database and the
DBMS
• The importance of database design

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Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad ​

Overview of Information System

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Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad ​

Overview of the Information

System

• Provides for data collection,

storage, and retrieval
• Composed of:
– People, hardware, software –
Database(s), application programs,
procedures
• ​Systems analysis
– Process that establishes need for and
extent of
information system
• ​Systems development
– Process of creating information
system
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The Information System

(continued)

• Applications
– Transform data into information that
forms basis ​for decision making –
​
Usually produce the following:
• Formal report
• Tabulations
• Graphic displays ​– Composed of
following two parts:
• Data
• Code by which data are transformed into

information
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Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad ​

The Information System

(continued)

• Performance depends on three

factors:
– Database design and implementation
– Application design and implementation
– Administrative procedures
• ​Database development
– Process of database design and
implementation – Implementation phase
includes:
• Creating database storage structure
• Loading data into the database
• Providing for data management

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Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad ​
Introduction to database and
the DBMS

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Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad ​

Introduction to database and

the DBMS
• Good decisions require good
information ​derived from raw facts
• Data managed most efficiently
when stored in a ​database
• Databases evolved from computer
file systems
• Understanding file system
characteristics is ​important

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Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad ​

Data vs. Information

• ​Data ​are raw facts
• ​Information ​is the result of
processing raw data to reveal
meaning
• Information requires ​context ​to
reveal meaning
• Raw data must be ​formatted ​for
storage, processing, and presentation
• Data are the foundation of
information, which is ​the bedrock of
knowledge

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Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad ​
Data vs. Information
(continued)

• Data: building blocks of information

• Information produced by processing
data
• Information used to reveal meaning
in data
• Accurate, relevant, timely
information is the key ​to good
decision making
• Good decision making is the key to
organizational survival
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Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad ​

Introducing the Database

and the DBMS
• Database: shared, integrated

computer ​structure that stores a

collection of data –
​ End-user data: raw
facts of interest to the end ​user –
​
Metadata​: data about data
• Metadata provides description of

data ​characteristics and relationships

in data
– Complements and expands value of
data
• ​Database management system

(DBMS)​: ​collection of programs

– Manage structure and control access
to data
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Role and Advantages of the

DBMS

• DBMS is the intermediary between

the user ​and the database
• Database structure stored as file
collection
• Access database through the
DBMS
• DBMS enables data to be shared
• DBMS integrates many users’ views
of the data

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Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad ​

Role and Advantages of the

DBMS ​(continued)
• Advantages of a DBMS: ​– Improved
data sharing – Improved data security ​–
Better data integration ​– Minimized ​data
inconsistency ​– Improved data access
– Improved decision making ​– Increased
end-user productivity

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Types of Databases
• Databases can be classified
according to:
– Number of users – Database
location(s) – Expected type and extent
of use
• ​Single-user database ​supports
 only one user ​at a time –
​ ​Desktop
database ​– single-user, runs on PC
• ​Multiuser database ​supports

multiple users at ​the same time –

​
Workgroup database ​supports a small
number – ​Enterprise database
supports a large number
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Types of Databases
(continued)

• ​Centralized database​: data located

at a single ​site
• ​Distributed database​: data
distributed across ​several different
sites
• ​Operational database​: supports a
company’s day-to-day operations
– ​Transactional ​or ​production
database
• ​Data warehouse​: stores data used
for tactical or strategic decisions

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Types of Databases
(continued)

• ​Unstructured data ​exist in their

original state
• ​Structured data ​result from
formatting
– Structure applied based on type of

processing to ​be performed

• ​Semistructured data ​have been

processed to ​some extent

• ​Extensible Markup Language

(XML) ​represents data elements in

textual format
• ​XML database ​supports

semistructured XML ​data

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The Importance of ​Database
Design

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Why Database Design is

Important
• ​Database design ​focuses on
design of ​database structure used for
end-user data
– Designer must identify database’s
expected use
• Well-designed database:
– Facilitates data management –
Generates accurate and valuable
information
• Poorly designed database:
– Causes difficult-to-trace errors

