Class X Chapter-4 – Analytical Chemistry Chemistry

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Book Name: Selina Concise

EXERCISE- 1 (A)

Question 1:
Write the probable colour of the following salts.
(a) Ferrous salts
(b) Ammonium salts
(c) Cupric salts
(d) Calcium salts
(e) Aluminium Salts
Solution 1:
(a) Ferrous salts : Light green
(b) Ammonium salts : Colourless
(c) Cupric salts : Blue
(d) Calcium salts : Colourless
(e) Aluminium salts : Colourless

Question 2:
Name:
(a) a metallic hydroxide soluble in excess of NH4OH.
(b) a metallic oxide solube in excess of caustic soda solution.
(c) a strong alkali
(d) a weak alkali
(e) two coloured metal ions
(f) two coloured metal ions
(g) a metal that evolves a gas which burns with a pop sound when boiled with alkali solutions.
(h) two bases which are not alkalis but dissolves in alkalis to yield colourless solutions.
(j) a coloured cation not a representative element.
Solution 2:
(a) Cu(OH)2
(b) ZnO
(c) NaOH
(d) NH4OH
(e) Na+, Ca2+
(f) Fe2+, Mn2+
(g) Aluminium
Class X Chapter-4 – Analytical Chemistry Chemistry
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(h) Zn(OH)2 and Al(OH)3

(i) PbO
(j) Ammonium ion

Question 3:
Write balanced equations for Q.2 (g) and (i)
Solution 3:
2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O ⟶ 2NaAlO2 + 3H2

(Hot and conc.) Sodium meta aluminate

PbO + 2NaOH ⟶ Na2PbO2 + H2O
(colourless)
(Yellow) sodium plumbate
(colourless, soluble)

Question 4:
What happens when ammonia solution is added first dropwise and then in excess to the
following solution:
(i) CuSO4 (ii) ZnSO4 (iii) FeCI3
Write balanced equations for these reactions.
Solution 4:
(i)
CuSO4 + 2NH4OH ⟶ Cu(OH)2 ↓ (NH4)2 SO4

Blue pale blue ppt. colourless is solution With excess of

NH4OH, ppt dissolves
CU(OH) 2 + (NH4)2SO4 + 2NH4OH ⟶ [Cu(NH3) 4]SO4 + 4H2O

Excess Tetrammine
Copper(II) Sulphate
(ii)
ZnSO4 + 2NH4OH ⟶ Zn(OH)2 + (NH4)2 SO4

Colourless white, gelatinous ppt colourless

With excess of NH4OH, ppt dissolves
Zn(OH)2 + (NH4)2SO4 + 2NH4OH ⟶ [Zn(NH3)4]SO4 + 4H2O

(excess) Tetramminezinc(II) Sulphate

(colourless)
Class X Chapter-4 – Analytical Chemistry Chemistry
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(iii)
FeCI3 + 3NH4OH ⟶ Fe(OH)3 ↓ + 3NH4CI

Yellow solution reddish brown ppt. colourless in solution

Question 5:
What do you observe when caustic soda solution is added to the following solution, first a little
and then in excess:
(a) FeCI3
(b) ZnSO4
(c) Pb(NO3)2
(d) CuSO4
Write balanced equations for these reactions.
Solution 5:
(i) FeCI3 + 3NaOH ⟶ Fe(OH)3 ↓ 3 NaCI

Yellow reddish brown, ppt colourless in solution

In excess of alkali, the reddish brown ppt, of Fe(OH)3 remains insoluble

(ii) ZnSO4 + 2NaOH ⟶ Zn(OH)2 ↓ + NaSO4 Colourless white gelatinous ppt. colourless
In excess of alkali, white gelatinous ppt. of Zn(OH) 2 becomes soluble Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH (Excess) ⟶ Na2ZnO2 + 2H2O

Sodium zincate (colourless)

(iii) Pb(NO3)2 + 2NaOH ⟶ Pb(OH)2 ↓ + 2NaNO3
White ppt (colourless)

In excess of alkali, white precipitate of Pb(OH) 2 becom essoluble: Pb(OH)2 + 2NaOH(excess) ⟶ Na2PbO2 + 2H2O

Sodium plumbate
CuSO4 + 2NaOH ⟶ Cu(OH) 2 ↓ + 2NaSO4
{colourless}
Blue colourless pale blue ppt. { colourless}
In excess of alkali, pale blue precipitate of Cu(OH)2 is insoluble
Class X Chapter-4 – Analytical Chemistry Chemistry
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Question 6:
Name the chloride of a metal which is soluble in excess of ammonium hydroxide. Write
equation for the same.
Solution 6:
Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) is soluble in excess of ammonium hydroxide. ZnCI 2 + 2NH4OH ⟶ Zn(OH)2 ↓ 2NH4CI

Colourless White gelatinous ppt.

