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Research Methodology Ho

The document outlines the research process in 5 steps: 1) Identify and define the research problem clearly. 2) Conduct selective library research and collect information critical to the problem. 3) Analyze the information objectively and creatively to identify possible solutions. 4) Select the optimal solution from alternatives logically. 5) Communicate the results effectively through a formal paper. Research must demonstrate completeness, objectivity, and originality through re-examination, discovery, and reflection at each step of the process.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
65 views28 pages

Research Methodology Ho

The document outlines the research process in 5 steps: 1) Identify and define the research problem clearly. 2) Conduct selective library research and collect information critical to the problem. 3) Analyze the information objectively and creatively to identify possible solutions. 4) Select the optimal solution from alternatives logically. 5) Communicate the results effectively through a formal paper. Research must demonstrate completeness, objectivity, and originality through re-examination, discovery, and reflection at each step of the process.

Uploaded by

Raes Rehman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

SELF STUDY PACKAGE

2002

COMMAND AND STAFF COLLEGE

QUETTA
2

CONTENT

SUBJECTS PA G E

T H E R E S E A R C H PR O C E S S ....................................................................................3

S T E P O N E – I D E N T I F Y, S E L E C T A N D D E F I N E A R E S EA R C H
P R O B L E M I N C L E A R , A C C U R AT E A N D P R EC I S E T E R M S . ......................4

S T E P T W O - C O N D U C T S E L E C T I V E L I B R A RY R E S E A R C H A N D
C O L L E C T I N F O R M AT I O N C R I T I C A L TO T H E D E T E R M I N E D
P R O B L E M . ....................................................................................................................5

S T E P T H R E E - A N A LY S E I N F O R M AT I O N O B J E C T I V E LY A N D
C R E AT I V E LY A N D I D E N T I F Y P O S S I B L E S O L U T I O N S TO T H E
P R O B L E M ....................................................................................................................11

S T E P F O U R - S E L E C T L O G I C A L LY T H E O P T I M A L S O L U T I O N TO T H E
P R O B L E M F R O M S E V E R A L A LT E R N AT I V E S O L U T I O N S ........................11

S T E P F I V E - C O M M U N I C AT E E F F E C T I V E LY T H E R E S U LT O F T H E
P R O B L E M S O LV I N G P R O C E S S B Y PR O D U C I N G A F O R M A L PA P ER 1 2

F O R M AT O F A R E S EA R C H PA P E R ...................................................................1 5

F O O T N O T E S A N D B I B L I O G R A P H Y ..................................................................2 3

I N T E R N E T A S A M E D I U M F O R R E S E A R C H ...................................................2 7
3

T H E R E S EA R C H PR O C E S S
Introduction
1. R e se a r c h i s , i n e s se n c e , a p r o c e s s o f p r o b l e m s o l vi n g w h i ch
c u l mi n a t e s i n o n e o r mo r e co n c l u s i o n s . T h e o b j e c t i v e o f re s e a r c h i s a
problem which interests a student, a p ro b l e m generated by his
p e r c e p t i o n o f i n a d e q u a t e i n v e s t i g a t i o n o r i n t e r p re t a t i o n o f d a t a i n a
p a r t i c u l a r f i e l d o f s t u d y. T h e r e s u l t o f r e s e a r ch i s a c o n c l u s i o n w h i c h
r e p r e se n t s t h e s t u d e n t ’s a n sw e r t o h i s p r o b l e m . T h e c o n c l u s i o n m a y b e
a s a b s o l u t e a s a ma t h e m a t i c a l e q u a t i o n o r a s i n c o n cl u s i ve a s a
d e ci s i o n t h a t n o d e f i n i t e a n s w e r i s a p p a r e n t . I n n o w a y c a n t r u e
r e s e a r ch b e c o m p a re d t o w o r k t h a t s t a r t s w i t h a c o n cl u s i o n a n d t h e n
p r o c e e d s t o g a t h e r a n d s e l e c t d a t a t o su b s t a n t i a t e t h a t co n c l u si o n .
I n s t e a d , t h e r e se a r c h p r o ce s s sp a n s t h e s e v e r a l s t a g e s o f p r o b l e m
s o l vi n g , commencing with the identification of a problem and
c o n cl u d i n g with the selection of an optimal answer and its
c o m m u n i c a t i o n t h r o u g h a r e se a r c h p a p e r. S i m p l y s t a t e d , r e s e a r c h i s a
systematic search for new knowledge.

2. T h e r e a r e t h r e e b ro a d s t r e a m s o f a c t i vi t y w h i c h o c c u r t h r o u g h o u t
the r e se a r c h p ro c e s s : those are re-examination, discovery and
r e f l e c t i o n . A s t u d e n t m u s t r e - e x a mi n e t h e e x i s t i n g d a t a a v a i l a b l e i n h i s
f i e l d , se e k t o u n c o v e r n e w e v i d e n c e , a n d r e f l e c t o n t h e s e t o d e t e r m i n e
t h e b e s t so l u t i o n t o h i s p r o b l e m . T h e mo s t e l u si v e a n d c r i t i ca l o f t h e se
o p e ra t i o n s i s r e f l e c t i o n .
3. Furthermore, r e se a r c h mu s t demonstrate t h re e qualities of
s c h o l a r s h i p c o m m o n t o a l l v a l i d a ca d e mi c s t u d y. F i r s t , i t mu s t b e
c o m p l e t e a n d a n ch o r e d i n a t h o r o u g h e x a mi n a t i o n o f b o t h b a c k g ro u n d
a n d c r i t i c a l d a t a . F a i l u r e t o co n s i d e r a l l r e l e v a n t i n f o r m a t i o n w i l l r i s k
the formulation of premature and often inaccurate c o n c l u si o n s .
Second, it must d i sp l a y o b j e c t i vi t y. A s t u d e n t must evaluate all
p e r c e i v e d a l t e rn a t i v e s o l u t i o n s a n d mu s t n o t i g n o r e a d v e r se e v i d e n c e .
T h e p u r p o s e o f r e se a r c h i s t o re v e a l t r u t h , n o t t o w i n a n a r g u m e n t . A n d
l a s t , re s e a r c h s h o u l d s h o w o r i g i n a l i t y, e i t h e r t h r o u g h t h e u s e o f f r e s h
data or by creative interpretation and application of old data.
4

O r i g i n a l i t y i s m o s t f r e q u e n t l y a s s o ci a t e d w i t h a c r e a t i v e g e n i u s f o r
d i s co v e r i n g n e w i n f o r ma t i o n o f re l a t i o n s h i p s p r e v i o u s l y u n r e c o g n i ze d .
H o w e v e r, i t s h o u l d n o t b e f o r g o t t e n t h a t c r e a t i vi t y ma y m a n i f e s t i t se l f
i n s t u d e n t s m e t h o d o f d a t a co l l e c t i o n a n d h i s p r e se n t a t i o n o f t h a t d a t a .
O r i g i n a l i t y a s s u m e s m a n y f o r m s , a n d a s t u d e n t sh o u l d a t t e m p t t o
employ them all whenever possible.
4. T h e r e se a r c h p ro c e s s , a s y s t e m f o r re c o r d i n g a n d p ro c e s s i n g
d a t a , ca n b e d i vi d e d i n t o f i ve s p e c i f i c s t e p s a s su m m a r i ze d b e l o w : -
a. I d e n t i f y, s e l e c t a n d d e f i n e a r e se a r c h p r o b l e m i n c l e a r,
a c c u r a t e a n d p r e c i se t e r m s .
b. C o n d u c t s e l e c t i v e l i b r a r y re s e a r c h a n d c o l l e c t i n f o r m a t i o n
critical to the determined problem.
c. A n a l y s e i n f o r m a t i o n o b j e c t i ve l y a n d c r e a t i v e l y a n d i d e n t i f y
p o s si b l e s o l u t i o n s t o t h e p r o b l e m .
d. Select logically the optimal solution to the problem from
s e v e r a l a l t e r n a t i ve so l u t i o n s .
e. C o m mu n i c a t e e ff e c t i v e l y t h e r e su l t s o f t h e p r o b l e m s o l vi n g
p r o c e s s b y p ro d u c i n g a f o r ma l p a p e r.
5. It must be e m p h a s i ze d that these steps are not isolated
o p e ra t i o n s , but ra t h e r, o v e rl a p p i n g activities w h i ch generate
information outputs that modify the entire process. At every stage this
c o n c u r re n c y a n d f e e d b a c k a re s u p p l e m e n t e d b y t h e s t u d e n t ’s s e n se o f
c r e a t i vi t y a n d j u d g me n t t o e ff e c t a p ro c e s s o f r e se a r c h c h a ra c t e r i z e d
b y a c o n s i d e r a b l e d e g re e o f d yn a m i c o r i g i n a l i t y.