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Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad ​
Summary

• Data are raw facts

• Information is the result of
processing data to reveal its meaning
• Accurate, relevant, timely
information is the key ​to good
decision making
• Data usually stored in a database
• DBMS implements a database and
manages its ​contents

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Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad ​

Summary (continued)
• Metadata is data about data
• Database design defines the

database ​structure –
​ Well-designed
database facilitates data ​management,

generates valuable information –

​
Poorly-designed database leads to bad

decision ​making, organizational failure

• Databases evolved from manual

and ​computerized file systems

– In a file system, data stored in
independent files
• Each requires its own management
program

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Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad ​

Review Questions

• Differentiate between data and

information. ​(4marks)
• List two (2) types of database.
Support your ​answer with one (1)
example. (4marks)
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Historical Roots: Files and

File ​Systems
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Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad ​

Historical Roots: Files and

File ​Systems
• Reasons for studying file systems:
– Complexity of database design easier
to
understand – Understanding file system
problems helps to
avoid problems with DBMS systems –
Knowledge of file system useful for
converting
file system to database system
• File systems typically composed of
collection of ​file folders, each tagged
and kept in cabinet
– Organized by expected use
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Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad ​

Historical Roots: Files and

File ​Systems (continued)
• As number of files increased, file
systems ​evolved
– Each file used its own application
program to
store, retrieve, modify data – Each file
owned by individual or department that
commissioned its creation

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Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad ​

Problems with File System

Data ​Management
• Requires extensive programming
• Can not perform ad hoc queries
• System administration complex and
difficult
• Difficult to make changes to existing
structures
• Security features likely to be
inadequate and difficult to program

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Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad ​

Structural and Data

Dependence pge18
• ​File System exhibits: Structural
dependence​: access to a file

dependent on its ​own structure –

​ All
file system programs must be modified

to ​conform to a new file structure

• ​Structural independence​: change

file ​structure without affecting data

access
• ​File System exhibits: Data

dependence​: data ​access changes

when data storage ​characteristics

change
• ​Data independence​: data storage

characteristics do not affect data

access
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Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad ​

Field Definitions and ​Naming

Conventions
• Storing customer name as single

field is a ​liability –
​ Better record
definition breaks fields into ​component

parts
• Selecting proper field names
important; field ​names are descriptive
– With proper naming conventions, file

structure ​becomes ​self-documenting ​–

Some software places restrictions on

length of ​field names

• Each record should have unique

identifier
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Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad ​

Field Definitions and ​Naming

Conventions
Data Redundancy
• ​Data redundancy​: same data

stored ​unnecessarily in different

places
• File system structure makes it

difficult to ​combine data from multiple

sources
– Vulnerable to security breaches
• Organizational structure promotes

storage of ​same data in different

locations
– Islands of information
• Data stored in different locations

unlikely to be ​updated consistently

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Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad ​

Data Redundancy
(continued)
• ​Data inconsistency​: different and
conflicting ​versions of same data
occur at different places
• ​Data anomalies (page 19 text
book)​: abnormalities when all
changes in redundant ​data not made
correctly
– Update anomalies: to update data in a
large file
system ​– Insertion anomalies: to insert
new data that has
connection with non exist data –
Deletion anomalies: to delete data that
also has
connection with other related data
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Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad ​

Database Systems

• Database system consists of

logically related ​data stored in a
single logical data repository ​– May be
physically distributed among multiple
storage facilities
• DBMS eliminates most of file
system’s problems
• Current generation stores data
structures, ​relationships between
structures, access paths
– Takes care of defining, storing,
managing all
access paths and components
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Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad ​

The Database System

Environment

• ​Database system​: defines and

regulates the ​collection, storage,
management, use of data
• Five major parts of a database
system:
– Hardware ​– Software – People ​–
Procedures ​– Data

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Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad ​

