ADDRESS TERMS IN ENGLISH AND KONJONESE: A

SOCIOLINGUISTIC STUDY

Ahmad Rizal Abdullah, Harlinah Sahib

[email protected]

Abstract

This research aimed to 1) identify the the address terms existing in English and Konjonese, and 2) to
analyze the aspects affecting the use of the address terms in English and Konjonese. this research used
a descriptive and qualitative approach. Qualitative as research procedure produces descriptive data
involving oral and written data from people and behavior that can be observed. The data is taken by
Recording the conversation which is done by people from Konjo community. The recording is taken by
using smart phone’s recorder in various circumstances such as in family gathering, office and
neighborhood situations. the result of the research is that there is a different between the use of the
address terms in English and Konjonese. In English, the speakers sometimes used the first name of the
addressee to show the closeness while in Konjo dialect, there are particular title used to address
someone particularly those who are older. In addition, there several aspects affecting the use of the
address terms involving situation, age different and social distance as well as social status.

Keywords: Address terms, English, Konjonese, Sociolinguistic

1. Introduction

When one individual speaks to another one, there are several things that
should be considered by the speaker involving language choice as well as the
addressee in order to run and to fluent the communication process. One term
that is frequently found known as Address terms. Address terms are defined as
words which speakers use to designate the person they are talking to. Address
terms are part of complete semantic systems having to do with social
 relationships (Fasold, 1990:1-3). Hence, through the use of address terms,
people can identify the level of the intimacy and the distance between speakers
and hearers. The example of the Phenomena can be seen through the American
English known as a first name calling society where the speakers living there
address each other through first name to show their closeness.

In Indonesia, beside Indonesian as the national language, there also

various vernacular language used by the people. For example, language used by
people live in South Sulawesi exactly in Bulukumba Regency. Majority of people
living in several sub-districts there use vernacular language known as Konjonese
in daily activity. Related to the use of the address terms in Konjonese. The
Researcher found a phenomenon which was found in kinship term. The speakers
in Addressing someone need to pay attantion through the status as well as the
intimacy. Such as when someone’s older, he should be addressed by particular
titles in order to show honor and respect. In addition, the status can be derived
from class stratification and hence when speakers from one of the classes
address another person from the other class, the use of address terms will be
completely different when they address people in the same class.

From the description above, it is substantial and informative to do an

observation in order to give a better comprehension about the way of people
speaking English and Konjo dialect in addressing each other. By conducting
research, The researcher elucidated the kinds of address terms used by the
Konjo people in order to identify the differences and similarities with the use in
English through a research entitled “Address terms in English and Konjonese: a
Sociolinguistics Study”.

2. Method
This research aims to analyze how the Address terms existing in English
and Konjonese as well as the aspects affecting the use of the Address terms of
the languages. In addition, this study will use a descriptive and qualitative
approach. Qualitative as research procedure produces descriptive data involving
 oral and written data from people and behavior that can be observed (Berg in
Muhammad 2011: 30).
In addition, There are several steps applied by the researcher. Firstly,The
researcher transcribed the data taken from the utterances of Konjonese as well
as English. After transcribing the data particularly for Konjonese, it was translated
into English. It was done to make the non-Konjonese readers to comprehend the
finding that will be analyzed by the researcher. After that, the researcher
Classified the forms of address that exist in English and Konjonese and at the
end described the address terms existing in English and Konjonese as well as
examining the factors affecting the use of the Address terms.

3. Main Heading of the Analysis or Results

3.1 Theoretical Background
3.1.1 Language and Culture

Hudson in wardaugh (2006) stated that language is a set of items or

conventionally known as linguistics items involving sounds, words, grammatical
structure and so on. From those items are where the status of people as well as
their arrangement of a language they concern with. In other hand, sociologists
attempt to understand how societies are structured and how the people manage
to live together. Therefore, they apply such concepts as identity, power, class,
status, solidarity, accomodation, face, gender and politeness (wardaugh , 2006:
10)

In Addition, according to Chomsky (2006:6) language is a cultural product

subject to laws and principles partially unique to it and partially reflections of
general properties of mind. Therefore, culture is the one that organizes people in
living as community.

Culture refers to all the ideas and assumptions about the nature of things
and people that someone learns when he/she becomes the members of social
groups. It can be defined as “socially acquired knowledge.” This is the kind of
 knowledge similar to the first language, it is initially acquired without conscious
awareness. someone develops the awareness of knowledge after having
developed language. The particular language which is learned through the
process of cultural transmission provides someone, at least initially, with a ready-
made system of categorizing the world around us and our experience of it (yule,
2010: 267).