S T E P O N E – I D EN T I F Y, S E L E C T A N D D E F I N E A R E S E A R C H
P R O B L E M I N C L E A R , A C C U R AT E A N D P R EC I S E T E R M S .
6. T h i s p h a se i s p o s s i b l y t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t a n d c e r t a i n l y i n v o l ve s
a g re a t d e a l m o r e s t u d y a n d s e l e c t i o n t h a n i s a p p a re n t a t f i r s t g l a n c e .
F a m i l i a r i t y w i t h t h e s u b j e c t w o u l d e n a b l e a cl e a r d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e
p r o b l e m t h a t w o u l d p e r mi t e ff e c t i v e r e s e a r c h . T h e p r o b l e m s t a t e m e n t
s h o u l d b e c l e a r, c o n c i s e a n d sh o u l d p r o vi d e a f o u n d a t i o n u p o n w h i ch
t h e r e s e a r ch w o u l d b e co n d u c t e d . S e l d o m w o u l d t h e r e s e a r ch p r o j e c t
b e re d u c e d t o a si n g l e q u e s t i o n o r p r o b l e m . U s u a l l y t h e r e a re s e v e ra l
5

i n t e r r e l a t e d p r o b l e m s o r i s s u e s t o b e e x a mi n e d b y t h e r e s e a r ch e r.
Thus, while the problem statement provides an overview of the
r e s e a r ch p r o j e c t a s a w h o l e , i t i s i n s t a t i n g h y p o t h e s i s , r e s e a r c h
q u e s t i o n s , o r r e se a r c h o b j e c t i ve s t h a t s p e ci f i c p u rp o s e s o f t h e s t u d y
a r e d e s c ri b e d .
7. H y p o t h e s e s s h o u l d b e u s e d w h e n e v e r t h e re s e a r c h p r o j e c t i s
e x p e ri m e n t a l o r d e s i g n e d t o t e s t a t h e o r y o r t r e n d . F o r t h e b e g i n n i n g
r e s e a r ch e r, t h e v a l u e o f h yp o t h e s e s l i e s i n c l a ri f y i n g i n d e t a i l t h e i s s u e
t o b e a d d r e s se d . T h e re s e a r c h h yp o t h e s i s i s a n e xp r e s s i o n o f a
p r e d i c t e d r e l a t i o n sh i p b e t w e e n s o m e s o r t o f v a r i a b l e s , b a s e d o n
evidence in the l i t e r a t u re , the e x p e ri e n ce or observation of the
r e s e a r ch e r, o r o t h e r re l i a b l e d a t a . F o r h i s t o r i c a l o r d e s c ri p t i v e t y p e o f
s t u d i e s , re s e a r c h q u e s t i o n s o r re s e a r c h objectives may be m o re
a p p ro p r i a t e f o r d e l i n e a t i n g t h e s p e c i f i c p r o b l e m a n d g i v i n g d i r e c t i o n t o
t h e s t u d y.

S T E P T W O - C O N D U C T S E L E C T I V E L I B R A RY R E S E A R C H A N D
C O L L E C T I N F O R M AT I O N C R I T I C A L TO T H E D E T E R M I N ED
PROBLEM.
8. Evaluation of Source Material. The e va l u a t i o n of source
m a t e r i a l s e m b r a c e s f o u r c r i t e ri a : t h e d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n p r i ma r y a n d
s e c o n d a r y s o u r c e s , t h e a u t h o r ’s r e p u t a t i o n , t h e p u b l i s h e r ’s r e p u t a t i o n
a n d t h e s o u r ce ’s d a t e o f p u b l i c a t i o n . W h e n h e b e g i n s h i s r e s e a r ch , t h e
s t u d e n t w i l l c o m e i n c o n t a c t w i t h t w o g e n e r a l t y p e s o f d a t a so u r c e :
p r i ma r y and s e c o n d a r y. Primary so u r c e s co n c e r n all first hand
i n f o r m a t i o n c o l l e c t e d a s a d i r e c t r e s u l t o f t h e r e se a r c h e ff o r t s o f t h e
i n ve s t i g a t o r. T h e se i n c l u d e :
a. O ff i c i a l g o v e r n me n t d o c u me n t s , a i d e - m e m o i re , d i p l o m a t i c
exchanges letters etc.
b. M a t e r i a l s p u b l i s h e d w i t h o u t r e s t r i c t i v e o r i n t e rp r e t i v e e d i t i n g
such as laboratory reports and government statistical data.
c. E y e w i t n e s s re p o r t s , i n t e r v i e w s w i t h g o v e rn m e n t o ff i c i a l s ,
l e c t u r e s , a n d q u e s t i o n n a i re s .
d. P e r s o n a l d a t a b a se d o n o n e ’s o w n e xp e r i e n c e .
6

9. S e c o n d a r y s o u r c e s r e p r e s e n t t h e w o r k o f p r e v i o u s re s e a r c h a n d
a c t a s a n i n t e r me d i a r y b e t w e e n t h e s ch o l a r a n d t h e o r i g i n a l s o u r c e o f
t h e i n f o r m a t i o n . T h e g re a t h a z a r d i n u si n g s e c o n d a r y s o u r ce s i s t h e
p o t e n t i a l d i s t o r t i o n o f t h e t r u t h c a u s e d b y a s t u d e n t ’s re l i a n c e o n t h e
a c c u r a c y o f a n o t h e r i n ve s t i g a t o r. T h e r e se a r c h s ch o l a r c a n n o t b e
satisfied with se c o n d - h a n d opinions and j u d g e me n t s . He must
f o r m u l a t e h i s o w n co n c l u si o n s b a s e d o n h i s p e r so n a l i n ve s t i g a t i o n o f
t h e s o u r c e m a t e r i a l s . E xa m p l e s o f s e c o n d a r y s o u r c e s a re : -
a. Te x t b o o k s , e n c y c l o p e d i a s , a l m a n a c s a n d d i g e s t s .
b. B o o k s , p e r i o d i c a l s , n e w s p a p e r s a n d r e se a r c h p a p e r s .
10. Sources in this category are frequently in whole or in part
p r i ma r y s o u r c e s . H o w e ve r, t h e s t u d e n t m u s t b e ca r e f u l t o d i s t i n g u i s h
b e t w e e n a c l e a r, r e l i a b l e s t a t e m e n t o f f a c t a n d o n e o f o p i n i o n . T h i s
d i s t i n c t i o n i s o f t e n l e s s t h a n o b vi o u s .
11 . T h e d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n p ri m a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y so u r c e s i s o n e
f u n d a me n t a l w a y o f e va l u a t i n g s o u r c e m a t e ri a l s . T h e o t h e r c r i t e ri a a re :

a. T h e A u t h o r ’s R e p u t a t i o n . I s h e a re c o g n i z e d a u t h o r i t y i n
the specific field of study under consideration, or does
he have the n e ce s s a r y credentials for w ri t i n g as an
expert on the subject?
b. T h e P u b l i s h e r ’s R e p u t a t i o n . Al t h o u g h t h e a u t h o r m a y b e
u n f a m i l i a r, d o e s t h e p u b l i s h e r e n j o y a r e l i a b l e r e p u t a t i o n f o r
p r i n t i n g w o r k s i n t h e p a r t i c u l a r a re a o f i n t e r e s t ?
c. The Date of Publication . In the s ci e n ce s , where
d e v e l o p me n t s i n re s e a r c h a r e c o n t i n u o u s a n d r e v o l u t i o n a r y,
t h e s t u d e n t s h o u l d a t t e m p t t o u se t h e m o s t r e ce n t w o r k s
available. These should enjoy the advantage of an
accumulation of knowledge and the experience of older
studies in the field. In certain i n s t a n c e s , h o w e v e r, a n
i n ve s t i g a t i o n o f b o t h o l d e r a n d m o re r e ce n t w o r k s w i l l
r e v e a l t h e t r a n s f o r ma t i o n o f o p i n i o n s a n d w i l l p r o v i d e t h e
student with greater insight into his problem. The nature of
a s t u d e n t ’s o w n p ro b l e m w i l l d i c t a t e w h e t h e r o r n o t h e
7

s h o u l d b e c o n ce r n e d w i t h t h i s e va l u a t i o n .

