A

Summer Internship Report

on
Plate Bending

By
Pravin Kumar Roy,
Ayush Srivastava and
Inzamamul Haque

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

G L BAJAJ INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT –
Greater Noida (A college established in Govt. of UP)
Greater Noida – 201306

[2018-2019]
 A
Summer Internship Report
on
Plate Bending
In partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of engineering
in
Mechanical Engineering
SUBMITTED BY:
Pravin Kumar Roy,Ayush Srivastava

Inzamamul Haque

Under the Guidance of

Mr. Sharad Prateek Singh

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

G L BAJAJ INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT –
Greater Noida (A college established in Govt. of UP)
Greater Noida – 201306

[2018-2019]
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost I will like to thank Mr. V.R. Mishra, HOD ,
Mechanical Department, for offering me and my team this
internship, it was because of him that we got this great
opportunity to learn and grow with an organization like Skwheelz
Resource Management Private Limited.

Next I will thank Mr.Sharad Prateek Singh, Director of Skwheelz

Resource Management Private Limited, Pneumatics, who were
there to guide us at every step like a true teacher.

I will also thank my group partners that help me to

accompanished this project.

I will express my special gratitude to all the member of

“Skwheelz Resource Management Private Limited”.
 Declaration

I declare that the work submitted by me and my team as Summer

Internship Report is original and has been never been submitted by
anyone else for the partial fulfillment of degree of Bachelor of
Technology (Mechanical Engineering) from G.L.Bajaj Institute of
Technology and Management , Greater Noida. I also declare that no
content of this report in whole or in part is lifted and incorporated in this
report from any earlier/other work by me or others.

Name of company mentor – Mr. Sharad Prateek Singh

Designation – Director, Trainer – Pneumatics.

Place –Greater Noida

Date- 28-07-2019
 INDEX PAGE

Contents Page
No.

1. Acknowledgment..…………………………………………. 3
2. Declaration…………………………………………………. 4
3. About Pneumatics………….………………………………. 6
4. Classification of Pneumatic Elements…………………….. 8
5. Pros and cons………………………………………………. 33
6. Applications………………………………………………..… 35
7. Future Scope…………………………………………........... 38
8. List of team Members……………………………………….. 40
9. Project undertaken in Pneumatics :- 41
a. Plate Bending by pure Pneumatics………………… 42
b. Plate bending by Electropneumatics……………….. 44
c. Plate bending by PLC………………………………... 47
 About Pneumatics

Definition:-

Pneumatics is a branch of engineering that makes use of gas or pressurized

air.

Pneumatic systems used in industry are commonly powered by compressed air

or compressed inert gases. A centrally located and electrically powered
compressor powers cylinders, air motors, and other pneumatic devices. A
pneumatic system controlled through manual or automatic solenoid valves is
selected when it provides a lower cost, more flexible, or safer alternative to
electric motors and actuators.
Why is Pneumatics preferred:-

 Easy to store and transport.

 No danger of fire,as the overloaded system will stop working.
 Neutral with products like medicine, textile,food,etc,.
 No return lines are needed.
 Cheap as we do not have to buy air for compression or usage.
 Air don’t react usually.
 Classification of Pneumatic Elements

Pneumatic elements are of four types:-

 Source and Service

 Signal element
 Control element
 Final control element
1. Source and Service:-

Source:-

The element work as the origin for a pneumatic system. Source elements
work to supply compressed air for the system and it usually include a
compressor and a resourvior.

A gas compressor is a device in which work is done on the gas to increase its
pressure with appreciable increase in its density.

Condition for compressing a gas:-

For later use:-

 Compression will be non-adiabatic.

 The compressor definitely have a resourvior.
 Using air promptly after compression.
 Compression will be designed to have no increase in temp. of the gas.
 Points to consider while selecting a compressor:-

1. Pressure:-
The pressure requirement for a compressor should be atleast more than
the pressure required for our pneumatic system.
2. Volume:-
The volume of compressed air from a compressor should be enough to
avoid immediate stoppage in case of power failure or brake down.
3. Size:-
¼”, 3/8”, ½”
4. Specific chamber size/Space requirement:-
This consider with a tank type compressor.
5. With oil and oil less:-
With oil, these are usually quiter and have long life.Whereas, oil less are
noisy and donot last as long as compressor with oil. But they are great for
portability.
6. Noise:-
For less noise we use rotator compressor.

