BASIC ELECTRO-MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

(EE-170)

Lecture#03

Engr. Ayla Safdar

Lecturer
Electrical Department
 Energy
 The watt-second is too small a quantity for most practical
purposes, so the watt-hour (Wh) and kilowatt-hour (kWh)
are defined as follows:
Energy (Wh)  power (W)  time (h)
power (W)  time (h)
Energy (kWh) 
1000
 The killowatt-hour meter is an instrument used for
measuring the energy supplied to a residential or
commercial user of electricity.
 Energy

Energy is the fundamental capacity to do work.

In a power station, gas, coal, or nuclear energy is
transformed into electrical energy – much like a battery.
Note that energy can neither be created or destroyed, only
transformed.
Energy is measured in joules and symbolized by the letter
w. (lowercase w).
Energy is the amount of power consumed over time, which
can be written as w=∫p dt from t0 to t
 Energy Conversion in a resistor

 The power consumed by a resistor can be written as w=∫v*i dt

from t0 to t, since p=v*i.

 As you’ve seen, when there is a current through a resistance,

electrical energy is converted to heat energy.

 This heat is caused by the collisions of the free electrons within

the atomic structure of the resistive material.

 When a collision occurs, heat is given off and the electron gives
up some of its acquired energy as it moves through the
material.
 Power

W
P
t

1 Watt (W)  1 joule / second

Power can be delivered or absorbed as defined by

the polarity of the voltage and the direction of the
current.
 Power

Power is the rate at which energy is used.

p = dw/dt, where w is energy and t is time.

Power in electrical circuits is measured in watts and

symbolized by the letter W. Note: energy uses a
lowercase letter and power uses an uppercase.
 For example, a 60 watt light bulb uses 60 joules of
energy in 1 second.
Kirchoff’s Laws
 Circuit Definitions

 Node – any point where 2 or more circuit elements are

connected together
 Wires usually have negligible resistance
 Each node has one voltage (w.r.t. ground)
 Branch – a circuit element between two nodes
 Loop – a collection of branches that form a closed path returning
to the same node without going through any other nodes or
branches twice
Example
 How many nodes, branches & loops?

R1
+

+ Vs Is
R2 R3 Vo
-

-
Example
 Three nodes

R1
+

+ Vs Is
R2 R3 Vo
-

-
Example
 5 Branches

R1
+

+ Vs Is
R2 R3 Vo
-

-
Example
 Three Loops, if starting at node A

A B
R1
+

+ Vs Is
R2 R3 Vo
-

-
C
 Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

 The algebraic sum of voltages around each loop is zero

 Beginning with one node, add voltages across each branch in the
loop (if you encounter a + sign first) and subtract voltages (if
you encounter a – sign first)

 Σ voltages= 0
Example
 Kirchoff’s Voltage Law around 1st Loop

I1 + I1R1 -
A B
R1
+
I2 +
+ Vs Is
R2 I2R2 R3 Vo
-

-
-
C
Assign current variables and directions
Use Ohm’s law to assign voltages and polarities consistent with
passive devices (current enters at the + side)
Example
 Kirchoff’s Voltage Law around 1st Loop

I1 + I1R1 -
A B
R1
+
I2 +
+ Vs Is
R2 I2R2 R3 Vo
-

-
-
C
Starting at node A, add the 1st voltage drop: + I1R1
Example
 Kirchoff’s Voltage Law around 1st Loop

I1 + I1R1 -
A B
R1
+
I2 +
+ Vs Is
R2 I2R2 R3 Vo
-

-
-
C
Add the voltage drop from B to C through R2: + I1R1 + I2R2
 Example
 Kirchoff’s Voltage Law around 1st Loop

I1 + I1R1 -
A B
R1
+
I2 +
+ Vs Is
R2 I2R2 R3 Vo
-

-
-
C
Subtract the voltage rise from C to A through Vs: + I1R1 + I2R2 – Vs = 0
Notice that the sign of each term matches the polarity encountered 1st
 Circuit Analysis

 When given a circuit with sources and resistors having fixed

values, you can use Kirchoff’s two laws and Ohm’s law to
determine all branch voltages and currents

+ VAB -
A I
7Ω B
+
+
12 v 3Ω
VBC
-
-
C
 Circuit Analysis
 By Ohm’s law: VAB = I·7Ω and VBC = I·3Ω
 By KVL: VAB + VBC – 12 v = 0
 Substituting: I·7Ω + I·3Ω -12 v = 0
 Solving: I = 1.2 A
+ VAB -
A I
7Ω B
+
+
12 v 3Ω
VBC
-
-
C
 Circuit Analysis
 Since VAB = I·7Ω and VBC = I·3Ω
 And I = 1.2 A
 So VAB = 8.4 v and VBC = 3.6 v

+ VAB -
A I
7Ω B
+
+
12 v 3Ω
VBC
-
-
C
Series Resistors
 KVL: +I·10Ω – 12 v = 0, So I = 1.2 A
 From the viewpoint of the source, the 7 and 3 ohm resistors
in series are equivalent to the 10 ohms

+
+
12 v 10Ω
I·10Ω
-
-
Series Resistors
 To the rest of the circuit, series resistors can be replaced by
an equivalent resistance equal to the sum of all resistors

Series resistors (same current through all)

I ...