12. In addition, the evaluation of source materials should extend to


t h e d a t a t h e m s e l ve s . T h e f o l l o w i n g s t a n d a rd s ma y b e u s e d : -
a. Objectivity. Does the author e xp l o re and evaluate
s a t i s f a c t o r i l y a l l f a c t s o f t h e su b j e c t m a t t e r ?
b. L o g i c . A r e t h e a u t h o r ’s c o n cl u s i o n s d e r i v e d l o g i c a l l y f r o m
a r g u me n t s w h i c h a re , i n t u r n , s u p p o r t e d b y f a c t s ?
c. Thoroughness of Research . Has the author investigated
all available sources and has he acknowledged clearly and
c o m p l e t e l y t h e s o u r c e s o f h i s i n f o r ma t i o n ?
d. Originality. Does the author display a freedom from
s u b s e r vi e n ce t o t r a d i t i o n a l o r a c c e p t e d a p p r o a ch e s t o h i s
subject?
13. The r e se a r c h p ro c e s s is rather like intelligence in that it
evaluates both the source of the su b j e c t ma t t e r and the data
t h e m s e l ve s .

14. P l a n n i n g f o r R e a d i n g . F o r m o s t r e s e a r ch s t u d i e s t h e r e a d i n g
may be d i vi d e d into three stages -- i n t r o d u c t o r y, i n t e n s i ve and
s u p p l e m e n t a r y. T h e i n t r o d u c t o r y re a d i n g g i v e s t h e b a c kg r o u n d n e e d e d
i n o r d e r t o b e g i n t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n i n t e l l i g e n t l y. T h e i n t e n s i v e re a d i n g
p r o vi d e s t h e b u l k o f t h e i n f o r ma t i o n f r o m w h i ch t h e p a p e r w i l l b e
w r i t t e n . T h e s u p p l e m e n t a r y r e a d i n g i s t o f i l l g a p s i n t h e i n t e n si v e
r e a d i n g , t o p ro v i d e a d d e d i n f o r m a t i o n w h i ch t h e r e se a r c h e r m a y h a v e
d i s co v e r e d , t o m a ke t h e p a p e r co m p l e t e . U s u a l l y, t h e b e s t s o u r c e s f o r
i n t r o d u c t o r y r e a d i n g a r e g e n e r a l s o u r ce s - - a r t i c l e s i n e n c y c l o p e d i a s ,
c h a p t e r s i n e l e m e n t a r y t e x t b o o k s , h i s t o ri e s , b i o g r a p h i c a l r e f e r e n ce s
a n d s p e c i a l i s e d d i c t i o n a ri e s . F o r s o m e s u b j e c t s g o o d p o p u l a r a r t i c l e i s
the best introduction. Reading —intensive as well as introductory --
should be from general to s p e ci a l i s e d and from the popular to
s c h o l a r l y.

15. Wo r k i n g B i b l i o g r a p h y . T h e f i r s t p h a s e i n t h e c o l l e c t i o n o f d a t a
8

f o r a t h e si s b e g i n s w h e n a s t u d e n t s t a r t s t o c o m p i l e a l i s t o f so u r c e s
w h i c h h e a n t i ci p a t e s w i l l s h e d l i g h t o n h i s s u b j e c t a r e a . T h i s w o r ki n g
b i b l i o g r a p h y, s h o u l d b e m a d e a f t e r t h e s t u d e n t h a s f a m i l i a r i se d h i m s e l f
with the subject and completed the introductory re a d i n g . The
b i b l i o g r a p h y s u p p l e me n t s t h e r e se a r c h e r ’s w o r k p l a n , i n d i c a t i n g t h o s e
s o u r c e s h e mu s t i n v e s t i g a t e i n o r d e r t o c o m p l e t e h i s re s e a r c h . T h e l i s t
o f so u r c e s f l u c t u a t e s t h r o u g h o u t t h e p r o ce s s a s n e w d i s co v e r i e s a re
a d d e d a n d o t h e r d e l e t e d . T h e co l l e c t i o n m a y g r o w r a p i d l y a s a s t u d e n t
r e c e i v e s l e a d s t o o t h e r s o u r ce s f r o m s t a n d a r d b i b l i o g ra p h i c r e f e re n c e
b o o k s i n t h e l i b r a r y, t o p i c a l b i b l i o g ra p h i e s i n b o o k s h e h a s a l r e a d y
d i s co v e r e d , h i s a d vi s i n g D S a n d o t h e r s o u r c e s . A s r e se a r c h c o n t i n u e s
a n d t h e a n g l e o f a p p ro a c h t o t h e p ro b l e m s h i f t s s l i g h t l y i n l i g h t o f n e w
e v i d e n c e , c e r t a i n b i b l i o g r a p h i c so u r c e s m a y l o s e t h e i r si g n i f i ca n c e t o
the problem and should be discarded.
16. The following general procedure is recommended to prepare a
bibliography: -
a. M a k e a p r e l i m i n a r y su r v e y o f y o u r su b j e c t b y r e a d i n g a n
article about it in a general r e f e r e n ce work. A good
e n c y cl o p e d i a i s o f t e n t h e b e s t s t a r t i n g p o i n t , f o r i t n o t o n l y
g i ve s a r e l i a b l e g e n e ra l a c co u n t , b u t u s u a l l y su p p l i e s a
s e l e c t e d b i b l i o g ra p h y w h i c h m a y b e u s e f u l .
b. O n c e f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e su b j e c t t h e s t u d e n t c a n d e ci d e
w h e t h e r t h e m a t e ri a l w i l l b e d ra w n f r o m b o o k s o r m a g a z i n e s
or both.
c. R e a d g e n e r a l s o u r c e s f i r s t , t h e n s p e ci a l i ze d o n e s . a s o n e
reads through articles in encyclopedias, watch for cross-
r e f e r e n ce s to useful ma t e r i a l . Most authoritative works
w o u l d b e q u o t e d m o s t f r e q u e n t l y.
d. B e s e l e c t i ve w h i l e p r e p a r i n g t h e b i b l i o g r a p h y. T h e re i s n o
p o i n t i n p u t t i n g d o w n t h re e t i t l e s i f t h e y a l l c o n t a i n t h e s a me
information, or in listing books which have little to say on
t h e s u b j e c t . T h e r e s e a r ch e r s h o u l d d e v e l o p t h e h a b i t o f
g u e s si n g i n t e l l i g e n t l y w h e t h e r a b o o k w i l l b e u s e f u l t o h i m .
O f t e n t h e b e s t w a y t o g u e s s a t a b o o k ’s u s e f u l n e s s i s t o
9

r e a d t h e p r e f a ce , o r a p a r t o f i t ; c h e c k t h e t a b l e o f c o n t e n t s
a n d s e e h o w m u c h s p a ce i t g i v e s t o t h e s u b j e c t u n d e r
r e s e a r ch . S t u d y t h e i n d e xe s o f b o o k s o n re l a t e d s u b j e c t s .
T h e s e w i l l g i ve o u t h o w m u c h s p a ce i s g i v e n t o t h e su b j e c t .
17. R e s e a r c h B i b l i o g r a p h i c C a r d . T h e u s e o f t h re e r e s e a r c h t o o l s i s
recommended which can be of great value to the student. The first of
t h e s e i s t h e R e s e a r c h B i b l i o g ra p h i c C a r d . I t sh o u l d b e a 3 x 5 i n ch
c a r d ( t o d i s t i n g u i s h i t f r o m t h e n o t e c a rd ) a n d s e r v e s a d u a l f u n c t i o n .