A society’s culture consists of whatever that has to be known or believed

in order to operate in a manner acceptable to its member and in any role that
they accept for any one of themselves. Culture, being what people have to learn
as distinct from their biological heritage, must consist of the end of product
learning: knowledge, in a most general, if relative, sense of the term. By this
definition, it should be noted that culture is not a material phenomenon; it does
not consist of things, people, behaviour, or emotion. It is rather an organization of
these things. (hymes, 1964: 36)

3.1.2 Sociolinguistic
Sociolinguistics tends to put emphasis on language in social context.
Sociolinguistics argues that language exists in context and depends on the
speaker who is using it, where it is being used and why. Speakers mark their
personal history and identity in their speech as well as sociocultural, economic
and geographical coordinates in time and place (Tagliamonte, 2006: 3).
Beside that, Wardaugh (2006:11) stated that sociolinguistics as the
relationship between language and society with the aim to have a better
understanding of the language structure and how the language function in
communication. the society as any group of people who are assemble together
for particular purpose or purposes and language as well of what the member of
particular group of people or society use to speak. In sociolinguistics, people
study language and society in order to figure out what the language is.
In addition, Wardaugh (2006: 10) claimed that there is a possible
relationships between language and society. it is that social structure may
 influence or determine linguistic structure and behaviour. The phenomenon is
known as age-grading where young children speak differently from older
children and in turn children speak differently from mature adults. As brown and
levinson argued that in the case of linguistics, the shift in emphasis from speaker
identity to a focus on dyadic patterns of verbal interaction as the expression of
social relationship and from the emphasis on the usage of linguistic form to an
emphasis on the relation between form and complex inference (Brown and
Levinson, 1987:2)

3.1.3 Address terms

Address terms are the words that people use to designate the person they
communicate with. In most language, there are two main kinds of Address terms
where it can be names and second-person pronouns. However in the principle of
Address terms, people basically address in two ways whether it is by their first
name (FN) or by their title with last name (TLN) (Fasold, 1990:2).

Address terms are part of complete semantic system having to do with

social relationships. In different social context, an individual will speak in different
ways where it can be influenced by terms of age, gender, social class as well as
ethnic group. Therefore, it will be different through the use of the address terms
existing in that particular social context.

Brown and Gilman in Fasold (1990:3-7) stated that the use of pronoun is
governed by two semantics known as power and solidarity. The power pronoun
semantic, like the power relationship, is nonreciprocal. A person has power over
another person to the degree that he or she can control the other person’s
behaviour. It means that two people cannot have power over each other in the
same area. Older people are assumed to have power over younger people,
parents over children, employers over employees, nobles over peasants and
military officers over enlisted men. The second is the solidarity semantic where
two people can be equally powerful in the social order. Solidarity implies a
 sharing between people which is a degree of closeness and intimacy where the
relationship is reciprocal. If you are close to someone else, in most natural state
of affairs, that person is close to you.

3.1.4 Function of Address Terms

The use of address form has its own function which depends on the
culture and context in every conversation. In some countries, especially in
Europe or America, there is a difference on the use of Address terms, but it is not
as complicated as in Indonesia which has many regional languages. Brown and
Ford in Fasold (1990:8) stated that when the speakers do not have an intimate
term with the addressee then some forms of Title and Last Name (TLN) will be
used. On the other hand, people use First Name (FN) to address people whom
the speaker has close relationship.

In addition to the function and difference of Address terms in many

countries with different culture, there are also examples of address form in many
places. According to Cf. Geiger in Fasold (1990), there is a case when people
will address one person with different Address terms. For example, a man can be
expected to address his wife by her first name, but may refer to her as, ‘Mom’,
‘my wife’, ‘Mary’, Mrs. Harris’, or Tommy’s mother. It depends on whom he is
talking to. In other hand, if the speaker simply does not know the other person’s
name, he uses some address usually used in American English address such as
‘Mr.’, ‘Mrs.’, or ‘Miss’ plus an empty last name.

3.1.5 Politeness

Address terms relate to politeness in communication. Each kind of

address terms has different level in communication process and being polite are
a complicated business in any language. Politeness includes both verbal and
nonverbal behavior. The way that people talk and behave with each other shows
their evaluation of themselves and also of the other interlocutors in the
interaction. In a verbal interaction it can be said that people should choose
proper linguistic forms according to the context of the situation and the status of
other participants, in order to keep politeness in the language. In other words the
language is considered as one of the means of expressing politeness.