Service element:-

Service elements work to make the compressed air useable for a pneumatic
system.

 Filter:-
 A filter works on the principal of centrifugal force to separate water
partical, dust and another undesired partical from compressed air.
The still unfiltered air is pass through a filter element which further cleans
out the impurities from compressed air.
 Drain valve:-

The collector condensate is drain from the valve through the drain valve.

 Mist Seperator:-

It is used to filter out the submicro level form of the compressed air.

Filtered compound:- Boran silicate.

 Regulator:-

An air regulator is a device which is used to maintain a constant outlet

pressure in respective of fluctuation in the inlet pressure.

Fig:- Regulator AND Mist separator valve.

 Lubricator:-

Lubricators are used to feed lubricants to the pneumatic equipments.

It serves the purpose of lubricating compressed air for making it more

practically usable. A pneumatic lubricator works by utilizing the pressure of
incoming air to lift the oil through capillary tube which after drops on filtered
air or lubricating air.
 Fig:- Lubricator Symbol

The Whole service components are :-

Figure shows the arrangement of Filter with drain Valve, mist separator and
regulator and lubricator.
 Valves:-

Valves are the devices which work to control the flow of air in a pneumatic
circuit. The flow control means controlling the direction as well as the rate of
flow .

The types of valves are:-

1. Poppet
2. Spool
3. Diaphgram
Normal position for valves:-

Normal Position are the ones which a valve exist in its unactuated state .

There are two types of possible normal position :-

Normally open:- It is a position in which the inlet and the output ports are
connected to each other.

Normally close:- It is the position in which inlet is not connected to the output
ports. In normally close position, outlet is connected to exhaust.

Naming of valves:-

 Number of ports.
 Number of position.
 Mode of Actuation.
 Mode of Reset.
2. Signal Element:-
Push Buttons & Limit Switch.
For any system to work signals are needed. The signals work to turn on or
off a circuit.
 Mode of Actuation and reset:-
3. Control Element:-

These elements work to control the actuation of working element. The

actuation is controlled by changing the direction of flow of air into the
working element. Example- Direction control valve.
4. Final control Elements:-
Flow control valves :- Quick exhaust – speed increase.
The control elements monitor the actuation of working element and the
final control elements monitor the speed of actuation.
The final elements are the ones through which we obtain output that is
motion. (Linnear or rotatory).
 Working Elements:-
There are the elements through which you received output which
usually it is motion.
Types of working elements:-
Classification based on types of motion they performed.
I. Linear Actuators – Cylinders.
II. Rotary Actuators – Air motors or grippers
 Single acting cylinder:-
They have the working force in one direction only. Return slop is
usually performed by the help of the spring.
Limitation with spring return is that the stroke length is limited to
80mm.
Reason:- Longer spring can’t hold their position accurately.
 Double acting Cylinders:-
This cylinder have working force in forward and reverse direction.
 Cushioning:- (End Cushioning)
It is used in cylinder to slow down the speed of position at the end
of the slope.
Cushioning can be performed in two ways :-
I. Fixed Cushioning:-
In fixed cushioning, we use elastomeric pads to provide the
cushioning effect.
II. Adjustable Cushioning:-

The air bleeding system come under adjustable cushioning.

As the cushioning effect can be adjustable with the help of
cushioning needle.
 Timer:-
Timer is a device which is used to perform time based operations.
Types of timer:-
 ON Delay Timer:-
When input is given the timer starts and output is not received until
the timer stops.
 OFF Delay Timer:-
Type 1- The output is received as soon as the input is given and the
output has stop when tne timer is off.
Type 2- Circuit stays ON till the input is given and even after the
input is removed the circuit remains ON till the timer doesn’t stops.
 Counter:-
Counter is a device which works by counting input pulse signals.
Types:-
Up Counter:- It starts the count from zero to presents value.
Down Counter:- It starts the count from pre-set value to zero.
 Electropneumatic

Electro pneumatic deals with automation by combining electrical and

pneumatic elements.