Library No To p i c S e ri a l N o

Author

Ti t l e
Imprint
Comment

O n o n e h a n d , i t a s s i s t s i n t h e d e v e l o p me n t o f a w o r ki n g b i b l i o g r a p h y
a s e a c h c a rd r e p r e s e n t s a s e p a ra t e re f e r e n c e s o u r ce . T h e “ C o m m e n t ”
s e c t i o n a ff o r d s s p a c e f o r a s h o r t h a n d e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e s o u r ce a s i t
pertains to the problem. On the other hand the card expedites data
c o l l e c t i o n a n d i t s a n a l y si s . T h e “ To p i c ” b l o c k c a n b e u s e d t o re c o r d a
s t u d e n t ’s p e r s o n a l f i l i n g co d e w o r k , c l a s si f y i n g t h e s o u r c e u n d e r a
s u b h e a d i n g o f t h e p ro b l e m . E a c h c a r d , a s i t i s p r e p a re d , s h o u l d b e
n u m b e r e d i n s e q u e n ce u s i n g t h e “ Se r i a l N o ” b l o c k . L a t e r, w h e n t a ki n g
n o t e s , a s t u d e n t ca n i d e n t i f y t h e s o u r ce o f h i s n o t e m e re l y b y c i t i n g t h e
serial number of the a p p ro p r i a t e bibliographic card, rather than
r e c o p yi n g t h e e n t i re a c k n o w l e d g e m e n t f o r e v e r y n o t e . T h i s f o r m o f
a b b re v i a t i o n ca n b e u s e d a g a i n w h i l e w r i t i n g t h e f i r s t ro u g h d ra f t o f t h e
t h e s i s . W h e n c o m p l e t i n g t h e b l o c k s f o r a u t h o r, t i t l e a n d i m p ri n t , t h e
s t u d e n t s h o u l d b e c a r e f u l t o r e c o rd t h e d a t a a c cu r a t e l y a n d t h o ro u g h l y
t o a v o i d u n n e c e s sa r y c h e c k i n g l a t e r o n .
17. R e s e a r c h N o t e t a k i n g C a r d . A s e c o n d a i d , re c o m m e n d e d t o t h e
10

s t u d e n t , i s t h e R e s e a r ch N o t e t a k i n g C a r d . I t sh o u l d b e o f 4 x 6 i n c h e s
a n d u se d i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e R e s e a r ch Bi b l i o g r a p h i c C a rd .

TO P I C SERIAL
NOTES
L O C AT I O N

T h e “ To p i c ” e n t r y sh o u l d b e a k e y w o r k o r p h r a se t h a t c o r r e s p o n d s t o a
t o p i c a l su b h e a d i n g o f t h e s t u d e n t ’s p r o b l e m . A s h e g a t h e r s h i s n o t e s
f r o m ma n y so u r c e s , t h e re s e a r c h e r sh o u l d f i l e t h e m b y t o p i c , t h e re b y
facilitating subsequent analysis and writing.

18. S o u r c e m a t e ri a l s m y b e u s e d w h e n t a k i n g n o t e s i n f o u r b a s i c
w a y s . R e s e a r c h m a t t e r m a y b e q u o t e d d i re c t l y f r o m i t s s o u r c e , i t ma y
b e p a ra p h r a se d o r su m m a r i ze d ; o r l a s t l y t h e r e se a r c h e r m a y w i s h t o
record factual information. All four require acknowledgement of the
s o u r c e i n o r d e r t o a v o i d i n t e n t i o n a l o r a c c i d e n t a l p l a g i a ri s m , a m o s t
s e r i o u s o ff e n c e . T h e r e q u i r e me n t s o f s c h o l a r l y re s e a r c h d i c t a t e t h a t
t h e s t u d e n t d o c u me n t , t h r o u g h t h e u se o f f o o t n o t e s , t h e so u r c e o f a l l
materials he uses in his own work.
19. D i re c t q u o t a t i o n s s h o u l d b e u s e d sp a r i n g l y. I n o r d e r t o a v o i d
m i s r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e a u t h o r, a q u o t a t i o n m u s t b e co p i e d e x a c t l y a s i t
a p p e a r s i n t h e o ri g i n a l , i n c l u d i n g co m p l e t e p u n c t u a t i o n a n d a n y e r r o r s
i n t h e o r i g i n a l p r i n t i n g . To o m a n y q u o t a t i o n s r e s u l t i n w o r d i n e s s a n d
g i ve t h e i mp r e s s i o n t h a t t h e s t u d e n t h a s me r e l y s t r u n g t o g e t h e r
statements made by others without digesting these statements or doing
a n y t h i n ki n g a b o u t t h e m . N o t h i n g i s m o r e i r ri t a t i n g t o t h e i n s t r u c t o r o r
m o r e d e t r i me n t a l t o t h e p u r p o s e o f t h e r e s e a r ch a s si g n me n t t h a n t h e
h a b i t o f p a d d i n g t h e p a p e r w i t h s e v e ra l l o n g q u o t a t i o n s .

20. P a r a p h r a s i n g a n d s u m m a ri z a t i o n e a c h i n v o l v e s a r e w o rd i n g o f a n
a u t h o r ’s i d e a s . S u m m a r i za t i o n , i n a d d i t i o n , r e p r e se n t s a c o n d e n sa t i o n
o f t h e a u t h o r ’s t h o u g h t s , u s i n g f e w e r w o r d s . P a ra p h r a si n g i s h e l p f u l
w h e n t h e o r i g i n a l t e x t i s u n c l e a r o r d i s o r i e n t e d f r o m t h e i s su e a t h a n d .
11

S u m m a ri z a t i o n ca n b e s t b e e mp l o y e d w h e n t h e so u r c e d e a l s w i t h t h e
s u b j e c t a t a g r e a t e r l e n g t h t h a n d e si r e d .

21. T h e d e c i si o n t o a c k n o w l e d g e t h e so u r c e o f a n i t e m o f f a c t u a l
i n f o r m a t i o n l a r g e l y d e p e n d s o n t h e e x t e n t t o w h i c h t h e d a t a h a ve
p r e vi o u s l y b e e n a c c e p t e d a s a c cu r a t e . T h e f a c t t h a t t h e s p e e d o f l i g h t
i s 1 8 6 , 0 0 0 m i l e s a s e co n d w o u l d n o t r e q u i r e a f o o t n o t e . H o w e ve r, t h e
s t a t e m e n t o f t h e ma x i m u m ra n g e o f p r o t o t y p e w e a p o n s y s t e m s h o u l d
c e r t a i n l y b e r e f e r e n ce d .
22. Idea Book. T h e t h i rd r e s e a r ch t o o l r e c o m m e n d e d i s a p o c k e t
s i z e d n o t e b o o k i n w h i c h a s t u d e n t c a n r e c o rd h i s i d e a s w h i l e t h e y a r e
f r e s h i n h i s m i n d a n d b e f o re t h e y a re f o r g o t t e n . B e c a u s e m u c h o f h i s
r e f l e c t i o n a n d c r e a t i ve j u d g m e n t o c cu r w h i l e h e i s a w a y f r o m h i s d e s k . ,
this notebook preserves his flashes of insight on paper until he
returns.
S T E P T H R E E - A N A LY S E I N F O R M AT I O N O B J E C T I V E LY A N D
C R E AT I V E LY A N D I D EN T I F Y P O S S I B L E S O L U T I O N S TO T H E
PROBLEM

23. Before the collected data can be interpreted, it must first be


organized. This p ro c e s s begins with the formulation of the first
t e n t a t i v e h y p o t h e s i s a n d c o n t i n u e s t h r o u g h t h e co m p i l i n g o f a w o r k i n g
b i b l i o g r a p h y a n d t h e a c c u mu l a t i o n o f t o p i ca l l y c l a s s i f i e d n o t e c a r d s . A t
t h i s p o i n t , t h o u g h , t h e s t u d e n t m u s t t u rn h i s re s u l t s i n t o a n a c c e p t a b l e
form of solution if the research has been grounded in a thorough
i n ve s t i g a t i o n a n d a n a l y s i s o f t h e s o u r c e s a v a i l a b l e t o t h e s t u d e n t .
S T E P F O U R - S E L E C T L O G I C A L LY T H E O P T I M A L S O L U T I O N TO T H E
P R O B L E M F R O M S E V E R A L A LT E R N AT I V E S O L U T I O N S

24. E v a l u a t i o n C r i te r i a . T h e f o u r t h p h a s e o f t h e r e s e a r c h p ro c e s s i s
l a rg e l y o n e o f e v a l u a t i o n . E a c h w o r k i n g h yp o t h e s i s m u s t b e j u d g e d i n
r e l a t i o n t o t h e s t a t e d o b j e c t i v e o f t h e r e s e a r c h . T h e f i r s t c r i t e ri o n f o r
a p p ra i s i n g a h y p o t h e si s i s t h e t e s t o f s u i t a b i l i t y. T h e p r o p o s e d s o l u t i o n
m u s t a c t u a l l y s o l v e t h e s t u d e n t ’s p r o b l e m a n d a c h i e v e h i s g o a l . A
12

p r e mi s e w h i ch f a i l s t o m e e t t h i s r e q u i r e m e n t m u s t b e r e j e c t e d .