I
Σ Rseries
 Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL)

 The algebraic sum of currents entering a node is zero

 Add each branch current entering the node and subtract each
branch current leaving the node

 Σ currents in - Σ currents out = 0

 Or Σ currents in = Σ currents out

Example
 Kirchoff’s Current Law at B

I1 B
A
R1
+
I2 I3
+ Vs Is
R2 R3 Vo
-

-
C
Assign current variables and directions
Add currents in, subtract currents out: I1 – I2 – I3 + Is = 0
Circuit Analysis A
+
+ +
I1 I2
10 A 8Ω 4Ω VAB
- -
-
B

By KVL: - I1∙ 8Ω + I2∙ 4Ω = 0

Solving: I2 = 2 ∙ I1
By KCL: 10A = I1 + I2
Substituting: 10A = I1 + 2 ∙ I1 = 3 ∙ I1
So I1 = 3.33 A and I2 = 6.67 A
And VAB = 26.33 volts
Circuit Analysis A
+

10 A 2.667Ω VAB

-
B

By Ohm’s Law: VAB = 10 A ∙ 2.667 Ω

So VAB = 26.67 volts

Replacing two parallel resistors (8 and 4 Ω)

by one equivalent one produces the same
result from the viewpoint of the rest of the
circuit.
Parallel Resistors
 The equivalent resistance for any number of resistors in
parallel (i.e. they have the same voltage across each resistor):
1
Req =
1/R1 + 1/R2 + ∙∙∙ + 1/RN

 For two parallel resistors:

Req = R1∙R2/(R1+R2)
 Example Circuit

Solve for the currents through each resistor

And the voltages across each resistor
Example Circuit
+ I1∙10Ω - + I3∙6Ω -

+ +
I2∙8Ω I3∙4Ω
- -

Using Ohm’s law, add polarities and

expressions for each resistor voltage
Example Circuit
+ I1∙10Ω - + I3∙6Ω -

+ +
I2∙8Ω I3∙4Ω
- -

Write 1st Kirchoff’s voltage law equation

-50 v + I1∙10Ω + I2∙8Ω = 0
Example Circuit
+ I1∙10Ω - + I3∙6Ω -

+ +
I2∙8Ω I3∙4Ω
- -

Write 2nd Kirchoff’s voltage law equation

-I2∙8Ω + I3∙6Ω + I3∙4Ω = 0
or I2 = I3 ∙(6+4)/8 = 1.25 ∙ I3
Example Circuit
A

Write Kirchoff’s current law equation at A

+I1 – I2 - I3 = 0
Example Circuit

 We now have 3 equations in 3 unknowns, so we can solve for

the currents through each resistor, that are used to find the
voltage across each resistor
 Since I1 - I2 - I3 = 0, I1 = I2 + I3
 Substituting into the 1st KVL equation
-50 v + (I2 + I3)∙10Ω + I2∙8Ω = 0
or I2∙18 Ω + I3∙ 10 Ω = 50 volts
Example Circuit

 But from the 2nd KVL equation, I2 = 1.25∙I3

 Substituting into 1st KVL equation:
(1.25 ∙ I3)∙18 Ω + I3 ∙ 10 Ω = 50 volts
Or: I3 ∙ 22.5 Ω + I3 ∙ 10 Ω = 50 volts
Or: I3∙ 32.5 Ω = 50 volts
Or: I3 = 50 volts/32.5 Ω
Or: I3 = 1.538 amps
Example Circuit

 Since I3 = 1.538 amps

I2 = 1.25∙I3 = 1.923 amps
 Since I1 = I2 + I3, I1 = 3.461 amps
 The voltages across the resistors:
I1∙10Ω = 34.61 volts
I2∙8Ω = 15.38 volts
I3∙6Ω = 9.23 volts
I3∙4Ω = 6.15 volts
 Example Circuit

Solve for the currents through each resistor

And the voltages across each resistor using
Series and parallel simplification.
 Example Circuit

The 6 and 4 ohm resistors are in series, so

are combined into 6+4 = 10Ω
 Example Circuit

The 8 and 10 ohm resistors are in parallel, so

are combined into 8∙10/(8+10) =14.4 Ω
 Example Circuit

The 10 and 4.4 ohm resistors are in series, so

are combined into 10+4 = 14.4Ω
Example Circuit

+
I1∙14.4Ω
-

Writing KVL, I1∙14.4Ω – 50 v = 0

Or I1 = 50 v / 14.4Ω = 3.46 A
 Example Circuit
+34.6 v -

+
15.4 v
-

If I1 = 3.46 A, then I1∙10 Ω = 34.6 v

So the voltage across the 8 Ω = 15.4 v
 Example Circuit
+ 34.6 v -

+
15.4 v
-

If I2∙8 Ω = 15.4 v, then I2 = 15.4/8 = 1.93 A

By KCL, I1-I2-I3=0, so I3 = I1–I2 = 1.53 A