Electro pneumatics is now commonly used in many areas of Industrial low cost
automation. They are also used extensively in production, assembly,
pharmaceutical, chemical and packaging systems. There is a significant change in
controls systems. Relays have increasingly been replaced by the programmable
logic controllers in order to meet the growing demand for more flexible
automation.

Electro-pneumatic control consists of electrical control systems operating

pneumatic power systems. In this solenoid valves are used as interface between
the electrical and pneumatic systems. Devices like limit switches and proximity
sensors are used as feedback elements.

Electro Pneumatic control integrates pneumatic and electrical technologies, is

more widely used for large applications. In Electro Pneumatics, the signal
medium is the electrical signal either AC or DC source is used. Working medium
is compressed air. Operating voltages from around 12 V to 220 Volts are often
used. The final control valve is activated by solenoid actuation

Need of Electro pneumatic:-

a. Bigger circuit with pneumatic become complex. Hence, Electrical elements

are used to simplify those circuits.
 b. Response times for pneumatic is relatively slower than electrical circuit.
c. Mechanical feedback and joints have a change of malfunctioning more
than solid state electrical.

In Electro pneumatic controls, mainly three important steps are involved:

 Signal input devices -Signal generation such as switches and

contactor, Various types of contact and proximity sensors.
 Signal Processing – Use of combination of Contactors of Relay or
using Programmable Logic Controllers.
 Signal Out puts – Out puts obtained after processing are used for
activation of solenoids, indicators or audible alarms.

SEVEN BASIC ELECTRICALDEVICES

Seven basic electrical devices commonly used in the control of fluid power
systems are
1. Manually actuated push button switches

2. Limit switches

3. Pressure switches

4. Solenoids

5. Relays

6. Timers

7. Temperature switches

Other devices used in electro pneumatics are

1. Proximity sensors

2. Electric counters

 Push button switches

A push button is a switch used to close or open an electric control circuit.
They are primarily used for starting and stopping of operation of
machinery. They also provide manual override when the emergency
arises. Push button switches are actuated by pushing the actuator into
the housing. This causes set of contacts to open or close.
Push buttons are of two types
i)Momentary push button
ii) Maintained contact or detent push button
Momentary push buttons return to their unactuated position when they are
released. Maintained (or mechanically latched) push buttons has a latching
mechanism to hold it in the selected position.

The contact of the push buttons, distinguished according to their functions,

i) Normally open (NO) type

ii) Normally closed (NC) type
iii) Change over (CO) type.

The cross section of various types of push buttons in the normal and actuated
positions and their symbols are shown in figure. In the NO type, the contacts are
open in the normal position, inhibiting the energy flow through them. But in the
actuated position, the contacts are closed, permitting the energy flow through
them. In the NC type, the contacts are closed in the normal position, permitting
the energy flow through them. And, the contacts are open in the actuated
position, inhibiting the energy flow through them. A changeover contact is a
combination of NO and NC contacts.
 Limit switches
Any switch that is actuated due to the position of a fluid power
component (usually a piston rod or hydraulic motor shaft or the position
of load is termed as limit switch. The actuation of a limit switch provides
an electrical signal that causes an appropriate system response. Limit
switches perform the same function as push button switches. Push
buttons are manually actuated whereas limit switches are mechanically
actuated.
 There are two types classification of Limit switches depending upon
method of actuations of contacts
a) Lever actuated contacts
b) Spring loaded contacts
In lever type limit switches, the contacts are operated slowly. In spring
type limit switches, the contacts are operated rapidly. Figure shows a
simplified cross sectional view of a limit switch and its symbol.

 Pressure switches :-
A pressure switch is a pneumatic-electric signal converter. Pressure
switches are used to sense a change in pressure, and opens or closes an
electrical switch when a predetermined pressure is reached. Bellow or
diaphragm is used to sense the change of pressure. Bellows or Diaphragm
is used to expand or contract in response to increase or decrease of
pressure. Figure shows a diaphragm type of pressure switch. When the
pressure is applied at the inlet and when the pre-set pressure is reached,
 the diaphragm expands and pushes the spring loaded plunger to
make/break contact.