25. T h e s e c o n d s t a n d a r d i s t h a t o f b e l i e va b i l i t y. T h e h y p o t h e s i s m u s t
b e s u b s t a n t i a t e d b y f a c t . T h e s t u d e n t ’s s o l u t i o n m u s t r e s t o n l o g i c a l
a r g u me n t s . A n d t h e a r g u me n t s , i n t u r n , m u s t b e su b s t a n t i a t e d b y t h e
data that he has collected.

26. T h e t h i rd c r i t e r i o n i s t h e r e q u i r e m e n t o f f e a s i b i l i t y. Al t h o u g h t h e
s o l u t i o n m a y p a s s t h e f i r s t t w o t e s t s , i t mu s t , i n a d d i t i o n , b e p o s s i b l e .
T h e c o s t o f r i s k i n vo l v e d i n i m p l e me n t i n g t h e h y p o t h e s i s m u s t n o t b e
p r o h i b i t i ve .

27. Conclusion and recommendation . Having selected his optimal


s o l u t i o n t o t h e p ro b l e m , t h e s t u d e n t w i l l b e a b l e t o e xp r e s s i t a s a
c o n cl u s i o n o r a s e r i e s o f c o n cl u s i o n s . I n o r d e r f o r a c o n cl u s i o n t o b e
v a l i d , i t m u s t b e s u b s t a n t i a t e d b y t h e f a c t u a l e vi d e n c e o f t h e re s e a r c h
a n d , i n ve r s e l y, cl a r i f y t h o s e f a c t s . M o r e o ve r, a c o n c l u s i o n m u s t b e
s u p p o r t e d b y l o g i c a l a n d o b j e c t i ve a n a l y s i s o f t h e c o l l e c t e d d a t a . I n
s u m m a t i o n , a c o n cl u s i o n i s t h e y i e l d o f re s e a r c h a n d a n a l y si s , t h e
o u t c o m e o f t h o r o u g h a n d r a t i o n a l s t u d y.

2 8 . R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s a r e a p p l i c a t i o n s o f t h e a u t h o r ’s c o n cl u s i o n s ,
r e p r e se n t i n g t h e p r a c t i ca l i m p l e me n t a t i o n o f h i s re s e a r c h . T h e a r e
a s s o ci a t e d l o g i ca l l y w i t h t h e i r r e l a t e d c o n cl u s i o n s . I n m a n y i n s t a n c e s ,
the student will be unable to d e r i ve re c o m m e n d a t i o n from his
c o n cl u s i o n s . H o w e v e r, frequently he will determine a p r a c t i ca l
a p p l i c a t i o n f o r t h e r e s u l t s o f h i s s t u d y. F u r t h e r mo r e , t h e s t u d e n t m a y
w i sh t o s u g g e s t a r e a s f o r f r u i t f u l s t u d y, w h i c h h a v e b e e n re v e a l e d a s a
r e s u l t o f h i s r e se a r c h . I n b o t h c a s e s , h i s p r o p o s a l s w o u l d b e e x a mp l e s
o f re c o m m e n d a t i o n s .
S T E P F I V E - C O M M U N I C AT E E F F E C T I V E LY T H E R E S U LT O F T H E
P R O B L E M S O LV I N G P R O C E S S B Y PR O D U C I N G A F O R M A L
PA P E R
13

29. The thesis paper is a re p o r t of research conducted and


c o m p l e t e d . T h e f o u n d a t i o n o f t h e p a p e r i s t h e e v i d e n c e g a t h e re d b y
the student. From this the author infers a solution to his problem,
s u p p o r t e d b y l o g i c a l a r g u m e n t . T h e t h e s i s co n t a i n s a d e s c ri p t i o n o f t h e
p r o b l e m a n d a s t a t e m e n t o f t h e f i n a l s o l u t i o n , a l o n g w i t h a n y d e l i mi t i n g
factors, which qualify that solution.

30. T h e s t u d e n t b e g a n w ri t i n g h i s p a p e r w h e n h e s u b m i t t e d h i s
problem statement and formulated his work plan. While collecting and
e v a l u a t i n g h i s d a t a , h e mo s t l i k e l y s t a r t e d t o w r i t e a n o u t l i n e f o r h i s
f i n a l t h e si s . I n i t h e p r o b a b l y i n cl u d e d t h e b ro a d s u b h e a d i n g s o f h i s
p r o b l e m , t h e m a i n t r e n d s o f h i s r e s e a r ch a n d a n y t e n t a t i v e s o l u t i o n s
r e a c h e d a l o n g t h e w a y.

31. At this point, upon completing the bulk of his data collection and
i t s a n a l y s i s , t h e w r i t e r m u s t p r e p a re a f o r m a l o u t l i n e o f h i s s t u d y w h i ch
r e c o r d s t h e f u n d a m e n t a l s t r u c t u r e o f h i s r e s e a r ch . I t s h o u l d f o c u s o n
t h e o b j e c t i v e o f t h e r e s e a r c h , o r g a n i z i n g t h e e vi d e n ce a n d t h e a u t h o r ’s
a r g u me n t s around that central goal. The writer sh o u l d not be
c o n c e rn e d w i t h s t y l e o r p r o p e r f o r m a t a t t h i s t i m e . H i s i d e a s a n d t h e
l o g i c o f t h e i r p r e s e n t a t i o n a r e p a r a mo u n t .
32. T h e r e a r e t w o d i s t i n c t a p p r o a ch e s t h e s t u d e n t ma y f o l l o w i n
w r i t i n g h i s t h e s i s : f i r s t , h e ma y e x p a n d s u c ce s s i v e o u t l i n e s u n t i l a f i n a l
d r a f t i s a p p r o xi m a t e d a n d s e co n d , h e m a y w ri t e o n e c h a p t e r a t a t i m e .
A s t u d e n t ’s c h o i ce sh o u l d re f l e c t h i s o w n e s t a b l i s h e d w r i t i n g h a b i t s .
33. T h e e x p a n d i n g - o u t l i n e m e t h o d a ff o r d s t h e a u t h o r t h e a d va n t a g e
o f ke e p i n g h i s o b j e c t i v e i n s i g h t t h r o u g h o u t t h e w r i t i n g p r o c e s s .
S i m i l a r l y, i t p ro v i d e s a f l e xi b i l i t y o f r e s p o n s e t o n e w d a t a , c r i t i c i s m a n d
i n f o r m a t i o n f e e d b a c k . I n ma n y c a s e s , h o w e v e r, i t ma y p r o v e t o b e m o r e
t i m e - c o n su m i n g a n d l a b o r i o u s t h a n w r i t i n g o n e c h a p t e r a t a t i m e ,
e s p e ci a l l y s i n ce a t s o m e s t a g e i n t h e p r o c e s s , t h e w r i t e r m u s t s h i f t
f r o m o u t l i n e t o s t r a i g h t p r o se f o r m . T h e c h a p t e r - b y - c h a p t e r m e t h o d
a l l o w s , w r i t i n g t o b e g i n e a rl i e r, b u t c o n t a i n s t h e i n t r i n s i c r i s k t h a t t h e
w r i t e r m a y b e co m e s o i n t e n t o n t h e f a c e t o f t h e p r o b l e m w i t h w h i c h h e
14