With excess of NH4oh ppt dissolves
Zn(OH)2 + 2NH4CI + 2NH4OH (excess) ⟶ [Zn(NH3)4]CI2 + 4H2O Tetram mine zinc (II) Chloride

Colourless

Question 7:
On adding dilute ammonia solution to a colourless solution of a salt, a white gelatinous
precipitate appears. This precipitate however dissolves on addition of excess of ammonia
solution identify (choose from Na, Al, Zn, Pb, Fe)
(a) Which metal salt solution was used?
(b) what is the formula of the white gelatinous precipitate obtained?
Solution 7:
(a) ZnCl2
(b) Zn(OH)2

Question 8:
Name:
(a) a yellow monoxide that dissolves in hot and concentrated caustic alkali
(b) a white, insoluble oxide that dissolves when fused with caustic soda or caustic potash
(c) a compound containing zinc in the anion
Solution 8:
(a) PbO
(b) ZnO
(c) K2ZnO2
Class X Chapter-4 – Analytical Chemistry Chemistry
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Question 9:
What do you observe when freshly precipitated aluminium hydroxide reacts with caustic soda
solution? Give balanced equation.
Solution 9:
(a) (iii)
Aqueous solution of copper sulphate is blue.
(b) (iii)
FeSO4 + 2NaOH → Fe(OH)2 + Na2SO4
(Dirty green, (Colourless)
gelatinous ppt.)
(c) (iii)
Zn + 2NaOH → Na2ZnO2 + H2
Sodium zincate
(Colourless)
Zz Zn + HCl → ZnCl2 + H2

Question 10:
What do you understand by amphoteric oxide Give the balanced equations for the reaction
with three different amphoteric oxides with a caustic alkali. Write you observation if any.
Solution 10:
When freshly precipitated aluminum hydroxide reacts with caustic soda solution, whitesalt of
sodium meta aluminate is obtained.
Al(OH)3 + NaOH → NaAlO2 + 2H2O
Sodium meta aluminate

Question 11:
Distinguish by adding:
(a) sodium hydroxide solution and
(b) Ammonium hydroxide solution to
(i) Calcium salt solution and lead salt solution
(ii) Lead salt solution and ferrous salt solution
(iii) copper salt solution and ferrous salt solution
(iv) Fe (II) salt solution and Fe (III) Salt solution
(v) Ferrous nitrate and lead nitrate
Class X Chapter-4 – Analytical Chemistry Chemistry
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Solution 11:
(a) Distinguish by adding Sodium hydroxide solution:
(i) Ca(NO3)2 + 2NaOH Ca(OH)2 + 2NaNO3
On adding excess of NaOH, ppt. of Ca (OH)2 is sparingly soluble.
Pb(NO3)2 + 2NaOH Pb(OH)2 + 2NaNO3
On adding excess of NaOH, ppt of Pb(OH)2 is soluble.
(ii) Pb(NO3)2 + 2NaOH Pb(OH)2 + 2NaNO3
On adding excess of NaOH, ppt of Pb(OH)2is soluble.
ZnSO4 + 2NaOH Zn(OH)2 + Na2SO4
With excess of NaOH, white gelatinous ppt. of Zn (OH) 2 is soluble. So, these two cannot
be distinguished by NaOH alone. However white ppt. of Pb (OH)2is readily soluble in
acetic acid also.
(iii) CuSO4 + 2NaOH Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4
With excess of NaOH, alkali pale blue ppt of Cu (OH)2 is insoluble.
FeSO4 + 2NaOH Fe(OH)2 + Na2SO4
With excess of NaOH, dirty green ppt. of Fe(OH)2 is insoluble.
(iv) FeSO4 + 2NaOH Fe(OH)2 + NaSO4
With excess of NaOH, dirty green ppt of Fe (OH)2 is insoluble.
FeCl3 + 3NaOH Fe(OH)3 + 3NaCl
With excess of NaOH, reddish brown ppt of Fe (OH)3 is insoluble.
(b) Distinguish by adding Ammonium hydroxide solution:
(i) On addition of NH4OH to calcium salts no precipitation of Ca (OH)2 occurs even with
addition of excess of NH4OH because the concentration of OH-ions from ionization of
NH4OH is so low that it cannot precipitate the hydroxide of calcium.
Pb(NO3)2 + 2 NH4OH Pb(OH)2 + 2NH4NO3
On adding excess of NH4OH, chalky white ppt. of Pb (OH)2 is insoluble.
(ii) Pb(NO3)2 + 2 NH4OH Pb(OH)2 + 2NH4NO3
On adding excess of NH4OH, chalky white ppt. of Pb(OH)2 is insoluble.
ZnSO4 + 2NH4OH Zn(OH)2 + (NH4)2SO4
With excess of NH4OH, white gelatinous ppt. of Zn (OH)2 is soluble.
(iii) CuSO4 + 2NH4OH Cu(OH)2 + (NH4)2SO4
With excess of NH4OH, pale blue ppt. of Cu (OH)2 is soluble.
FeSO4 + 2NH4OH Fe(OH)2 + (NH4)2SO4
With excess of NH4OH, dirty green ppt. of Fe (OH)2 is insoluble.
(iv) FeSO4 + 2NH4OH Fe(OH)2 + (NH4)2SO4
With excess of NH4OH, dirty green ppt. of Fe (OH)2 is insoluble.
FeCl3 + 3NH4OH Fe(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl
With excess of NH4OH, reddish brown ppt of Fe (OH)3 is insoluble.
Class X Chapter-4 – Analytical Chemistry Chemistry
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Question 12:
You are provided with two reagent bottles marked A and B. One of which contains NH 4OH
solution and the other contains NaOH solution. How will you identify them by a chemical test?
Solution 12:
Reagent bottles A and B can identified by using calcium salts such as Ca(NO3)2.
On adding NaOH to Ca (NO3)2, Ca (OH) 2 is precipitated as white precipitate which is
sparingly soluble in excess of NaOH.
Ca(NO3)2 + 2NaOH ⟶ Ca(OH)2 + 2NaNO3