 Solenoids :-
Electrically actuated directional control valves form the interface between
the two parts of an electro- pneumatic control. The most important tasks
of electrically actuated DCVs include.
i) Switching supply air on or off
ii) Extension and retraction of cylinder drives
Electrically actuated directional control valves are switched with the aid of
solenoids.
They can be divided into two groups:
i) Spring return valves only remain in the actuated position as long as
current flows through the solenoid
 ii) Double solenoid valves retain the last switched position even when
no current flows through the solenoid.
In the initial position, all solenoids of an electrically actuated DCVs are de-
energised and the solenoids are inactive. A double valve has no clear
initial position, as it does not have a return spring. The possible voltage
levels for solenoids are 12 V DC, 12V AC, 12 V 50/60 Hz, 24V 50/60 Hz,
110/120V 50/60 Hz, 220/230V 50/60 Hz.

 Relay:-
It is a device which uses principle of electromagnetic attraction to control
multiple high power circuits with a primary low power circuit.
 Type of Relay:-
I. Single pole single throw (SPST)
II. Single pole double throw(SPDT)
III. Double pole single throw(DPST)
IV. Double pole double throw(DPDT)
 Latching circuits:-

Double acting cylinder is to be controlled using 5/2 directional control

valve , single solenoid, spring return. When push button PB1 is pressed,
cylinder should extend and remains in that position when PB1 is released.
The cylinder is to retract completely when PB2 is pressed. In addition, the
cylinder is to remain in the retracted postion even when PB2 is released.
Develop a Electro-pneumatic control circuit with an electrical latching
with a) dominant off b) dominant On
 Sensors:-
It is a device which gives indication/output based on changes in its
environment.
Type of sensors based on feedback
I. NPN Transistor.
II. PNP Transistor.

Types of sensor based on switching mode

I. NO:- Feedback is received (0 or 24V) only when the sensor is

sensing.
 II. NC:- Feedback is received (0 or 24V) only when the sensor is not
sensing.

Type of sensers:-

 Inductive Sensor
 Capacitive Sensor
 Optical Sensor
 Magnetic Sensor
 Ultrasonic Sensor

FIG:- Sensors Symbols Using PNP Transistor.

 Polar Sensors:-
This sensors have fixed input terminal i.e., the positive terminal is always
be brown and the negative terminal always be blue.
 Non –Polar Sensors:-
These sensors donot have fixed polarity for the input terminals.

Pros and cons

Advantage and disadvantages of pneumatics

Pneumatic systems are designs that use pressurized gas to power machines and
tools. There are many disadvantages and advantages of pneumatic systems.
Here is a short pro and con list comparison:

 Pros:
Source availability: Pneumatic systems require air to operate successfully.
It is easy to restock the system.
Safety: As a result of pneumatic systems running on air, safety hazards are
significantly reduced. There are limited occurrences of fires because air is
non-flammable, and leakages in the system do not negatively effect the
outside environment.
Cost effectiveness: The initial cost of manufacturing a pneumatic device is
minimal as a result of the low cost design materials. Plastics, zinc, and
aluminum are all relatively affordable materials that are commonly found
in pneumatic designs.
Cleanliness- As a result of the system being powered solely by air, the
pneumatic device typically requires limited cleaning. Pressurized air
constantly pushes out dirt or debris that get stuck in the system.The
simplicity of the design also helps. Due to the limited amounts of tubes,
the system can be easily disassembled and cleaned.
Maintenance- In order for the system to properly operate it must be
lubricated with oil consistently but they have less plumbing than hydraulic
systems.
 CONS:
Control and Speed- Air is a compressible gas, which makes control and
speed in a pneumatic system more difficult, in comparison to electric or
hydraulic systems. When specific speeds are needed, additional devices
have to be attached to the pneumatic system in order to procure the
desired result.
Maintenance- Pneumatic systems are less durable that hydraulic
counterparts. Due to moisture accumulation the system can freeze up.
Safety: -Pipes that feed the system air have the ability to move on
uncontrollably on their own, which could cause serious injuries to those
nearby.
Environment suitability: -Devices are known to fail over long periods of
time due to the dampening of inside edges in the tubes. Additionally,
systems cannot operate underwater and are sensitive to changing
temperatures and vibrations.
Loudness:- Pneumatic systems are the loudest type of designs that power
machines. Actuators that run the system are the source of the noise and
are sometimes placed in a separate room to limit sound pollution.
Toxins and chemicals:- Sometimes, pneumatic systems use hazardous
chemicals in their design. This can result in accidental launches of
chemicals into the air, which can be harmful to the surrounding
environment.
 Applications