is dealing that the broader perspective eludes him. This pitfall be


a v o i d e d b y t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a c o m p re h e n si v e , l u ci d o u t l i n e b e f o r e
w r i t i n g i s b e g u n . A s a n o t h e r a l t e rn a t i v e , t h e s e t w o m e t h o d s c a n b e
c o m b i n e d t o w h a t e ve r e x t e n t i s c o n si s t e n t w i t h e ff e c t i v e o r g a n i z a t i o n .
34. H a vi n g p r o d u ce d a ro u g h draft by either method or by a
c o m b i n a t i o n o f b o t h , t h e s t u d e n t mu s t r e - e xa m i n e h i s p a p e r a s a w h o l e
t o d e t e r m i n e i f i t i s r e p re s e n t a t i v e o f h i s o r i g i n a l p u r p o s e , w h e t h e r i t
p r o vi d e s a s a t i s f a c t o r y so l u t i o n t o h i s p ro b l e m i n cl e a r a n d a c c u r a t e
l a n g u a g e , a n d w h e t h e r i t f a i t h f u l l y p o r t r a y s h i s r e se a r c h p r o c e s s . T h e
t h e s i s mu s t t r a n s l a t e h i s f a c t s , a r g u m e n t s a n d co n c l u s i o n s i n t o w r i t i n g ,
p r e s e r vi n g t h e l o g i c a n d i n t e g r i t y o f h i s a n a l y s i s i n t h e p r o c e s s . I f i t
d o e s a l l t h e s e , t h e re s e a r c h p a p e r i s c o m p l e t e .
Annexes
A . F o r m a t o f a R e se a r c h P a p e r.
B . F o o t n o t e s a n d B i b l i o g r a p h y.
C. Internet As a Medium For Research.
15

F O R M AT O F A R E S E A R C H PA P E R
1. The Research Paper is meant to be a formal paper written in a
s t y l e c o mp a r a b l e t o t h o se a p p e a r i n g i n t h e m o re s c h o l a r l y p u b l i c a t i o n s
it is therefore recommended that it follow a given format.

2. N o r m a l l y t h e p a p e r sh o u l d b e c o m p o se d o f t h r e e b a s i c s e c t i o n s :
t h e p re l i mi n a r i e s , t h e t e x t a n d t h e r e f e r e n ce m a t e r i a l . T h e se q u e n c e o f
t h e f o l l o w i n g o u t l i n e s h o u l d g e n e r a l l y b e o b se r v e d : -
a. P r e l i m i n a r i e s . C o n si s t o f : -
(1) Ti t l e P a g e .
(2) T h e me .
(3) Abstract or thesis statement.
(4) P r e f a ce (i f a n y ) .
(5) Ta b l e o f c o n t e n t s ( l i s t o f t a b l e s a n d l i s t o f i l l u s t r a t i o n s
may be included when applicable).
b. Te x t . C o n s i s t s o f
(1) I n t r o d u c t i o n (C h a p t e r 1 ) .
(2) M a i n b o d y o f t h e p a p e r.
(3) C o n c l u s i o n s a n d R e c o m me n d a t i o n s ( F i n a l C h a p t e r ) .

c. R e fe r e n c e M a t e r i a l . C o n si s t s o f
(1) Annexes.
(2) F o o t n o t e s a n d B i b l i o g ra p h y.
3. Preliminaries
a. Ti t l e P a g e . T h e t i t l e p a g e i s t h e f i r s t p re l i mi n a r y p a g e
o f t h e p a p e r. I t m u s t s h o w t h e t i t l e o f t h e re s e a r c h
paper as well as the name and particulars of the
a u t h o r. T h i s i s p a g e I o f t h e t h e s i s a n d i s n u m b e r e d .

b. Theme. Actual theme allotted by the College should be


g i ve n . T h i s i s p a g e i i o f t h e t h e si s / p a p e r a n d i s
numbered.
16

c. Abstract. The abstract is a specialized form of


w o r ki n g w h i c h p r e s e n t s t h e n u cl e u s o f a r e s e a r c h
p a p e r i n cl u d i n g a c o n ci s e s u m m a r y o f t h e f i n d i n g s a n d
any re c o m m e n d a t i o n s , in the mo s t organized and
condensed format favourable to e ff e c t i v e
communication. An abstract c o n si s t s of sh o r t
s t a t e m e n t o f t h e p r o b l e m , a b r i e f e x p o si t i o n o f t h e
m e t h o d s a n d p r o c e d u r e s e mp l o y e d i n g a t h e ri n g t h e
d a t a , a n d a co n d e n s e d s u m ma r y o f t h e f i n d i n g s . T h e
abstract should tell the reader what problem was
studied, what was done by the researcher and what
c o n cl u s i o n s w e re d r a w n . T h e A b s t r a c t i s p r o p e rl y, a
thesis in m i c ro c o s m , distilled to 200 w o rd s . In
c o m p o si n g a n a b s t r a c t f o l l o w i n g s h o u l d b e k e p t i n
view: -
(1) It should be titled “Abstract of “ and should not
c o n t a i n a me r e l i s t o f t h e c h a p t e r s o r t h e m a i n
headings of the paper nor tell the reader that it
contains “analyses, descriptions and
c o n cl u s i o n s . ”
(2) It should contain the central ideas, facts,
a n a l y se s a n d c o n c l u s i o n s .
(3) T h e a b s t r a c t w i l l b e p a g e i i i o f t h e t h e si s / p a p e r
and is numbered. It should be restricted to 200
w o rd s o n l y.
(4) T h e a b s t r a c t s a r e w ri t t e n a n d s t o r e d a s d a t a
base for the c o n v e n i e n ce of the r e a d e r.
Therefore it should be carefully worded to
facilitate a c cu r a t e co m p u t e r storage and
r e f e r e n ce l i s t i n g s f o r r e t r i e v a l .
d. P r e fa c e . T h e p r e f a c e sh o u l d n o t b e c o n f u se d w i t h a n
abstract or an introduction. It enables the author to
a d d re s s t h e r e a d e r d i r e c t l y, p r e se n t i n g a s u c ci n c t
s t a t e m e n t o f h i s o b j e c t i ve s ( t h a t i s h i s p u rp o s e a n d
17

t a s k ) , a n d t h e p a p e r ’s s c o p e . I n a d d i t i o n , a p r e f a c e
acknowledges, when applicable, all r e s e a r ch
a s s i s t a n ce f r o m p e r so n s a n d i n s t i t u t i o n s , w h o w e re
t h e s o u r c e o f i mp o r t a n t d a t a o r o f i d e a s t h a t w e r e o f
m a t e r i a l a s s i s t a n c e t o t h e a u t h o r i n t h e d e ve l o p m e n t
o f t h e t h e si s / p a p e r. T h i s w o u l d b e p a g e i v o f t h e
t h e s i s a n d i s n u m b e re d .
e. Ta b l e o f C o n t e n t s . T h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e t h e si s a n d
i t s c o n t e n t s a r e o u t l i n e d o n t h i s p a g e . I t p ro v i d e s t h e
reader with a summary of the scope and the order of
d e v e l o p me n t o f t h e a u t h o r ’s a rg u m e n t . T h i s i s p a g e v
o f t h e t h e si s a n d i s n u m b e r e d .
4. Te x t . T h e t e x t o f t h e re s e a r c h p a p e r f o l l o w s t h e p r e l i mi n a ri e s : -
a. I n t r o d u c t i o n . I n t h i s c h a p t e r t h e a u t h o r p re s e n t s a cl e a r
and c o mp l e t e but succinct statement of his re s e a r c h
problem, that is. a description of his purpose and task. It is
a l so t h e p ro p e r p l a c e t o d i s c u s s t h e l i m i t a t i o n s a n d s co p e o f
t h e r e se a r c h p a p e r. T h e a u t h o r m a y a l s o w i s h t o m e n t i o n
a n y b a si c a s s u m p t i o n s u s e d a n d t o d e f i n e a n s p e c i a l t e r m s
u n i q u e t o t h e p a p e r o r u s e d i n a r e s t r i c t e d m a n n e r. H e r e t h e
author should also review briefly the organization or the
r e m i n d e r o f t h e p a p e r. T h i s a l l o w s t h e r e a d e r t o d e t e r m i n e
a t a g l a n ce t h e r e l a t i o n sh i p b e t w e e n v a r i o u s p a r t s o f t h e
p a p e r. S o me aspects of the introductory part of the
thesis/paper are: -
(1) S t a te m e n t o f t h e R e s e a r c h P r o b l e m . T h i s s t a t e m e n t
s h o u l d b e a cl e a r, c o n c i s e s t a t e m e n t o f t h e n a t u re a n d
s c o p e o f t h e p ro b l e m t h a t w i l l b e i n ve s t i g a t e d . P l a c i n g
the problem statement early in the introduction
a c co m p l i s h e s s e v e ra l p u r p o s e s : -
(a) I t t e l l s t h e r e a d e r w h a t t h e p r o p o se d s t u d y i s
about.
(b) It p r o vi d e s the foundation upon which the
r e m a i n d e r o f t h e p r o p o sa l c a n b e b u i l t .
18

(c) It p r o vi d e s a framework for i n t e r p re t i n g the


r e m a i n i n g co n t e n t o f t h e p ro p o s a l and making
j u d g m e n t s c o n c e rn i n g i t s a d e q u a c y.