The politeness strategies are the set of tools that include the problem in
social distance, power and rank of imposition, social distance is the relationship
between speaker and hearer in communication. If two people are very close, they
have low degree of social distance and they usually do not use polite words to
speak with each other and vice versa. Power refers to the power relationship in
communication like position in society, age and social status. There are three
kinds of power relationship. The first is equal power between friends and
colleague. The second is someone who has more power relationship, like boss,
teacher or lecturer. The third is less power relationship like brother, sister and
student when you are teacher and employee, when you are boss. Next rank of
imposition is the importance or degree of difficulty situasion, the situation in
emergency or not and how big something that speaker wants to offer or not
(Brown and Levinson in Aisyahdastina, 2017: 208).

Based on linguistics approach, a polite behavior is referred to a proper

manner of talking to people with considering their relation to the speaker and
sometimes, considering the condition, meanwhile impolite linguistic choices may
be considered as rude and inappropriate behavior (Watts, 2003:19).

Brown and Levinson (1987) took into account a broader view of social
behavior, in particular developing the concept of face. They claimed that in
maintaining face in interaction, such cooperation being based on the mutual
vulnerability of face that is normally everyone’s face depends on everyone else to
be maintaned, and since people can be expected to depend their faces if
threatened and in defending their own to threaten other’s faces. It is in general in
every participant’s best interest to maintain each other’s face that is to act in
ways that assure the other participants that the agent is heedful of the
assumptions concerning face. Based on Brown and Levinson’s theory, there are
four strategies of politeness; Bald on Record, Positive Politeness, Negative
Politeness, and Off-Record. The hierarchy can be described as follows:
 off recod

negative
politeness

positive politeness

bald-on record

Figure 1. Hierarchy of politeness strategy by Brown and Levinson

Positive politeness is oriented toward the positive face of hearer,the

positive image that someone claims for her/himself. It has a function to reduce
the distance in communication by treating the addressee as a member of an in-
group or friend. It is the way to make hearers to feel convenient when they are
hearing the conversation. Moreover, the potential face threat of an act is
minimized. In this case the speaker wants at least some of the hearer’s wants.
For example, the speaker considers the hearer to be in important respects ‘the
same’ as the speaker with in-group or by the implication that the speaker likes
the hearer so that FTA (Face threatening Act) doesn’t mean a negative.

Negative politeness strategies consist in assurances that the speaker

recognizes and respects the addressee’s wants and will not interfere with the
addressee’s freedom of action. Therefore, the negative politeness is
characterizad by self-effacement, formality and restraint, with attention to very
restricted aspects of hearer’s self image. In another word, this strategy can also
be used as self-protection, the speaker does not want to be label as a person
who is too friendly after just being introduced.

Bald on record has special characteristic which happens when someone

say in direct way. Culpeper in Adel stated that bald on record politeness is used
when threat to the hearer’s face is very small or in situation when the speaker is
more powerful than the hearer as in the interaction between a parent and a child
 (Adel, 2016: 50). there are several cases that can be applied as bald on record.
1) including instances of non-minimization of the face threat, 2) avoiding
ambiguity and suitable in emergency situation. By going on record, speakers can
potentially get any of the following advantages; they can enlist public pressure
against the addressee or in support of himself, they can get credit for honesty for
indicating that they trust the addressee as well as avoid the danger of being
misunderstood as well as have the opportunity.

Off record strategy, the characteristic is something explain in indirect way.

The communication in this strategy is ambigious. The hearers have to determine
the meaning by themselves. The speakers usually use the words that have
connection with the meaning. In this situation, the speakers avoid offending the
hearer with the particular FTA (Brown and Levinson, 1987: 71-72).

In addition for social interaction, people present a face to others and to

others’ faces. they are obliged to protect both our own face and the faces of
others to the extent that each time we interact with others we play out a kind of
mini-drama, a kind of ritual in which each party is required to recognize the
identity that the other claims for himself or herself (Wardaugh, 2006:276) .

One of the most important ways in which we reduce the ambiguity of

communication is by making assumptions about the people we are talking to.
Moreover any communication is a risk to face; it is a risk to one’s own face, at the
same time, it is a risk to the other person’s. We have to carefully project a face
for ourselves and to respect the face rights and claims of other participants
(Scollon and Scollon in Wardaugh, 2006: 276)

3.2 Discussion

3.2.1 Address Terms in English and Konjonese

The aim of this research is to analyze and to compare the address terms
existing in English and Konjo dialect in daily conversation. In this research, the
researcher find several phenomena related the use of the address terms
particularly those existing in particular environment such as in family
environment, non family environment as well as in the occupational environment.