The Database System

Environment ​(continued)
• ​Hardware​: all the system’s physical
devices
• ​Software​: three types of software
required:
– Operating system software – DBMS
software – Application programs and
utility software
• ​People​: all users of the database
system:
– System and database administrators –
Database designers – Systems analysts
and programmers – End users

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Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad ​

The Database System

Environment ​(continued)
• ​Procedures​: instructions and rules
that govern ​the design and use of the

database system
• ​Data​: the collection of facts stored

in the ​database
• Database systems created and

managed at ​different levels of

complexity
• Database solutions must be

cost-effective as ​well as tactically and

strategically effective
• Database technology already in use
affects ​selection of a database

system

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Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad ​

DBMS Functions

• Most functions transparent to end

users
– Can only be achieved through the
DBMS
• Data dictionary management
– DBMS stores definitions of data

elements and ​relationships (metadata)

in a ​data dictionary –
​ DBMS looks up
required data component ​structures and

relationships –
​ Changes automatically
recorded in the dictionary ​– DBMS
provides data abstraction, removes

structural and data dependency

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Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad ​

DBMS Functions (continued)

• Data storage management

– DBMS creates and manages complex
structures
required for data storage – Also stores
related data entry forms, screen
definitions, report definitions, etc. –
Performance tuning​: activities that
make the
database perform more efficiently –
DBMS stores the database in multiple
physical
data files

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Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad ​

DBMS Functions (continued)

• Data transformation and

presentation
– DBMS transforms data entered to
conform to
required data structures – DBMS
transforms physically retrieved data to
conform to user’s logical expectations
• Security management
– DBMS creates a security system that
enforces
user security and data privacy –
Security rules determine which users
can access the database, which items
can be accessed, etc.
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DBMS Functions (continued)

• Multiuser access control
– DBMS uses sophisticated algorithms
to ensure
concurrent access does not affect
integrity
• Backup and recovery management
– DBMS provides backup and data
recovery to
ensure data safety and integrity –
Recovery management deals with
recovery of
database after a failure
• Critical to preserving database’s integrity
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DBMS Functions (continued)

• Data integrity management

– DBMS promotes and enforces
integrity rules
• Minimizes redundancy
• Maximizes consistency ​– Data
relationships stored in data dictionary
used
to enforce data integrity – Integrity
especially important in transaction-
oriented database systems
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DBMS Functions (continued)

• Database access languages and

application ​programming interfaces
– DBMS provides access through a
query
language – ​Query language ​is a
nonprocedural language – ​Structured
Query Language (SQL) ​is the de
facto query language
• Standard supported by majority of DBMS
vendors
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DBMS Functions (continued)

• Database communication interfaces

– Current DBMSs accept end-user
requests via
multiple different network environments
– Communications accomplished in
several ways:
• End users generate answers to queries by
filling in screen forms through Web browser
• DBMS automatically publishes predefined
reports on a Web site
• DBMS connects to third-party systems to
distribute information via e-mail

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Managing the Database

System: ​A Shift in Focus
• Database system provides a
framework in ​which strict procedures
and standards enforced
– Role of human changes from
programming to
managing organization’s resources
• Database system enables more
sophisticated use of the data
• Data structures created within the
database ​and their relationships
determine effectiveness

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Managing the Database

System: ​A Shift in Focus
(continued)
• Disadvantages of database
systems:
– Increased costs – Management
complexity ​– Maintaining currency ​–
Vendor dependence – Frequent
upgrade/replacement cycles
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Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad ​

Summary

• Some limitations of file system data

management:
– Requires extensive programming –
System administration complex and
difficult – Changing existing structures
difficult – Security features likely
inadequate ​– Independent files tend to
contain redundant data
• Structural and data dependency problems
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Database Systems, 10th Edition, Coronel et al Reproduced by: Masurah Mohamad ​

Review Question

• Describe three (3) problems of file

system. ​(6marks)
• List two (2) functions of DBMS.
(4marks)
• Why people plays an important
roles in the ​database system
environment? (2marks)
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