(2) Background or Context of the Problem . The first few


p a r a g r a p h s a re g e n e r a l l y d e v o t e d t o g i v i n g t h e re a d e r
a f r a m e o f r e f e r e n c e f o r t h e p ro b l e m . I t t y p i c a l l y
p r o vi d e s s o m e i n d i c a t i o n o f h o w a n d w h y t h e r e s e a r ch
p r o b l e m e me r g e d a n d h o w p u r s u i t o f t h e r e s e a r c h
problem will contribute to a so l u t i o n to the
problem.
(3) H theses Research Questions and Research
Objectives. Seldom can a research p ro j e c t be
r e d u ce d t o a s i n g l e q u e s t i o n o r a p r o b l e m . U s u a l l y
t h e r e a r e s e v e ra l r e l a t e d p r o b l e m s o r i s s u e s t o b e
e x a mi n e d b y t h e r e se a r c h e r. T h u s w h i l e t h e p r o b l e m
statement p r o vi d e s an o ve r v i e w of the r e se a r c h
project as a whole, it is in stating hypotheses,
r e s e a r ch questions or r e s e a r ch objectives that
s p e ci f i c p u r p o s e s o f t h e s t u d y a r e d e s c r i b e d .
(4) H y p o t h e s e s . H yp o t h e s e s s h o u l d b e u se d w h e n e v e r
t h e r e se a r c h p r o j e c t i s e xp e r i m e n t a l o r d e s i g n e d t o
t e s t a t h e o r y o r a t r e n d . F o r t h e b e g i n n i n g r e s e a r ch e r,
the value of hypotheses lies in clarifying in detail the
i s s u e t o b e a d d r e s se d . T h e re s e a r c h h yp o t h e s i s i s a n
e xp r e s s i o n o f a p r e d i c t e d r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n s o m e
s o r t o f va r i a b l e s , b a se d o n e v i d e n c e i n t h e l i t e r a t u re ,
t h e e x p e ri e n c e o r o b se r v a t i o n s o f t h e r e se a r c h e r, o r
o t h e r r e l i a b l e d a t a . F o r e x a m p l e , a r e s e a r c h e r mi g h t
h yp o t h e s i ze t h a t “ T h e Mi l i t a r y A c a d e m y G r a d u a t e s d o
better than the graduates of the O ff i c e r Tr a i n i n g
S c h o o l . ” M o s t r e se a r c h t e x t a u t h o r s a g r e e t h a t w h e re
p o s s i b l e , t h e h yp o t h e s e s s h o u l d b e s t a t e d i n n u l l f o r m .
F o r e x a m p l e : “ T h e O ff i c e r Tr a i n i n g S c h o o l g r a d u a t e s
19

do not do better than the Military Academy


Graduates.”
(5) For the thesis of historical or d e s c r i p t i ve n a t u re
f o r m u l a t i n g r e s e a r ch q u e s t i o n s o r r e s e a r ch o b j e c t i v e s
m a y b e mo r e a p p r o p ri a t e f o r d e l i n e a t i n g t h e s p e ci f i c
p ro b l e m a n d g i vi n g d i re c t i o n t o t h e s t u d y.
(6) Assumption. An assumption is any u n d e rl y i n g
p ro p o si t i o n o r s t a t e m e n t t h a t m u s t b e a c c e p t e d a s t r u e
i n o r d e r t o u n d e r t a ke t h e r e se a r c h .
(7) Definitions. Any variable or term that is integral to a
r e s e a r ch s t u d y should be operationally defined.
(8) Limitations. Limitations of a proposed study are
w e a k n e s s e s re s u l t i n g f r o m c o n s t r a i n t s o r re s t r i c t i o n s
b e y o n d t h e co n t r o l o f t h e re s e a r c h e r. L i mi t a t i o n s may
be non availability of some documents due to
c l a s si f i c a t i o n , tune constraints or s o me inherent
w e a k n e s s e s o f s o m e r e s e a r ch d e si g n s . The
r e s e a r ch e r s h o u l d c a r e f u l l y a n a l y ze a n d s p e ci f y both
d e l i m i t a t i o n s a n d l i mi t a t i o n s i n t h e i r p ro p o s a l s .
(9) Delimitations. Delimitations are constraints
n e c e s s a ri l y i m p o se d o n t h e scope or content of
t h e s t u d y b y t h e r e s e a r ch e r i n o r d e r f o r t h e p ro j e c t t o
b e ma n a g e a b l e o r e v e n f e a s i b l e .
(10) Significance of the Study . The reader and reviewers
o f re s e a r c h typically seek some indication of the
r e l e v a n c e o f t h e re s e a r c h e i t h e r t o the body of
t h e o r y u n d e rl y i n g a g i v e n f i e l d o f s t u d y, t o p r a c t i s e
w i t h i n t h e f i e l d , o r t o b o t h . T h e o p e n i n g o f t h e t h e si s
m u s t a l s o i n cl u d e s o me indication of how the
r e s e a r ch t o b e d o n e w i l l f i l l t h e kn o w l e d g e g a p ,
e x p a n d t h e t h e o r e t i c a l b a se , o r p e rh a p s co n t r i b u t e t o
the solution to the problem. P ro p o s a l s for
r e s e a r ch a i m e d a t s o l vi n g p r a c t i ca l m i l i t a r y p r o b l e m s
would be highly regarded.
20

( 11 ) S u r v e y o f L i t e r a t u r e . T h e r e a r e m a n y p u r p o s e s f o r
i n cl u d i n g t h e su r v e y o f l i t e r a t u r e i n t h e t h e s i s / p a p e r. I t
p r o vi d e s the h i s t o r i ca l and t h e o re t i c a l f r a me w o r k
which should help the r e se a r c h e r to put into
p e r s p e c t i v e h i s t h e s i s p ro b l e m a n d h i s a p p ro a c h t o i t s
s o l u t i o n . O n a n y g i v e n s u b j e c t , mi l i t a r y o r c i vi l i a n ,
t h e r e g e n e ra l l y i s a b r o a d sp e c t r u m o f v i e w p o i n t s ,
t h e o r i e s a n d o p i n i o n s . R e s e a r c h q u e s t i o n s f r o m w h i ch
thesis topics a re drawn are often essentially
c h a l l e n g e s t o e xi s t i n g t h e o r y. I t i s i m p o r t a n t t h e r e f o r e ,
that students be co n v e r s a n t w i th the p re d o m i n a n t
“schools of thought” which p re v a i l in the subject
a r e a ( s ) r e l a t e d t o t h e i r t h e s i s t o p i c s . A s e co n d a n d
e q u a l l y i mp o r t a n t p u r p o se i s t h a t a c o m p r e h e n si v e ,
t h o r o u g h l i t e r a t u r e r e vi e w a l l o w s t h e s t u d e n t t o i so l a t e
p r e vi o u s r e s e a r ch o n t h e t o p i c a n d p r o vi d e a b a si s f o r
developing a more s h a rp l y focusing re s e a r c h
questions, hypotheses or r e s e a r ch objectives. The
r e s u l t s o f t h e l i t e ra t u r e s e a r ch a l so d e mo n s t r a t e t o t h e
r e a d e r s t h e s t u d e n t ’s b r o a d g r a s p o f t h e b o d y o f t h e
knowledge that constitutes the p a r t i cu l a r field of
i n ve s t i g a t i o n .
b. Main Body. Main body is usually divided into chapters.
E a c h c h a p t e r i n t u rn , m a y b e d i v i d e d i n t o s e c t i o n s a n d s u b
s e c t i o n s . T h e r e v i e w o f t h e l i t e r a t u re a n d m e t h o d o l o g y
a d o p t e d f o r t h e c o n d u c t o f t h e r e s e a r ch ma y b e p a r t o f t h e
m a i n b o d y, p a r t i c u l a r l y, i n a s h o r t p a p e r. H e r e , i t i s
i m p o r t a n t t o n o t e , t h a t t h e f l o w o f t h e a r g u me n t s of the
a u t h o r m u s t b e p r e se n t e d i n a s l o g i c a l a s e q u e n ce a s
p o s si b l e .
5. Conclusions and Recommendations . This chapter is the final
c h a p t e r o f t h e t e x t a n d s t a t e s t h e a u t h o r ’s c o n cl u s i o n s a n d a n y
r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s . T h e a u t h o r ma y w i s h t o q u a l i f y h i s f i n d i n g s b y ci t i n g
i n s t a n ce s o f i n c o m p l e t e o r u n v e r i f i e d d a t a . T h e l i mi t i n g re m a r k s s h o u l d
21