Pneumatics can be defined as a branch of fluid power in which gas is used as a

fluid. It is derived from Greek word Pneuma, which means air, wind or breath. In
this article, we’ll discuss the application of Pneumatics systems.

Pneumatic systems use air as the gas medium because air is very abundant and
can be readily exhausted into the atmosphere after completing its assigned task.
In addition, the pneumatic system is less expensive to build and operate. In the
pneumatic system simply the air is used to transmit energy. The air has greater
supply everywhere. When air is compressed it can be used to perform work.

Pneumatic and hydraulic systems have been used for many years within
industrial processes and
as such has acquired an established place in the modern industry. Pneumatics is
the most widely applied fluid power technology. In the pneumatic system
compressed air acts as both a working and control medium.
 The use of pneumatic or compressed air has many advantages of transmitting
energy and control functions in the system.

Applications of Pneumatic systems as follows

In industries like:-

1. Manufacturing industries, Automotive industry, machine tool manufacturers and

domestic and commercial appliance manufacturers.
2. Processing industries, such as chemical, petrochemical, food processing, textiles,
paper, etc.
3. Used in the brake system of automobiles, railway coaches, wagons and printing
presses.
4. Application of Pneumatics systems is widely in industrial robots.

Industrial Works like:-

1. Used in the filling,

2. Packing,
3. Stamping,
4. Drilling,
5. Hosting,
6. Punching,
7. Clamping,
8. Assembly systems
9. Riveting etc.

More application on :-

1. Car washes
2. Used to drive both linear and rotary actuators.
3. Opening and closing the doors.
4. Test systems
5. Plastics machinery
6. Petroleum markets
7. Coolant systems
 Application on equipment on :-

1. Used in material handling equipment,

2. Medical equipment and logic controlling operations.
3. In power hammers and nut runners.
4. Used in operations of machine tools.
5. Used in metal forming processes.

Examples of Compressed Air

 It is fast for example short cycle times can be achieved. In automated assembly
applications at the same time, it is overloaded safely. If the machine jams
pneumatic motors or circuit components will not burn out.
 Another advantage is that compressed air is clean, this is very important in the
textile and food industries where clean conditions are necessary.
 Our primary importance pneumatics is also safe because compressed air does
not burn or explode under a wide range of operating temperatures, in addition,
the exhaust air can be discharged directly into the atmosphere.
 Pneumatic systems are heavily utilized in cleanroom applications for the same
reasons of cleanliness low combustion and fast operating speeds.
 Compressed air can also be stored and ready to be used when required.
 Another advantage is that compressed air does not break down when exposed
to high temperatures thereby allowing for safe consistent operation under a
wide range of temperatures.
 And finally, the individual pneumatic components are inexpensive when
compared to other forms of energy transmission and control.
 Pneumatic control and actuation is ideal energy for automation of industrial
processes.
 Future Scope
Many commentators and vested interests claim that electric actuation, motion
and control technologies are cheaper, more environmentally friendly, more
energy efficient and easier to work with. But it is too simplistic to say that
electric drives are better than pneumatics without considering the application
and whether the technology is being applied correctly.

Consider energy efficiency: if either pneumatic or electrical drives are applied

incorrectly they can be inefficient and waste energy. Only a direct comparison of
two correctly dimensioned drives - one electric and one pneumatic, being
operated effectively - can reveal the advantages and disadvantages of the
technologies. It almost goes without saying that poor practices resulting in
wastage should be eliminated through good knowledge and skills within the
workplace.