In the family environment involves the address terms of father, mother,

grandfather, grandmother, uncle, aunty, son, daughter, cousin, and nephew as
well. the phenomena existing in the address terms in American-English and
Konjo society is basically similar. It is when the younger members address the
adult should use a particular terms to be more polite and respect. While in the
other hand, the younger members only receive the name by the adults because
in the family the adult is the one who has power. However, in particular family in
English sometimes the young member of the family address the adult only by the
name while in Konjo family, it is absolutely considered rude and impolite because
the young member in Konjo family should address the adult with certain
respected addresses such as atta, bapak, Tata, tetta for father as well as
Anrong, Amma’, for mother and etc.

In Addition, In order to describe the data, Sahib (2017) stated that in

analyzing the vernacular language should involve what the so-called Corpus,
Gloss, Part of Speech (PS) as well as the Free translation in order to give a clear
description to the readers about the vernalucar language. the analysis of the data
can be seen as follows:

Another substantial phenomena related to the way of the use of the

address terms is in relationship between brothers and sisters. In English, brother
and sister address each other by using the nickname. it is as Brown and
Levinson (1987) claimed that if two people are very close, they have low degree
of social distance and they usually do not use polite words to speak with each
other and vice versa. On the other hand, in Konjo family, it is rude for young
brother or sister to address the older one by the nickname. therefore, they should
address them with the terms such Daeng + Nickname , Kaka, Urang Sianak,
Andi+Nickname to show respect to the older one.

Furthermore, the difference can also be seen through the use of the
second personal pronoun where in English only use the address you to the
interlcutor. In Konjo dialect, the speaker should consider who the addressee
he/she speakes to because it determines the use of the address for the second
personal pronoun. The existed pronoun in Konjo dialect can refer to be polite and
impolite way. Politely, the people use the personal pronoun Ki, Gitte, and ta as
well. it is always used to refer to the one who are superior than the speaker to
show respect. On the other hand, the people use the terms ko and kau when
talking to the interlocutor in the casual way where it doesn’t concern whether it is
polite or not.

For marital status particularly in Konjo dialect in which is different with

English while woman has married there, she will be addressed with Mrs together
with the first or the last name of her husband. In konjo society, the woman who
has been married is addressed with bu’ or bu’ with the name of the woman not
her husband.

In Konjo society, the most important things related to the address term
that is considered by the people are the social status and the age different. It is
because those who have the high status and older need to be honored because
the culture of the Konjo people who are always respect to each other involved in
community. While in English, there are several existed phenomena where they
address to each other only by using the name without particular term such the
youger address the adult.

3.2.2 Aspects affecting the use of the address terms

a. the use of address terms based on the situation

 The use of address terms based on the situation can be divided into formal
and informal situation. In formal situation or sometimes done in the occupational
place. People address to each other in english with various terms known as Sir
Mr, Mrs, Miss, Ladies, Ma’am, and Gentlemen. Those terms are considered
polite and appropriate to be used for people who is around the place like School,
library, office and another formal place. While In informal situation, the poeple
usually use the casual language in purpose to reduce the distance in
communication. For example among teenegers, they usually address one
another only with the nickname to show the intimacy.

b. The use of address terms based on age difference

young children speak differently from older children and in turn children
speak differently from mature adults. In English, particularnya in family
environment, the children speaks the adult by using the particular address and
receive the nickname from the adult however in some family in America,
sometimes the children only address their parents with the name. In Konjo
dialect, different with English, eventhough there are also particular terms used to
address the adult but it is prohibited for the children to address the adult only by
the name because the speakers will be considered impolite

c. Social distance and social status

Social distance is the relationship between speaker and hearer in

communication. If two people are very close, they have low degree of social
distance and they usually do not use polite words to speak with each other and
vice versa. Power refers to the power relationship in communication like position
in society, age and social status.

4. Conclusion
There is a different between the use of the address terms in English and
Konjonese. In English, the speakers sometimes used the first name of the
 addressee to show the closeness while in Konjo dialect, there are particular title
used to address someone particularly those who are older. Address term in
family relationship. In Konjo dialect: Atta, Amma, Bapak, Mama, Anrong, Bohe,
Pung+nenek, Kakak, Andi’, Purina, Buruneng, Daeng, Bahineng, Nak, Kali,
Sampu’ and etc. While in English: Dad, Daddy, Father, Mom, Mommy, Brother,
Sister, Great grandpa, Great grandma, Grandfather, Grandmother, Uncle, Aunt,
Son, Honey.In addition, there several aspects affecting the use of the address
terms involving situation, age different and social distance as well as social
status

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