Whereas, on addition of NH4OH to calcium salts, no precipitation of Ca(OH)2 occurs even

with addition of excess of NH4OH because the concentration of OH-ions from the ionization
of NH4OH is so low that it cannot precipitate the hydroxide of calcium.
So the reagent bottle which gives white precipitate is NaOH and the other is NH4OH.

INTEXT QUESTIONS:

Question 1:
What do you understand by the following:
(i) Analysis
(ii) Qualitative analysis
(iii) Reagent
(iv) Precipitation
Solution 1:
(i) Analysis: The determination of chemical components in a given sample is called analysis.
(ii) Qualitative analysis: The analysis which involves the identification of the unknown
substances in a given sample is called qualitative analysis.
(iii) Reagent: A reagent is a substance that reacts with another substance.
(iv) Precipitation: It is the process of formation of an insoluble solid when solutions are
mixed. The solid thus formed is called precipitate.

Question 2:
Write the probable colour of the following salts:
(i) Iron (III) chloride
(ii) Potassium nitrate
Class X Chapter-4 – Analytical Chemistry Chemistry
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(iii) Ferrous sulphate

(iv) Aluminium acetate
(v) Calcium carbonate
Solution 2:
(i) Yellow
(ii) Colourless
(iii) PaleGreen
(iv) Colourless
(v) Colourless

Question 3:
Name the probable cation present in each of the following solution:
(i) Yellow coloured solution
(ii) blue coloured solution
(iii) Light blue coloured solution
(iv) Pink coloured solution
Solution 3:
(i) Fe3+
(ii) Cu2+
(iii) Cu+2
(iv) Mn2+

Question 4:
Name the metal hydroxides which are:
(i) Sparingly soluble
(ii) Insoluble
(iii) Soluble
In caustic soda solution
Solution 4:
(i) Ca(OH)2
(ii) Fe(OH)2 and Cu(OH)2
(iii) Zn(OH)2 and Pb(OH)2
Class X Chapter-4 – Analytical Chemistry Chemistry
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Question 5:
What do you observe when ammonium salt is heated with caustic soda solution? Write the
balanced equation.
Solution 5:
When ammonium salt is heated with caustic soda solution, ammonia gas is
evolved. The balance equation is:
NH4Cl + NaOH ∆ NaCl + H2O + NH3

(NH4)2SO4 + 2NaOH ∆ Na2SO4 + 2H2O + 2NH3

Question 6:
How will you distinguish NH4OH solution from NaOH solution?
Solution 6:
NH4OH and NaOH can be distinguished by using calcium salts.
For example on adding NaOH to Ca(NO3)2, Ca(OH)2 is obtained as white precipitate which is
sparingly soluble in excess of NaOH.
Ca(NO3)2 + 2NaOH Ca(OH)2 + 2NaNO3
On addition of NH4OH to calcium salts, no precipitation of Ca(OH)2 occurs even with the
addition of excess of NH4OH. This is because the concentration of OH- ions from the
ionization of NH4OH is so low that it cannot precipitate the hydroxide of calcium.

Question 7:
Name the metal hydroxides which are:
(i) Insoluble (ii) Soluble.
In ammonium hydroxide solution
Solution 7:
(i) Fe(OH)2 and Pb(OH)2
(ii) Cu(OH)2 and Zn(OH)2