An efficiency of 80-90% is generally attributed to electric motors, while an

efficiency of approximately 10% is often quoted by electric drive manufacturers
for compressed air. Based on these figures, it would be easy to draw a
conclusion that pneumatics require 8 to 15 times more energy than the
corresponding electric solution. However, even with the most basic analysis this
clearly ignores the fact that the assumptions made for electric drives only apply
to motors in continuous operation (for example, pumps, fans, etc) and not for
cycling or inching operations, which are common in handling technology. Here
the efficiency of electric components is far lower.

Each industrial application has its specific requirements with regards to technical
criteria such as speed, acceleration, load capacity and force required, cycle time,
holding duration, power to weight ratio, accuracy, control behaviour, torsional
rigidity, efficiency or robustness. Both pneumatic and electric technologies have
specific advantages and disadvantages, which is why it doesn't make sense to
make bland statements on the benefits of a technology, when energy efficiency
wholly depends on the task at hand. Taking some simple examples, testing and
measurements reveal that for a simple motion task, an electric drive can be
efficient. For a pressing or clamping operation, the level of process force and the
duration of the operation decide which technology is more efficient. However, if
the application requires a holding force, pneumatics is clearly at an advantage.

For example, comparing electric and pneumatic grippers shows how choosing
the right solution depends on a clear definition of the task. If we consider the
energy consumption during the gripping process, a pneumatic gripper will be
superior to an electric gripper in applications involving long cycles and with just a
small number of gripping operations.

A pneumatic gripper requires pressure only once to initiate continuous holding.

No more pneumatic energy is consumed or required for the duration of the
gripping operation. However, an electric gripper needs electricity for the entire
duration of the gripping operation and can be more energy-efficient than a
pneumatic gripper only if the application in question is composed of short cycles
with many gripping operations.

For applications which require large holding forces for extended periods,
pneumatics has a major advantage compared with electric drives which require
constant electricity consumption to generate power.
 List of team Members
 Pravin Kumar Roy

o Company Mentor- Mr. Sharad Prateek Singh, Advance Pneumatics.

 Ayush Srivastava

o Company Mentor- Mr. Sharad Prateek Singh, Advance Pneumatics.

 Inzamamul Haque

o Company Mentor- Mr. Sharad Prateek Singh, Advance Pneumatics.

 Project undertaken in Pneumatics

PROJECT-1

Project Construction:
Supply to the cylinder is given by compressed air by compressor.

The plate bending involve a table, which is use to provide support to the plate.
Then, there are two double acting cylinder, one is for clamping of half sheet
from one side and second cylinder is use for bending of another half sheet from
another side. We use sensor on table as well as on both cylinder which make a
queue that help to run system according to our calculations.

We have limiting switch for the limited moment of cylinder.

Objective:-

Bending of sheet using gas or pressurized air with the help of double acting
cylinder, 5/3 valve, limiting valve, junction valve, source, service and other
pneumatic devices.

Or

To bend a plate of small thickness at 90 degree with the help of automation of

Advance pneumatics.

Working:-
 Plate bending by pure pneumatics:-
 Step-I:-Working on the basic preparation, starting motor for getting
compressed air to the system. Connecting all source and service elements
with each other to complete circuit.
 Step-II:- Placing the material on the table which will support the half
portion of plate in downward direction.
 Step-III:- The limiting switch and push button is actuated when the plate is
placed on the table.
 Step-IV:- After actuation of the switch, it activates the cylinder A which
moves from A- to A+ .
 Step-V:- The clamping plate has a limiting switch which will actuate, when
it touches the plate. This actuation activates the cylinder B which moves
from B- to B+ for bending the plate at 90 degree.
 StepVI:- As the plate bend at 90 degree, it touches the another limiting
switch which will activated by bended plate.
 StepVII:- The actuation carried by the limiting switch activates the cylinder
B to move from B+ to B-.
 StepVIII:- When B- moved to it’sposition , it will actuate the another
limiting switch. The actuation reset the cylinder A from A+ to A-.
 StepIX:- After this, we remove the bended plate from the table.

The sequence of the movement of the cylinders are:-

A+B+/B-A-
No. of cylinders are 2,
Feedback valves are 2,
ao ----- GCV actuate ------G1
b1 ----- GCV actuate ------- G2
 Plate bending by Electro Pneumatic:-

o Step-(I):- Starting by the motor for a stable supply of compressed air

connection. Then connecting source and service along with electro-
pneumatics components to each other.
o Step(II):- Placing the material on the table which will support the
plate from it’s downwards direction by its half portion.
o Step(III):- The table has a inductive sensor which will be activated.
When it able to contact with the plate material and then it will
actuate the double acting cylinder. Then cylinder ‘A’ clamping the
plate more towards ‘A+’ and clamp the plate on the table.
o Step(IV):- The clamping plate has a second conductive sensor which
will actuate by the plate material as it touches the plate.
o Step(v):-The second inductive sensor while activated the cylinder ‘B’
to move from B- to B+, the plate as the cylinder B moves to B+ . The
magnetic sensor placed at the external part of the cylinder r
o Step(VI):-The cylinder BA at its B- position activated the another
magnetic sensor which is placed at the upmost extreme part of the
cylinder.
o Step(VII):-The second magnetic sensor reset the cylinder A from A+
to A- after its activation.
o Step(VIII):-After cylinder A reset to A- ¸will remove the bended
plate.

 Relay ladder logic diagram:-

 Two horizontal lines are made which is known as POWER RAILS.
 Input devices are made on left side of the circuits.
 Output devices are made of right side of the circuit.
 RUNG is a network consisting of atleast one input and output
devices.
 Input devices can be connected in series as well as in parallel.
 Output devices can not be connected in series or in parallel.
 There can only be one output device with a name.
 Flow is from left to right than top to bottom.
Relay control is used
 Plate Bending By PLC Software and setup

Intro:-
Industrial Control:-
Controller:-
Controller is a device or am element which decide how the system will
react, when input is given to it.

Types of Controller:-
a. Digital
b. Analogue

Digital Control:-in this type, we only decide whether the system will be
ON/OFF. The intensity/rate is not controlled. Example- Lights used in
houses.

Analogue Control:-in this, we not only control the state but also the
intensity for the given state. Example-Fan.

Discrete:-In this, only control stages of a process separately.

Sequential:-In this we control the stages of the process joint.

Logic Control:- In this, the controlling of the process is interdependent on

the intermediate stages.

PLC(Programmable Logic Controller):-

It is an industrial computer. It accept input, execute program/logic and

give state.

Or, PLC stands for Programmable Logic Controllers. They are basically used
to control automated systems in industries. They are one of the most
advanced and simplest forms of control systems which are now replacing
hard wired logic relays at a large scale.
 Programming Logic Controller (PLC)

 Component of PLC:-
 Power Supply
 Input Terminal
 Output Terminal
 Program feed Port
 Working:-

PLC Working Schematic by Edgefx Kits

 The input sources convert the real time analog electric signals to suitable
digital electric signals and these signals are applied to the PLC through the
connector rails.
 These input signals are stored in the PLC external image memory in
locations known as bits. This is done by the CPU
 The control logic or the program instructions are written onto the
programming device through symbols or through mnemonics and stored
in the user memory.
 The CPU fetches these instructions from the user memory and executes
the input signals by manipulating, computing, processing them to control
the output devices.
 The execution results are then stored in the external image memory which
controls the output drives.
 The CPU also keeps a check on the output signals and keeps updating the
contents of the input image memory according to the changes in the
output memory.
 The CPU also performs internal programming functioning like setting and
resetting of the timer, checking the user memory.
Scan Time:- It is the time taken by PLC to real input execute the logics/ program
statement and give output.

Output:- While seating PLC ensure that the scan time is low enough to give
proper output as per the frequency of your input.

PLC Power Terminal:- For any electrical device do work, power supply is needed.
So, as the case with PLC can be of two type:-

(I) AC
(II) DC

PLC Input Wiring:-

The input terminal of the PLC should be given the potential of 0V or 24V. (For DC
PLC).

Output Wiring:-

In output wiring, we complete the circuit from input to output. This means that
based on the potential received on the input terminal and we make connection
of output terminals.
 Steps for PLC:-
Steps and the arrangements are same as the electro pneumatic
one.
The relay diagram is drawn in a PLC software program.
The output and the input of the electro pneumatic components are
connected to PLC power terminals.