p r e c e d e t h e s t a t e me n t o f t h e a u t h o r ’s c o n c l u s i o n s . Mo r e o v e r, t h e
author may use the final chapter to indicate additional problems
u n c o ve r e d a s a r e s u l t o f h i s i n ve s t i g a t i o n , p r o b l e m s w h i c h r e q u i r e
r e s e a r ch b e yo n d t h e s c o p e o f t h e s t u d y re p o r t e d . T h i s c h a p t e r, i n f a c t ,
t a k e s t h e re a d e r b a c k t o t h e o r i g i n a l h y p o t h e s e s a n d q u e s t i o n s a n d
a n sw e r s t h e m . We r e t h e h y p o t h e s e s s u p p o r t e d , w h y a n d w h y n o t ?
W h a t a r e t h e a n sw e r s t o t h e re s e a r c h q u e s t i o n s p o s e d i n t h e o p e n i n g
c h a p t e r? Al s o t h e f i n a l c h a p t e r sh o u l d s u g g e s t t h e m e a n i n g o f t h e
s t u d y, t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f i t s o u t c o m e a n d i t s c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e
knowledge base or the solution of the related problems. The author is
cautioned to avoid introduction of factual or analytical evidence not
a l re a d y p r e s e n t e d i n t h e m a i n b o d y o f t h e p a p e r. A d d i t i o n a l s e c t i o n s o f
this chapter should be:-
a. Relationship to Previous Studies . This is an essential part
of the last c h a p t e r, the r e se a r c h project would be
i n c o m p l e t e w i t h o u t i t . H e r e t h e r e s e a r ch e r g o e s b a c k t o t h e
r e vi e w o f t h e l i te r a t u r e i n t h e o p e n i n g c h a p t e r s / p a r t s t o s e e
i f a n d w h e r e t h e t h e s i s r e s u l t s c o n f l i c t o r co n f o r m w i t h o t h e r
s t u d i e s i n t h e s a me a r e a . T h i s s e c t i o n i s a n a t t e m p t t o t i e
t h e t h e si s i n t o a l a r g e r b o d y o f k n o w l e d g e .
b. S u g g e s t i o n s f o r F u r t h e r R e s e a r c h . H e r e t h e r e s e a r ch e r
a s su m e s t h a t g i v e n t i me h e co u l d g o o n f r o m w h e r e h e
s t o p p e d w o r k o n h i s t h e s i s , w h a t o th e r r e l a t e d a re a s w o u l d
he have explored.
6. R e f e r e n c e Ma t e r i a l
a. Annexes. The annex is e m p l o ye d to p re s e n t re l a t i ve
m a t e r i a l t h a t i s n o t e s s e n t i a l t o t h e b a si c t e x t . T h e a u t h o r
m u s t a v o i d i n c l u si o n o f d a t a u n r e l a t e d t o t h e t e x t .
b. Footnotes and Bibliography . The bibliography should
c o n t a i n e n t r i e s o f a l l re f e r e n c e s u s e d i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f
t h e p a p e r i n cl u d i n g , i n a d d i t i o n t o a l l r e f e r e n c e s c i t e d i n
f o o t n o t e s , e v e r y w o r k r e l e v a n t t o t h e a u t h o r ’s f o r m u l a t i o n
and solution of his problem.
22

7. Style. Individual style is encouraged as long as it reflects good


t a s t e , g o o d u s a g e a n d c l a ri t y. T h e re a r c a t l e a s t t w o ma j o r d e f i n i t i o n s
of style. One deals with the way the prose reads in terms of syntax,
r h y t h m , w o r d c h o i c e a n d g e n e r a l r e a d a b i l i t y. S t y l e a l s o d e a l s w i t h
c o n si s t e n c y. T h e g o a l i s c l e a r, e ff e c t i v e c o m m u n i c a t i o n . S o m e p o i n t e r s
t o s ch o l a rl y s t y l e : -

a. Wr i t e i n si m p l e d i re c t s t y l e . Be s c h o l a r l y, p re c i s e a n d
g ra m m a t i c a l l y c o r r e c t , but without a ff e c t i o n . Recall the
a d v i c e o f P o l o n i u s t o L a e r t e s , i n H a ml e t : “ B r e v i t y i s t h e
soul of wit.”
b. P r o p e r w o r d u s e i s i m p o r t a n t . Av o i d j a r g o n a n d c h e c k w o rd
m e a n i n g s i n a r e l i a b l e d i c t i o n a r y.
c. B e j u d i ci o u s i n t h e u s e o f q u o t e d m a t e ri a l s . M o s t i d e a s
s h o u l d b e s t a t e d i n t h e w o r d s o f t h e r e se a r c h e r. D o n o t f i l l
h a l f a p a g e w i th q u o t e d m a t e r i a l . C h o o se w i s e l y.
d. Av o i d t h e u s e o f s l a n g a n d f a d d i sh w o r d s .
e. D o n o t u s e co n t r a c t i o n s i n s ch o l a rl y w ri t i n g , u n l e s s t h e y a r e
i n q u o t e d m a t e r i a l . T h e se ma k e w r i t i n g a p p e a r c a su a l .
f. I n t h e f i r s t re f e r e n c e t o a n i n d i v i d u a l , i n cl u d e t h e f u l l n a m e
a n d i f h e o r s h e i s n o t w e l l k n o w n , s o me i d e n t i f i ca t i o n .
g. Wr i t e i n t h e p a s t t e n s e . R e m e m b e r t h a t i n r e se a r c h y o u a r e
telling the reader what happened.
h. Av o i d p l a g i a r i s m - t h e u s e o f t h e w o rd s o r i d e a s o f o th e r s
w i t h o u t p ro p e r r e c o g n i t i o n o f t h e s o u r c e .
23

Annex B
FOOTNOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. R i g i d a n d d e t a i l e d c o n v e n t i o n s g o v e rn t h e d o c u m e n t a t i o n o f
f o o t n o t e s a n d b i b l i o g r a p h y. H o w e v e r, i t i s n o t i n t e n d e d t o b e t o o r i g i d
i n t h i s r e g a r d a s f a r a s r e s e a r c h p a p e r s o f S t a ff C o l l e g e a re c o n ce r n e d
a s l o n g a s so m e b r o a d g e n e r a l co n v e n t i o n s a r e a d h e r e d t o . T h e
f o l l o w i n g l i s t o f f o o t n o t e s a n d b i b l i o g ra p h y e n t r i e s t h e re f o r e re p r e s e n t
o n l y t h e m o s t c o m m o n t y p e s o f so u r c e s l i k e l y t o b e e m p l o y e d i n S t a ff
College research papers. While this list is far from exhaustive, it
s h o u l d h e l p t h e o ff i c e r s i n c o m p o si n g o t h e r d o cu m e n t a t i o n .

2. T h e p u r p o s e o f t h e f o o t n o t e s i s t w o f o l d : t o a v o i d t h e a p p e a ra n c e
o f a s y o u r o w n t h e w o r k o f a n o t h e r ; t o l e t t h e i n t e r e s t e d r e a d e r c o n su l t
y o u r s o u r ce s a n d s o c h e c k t h e a c c u r a c y o f y o u r i n ve s t i g a t i o n o r c a r r y
o n h i s o w n . T h e co n v e n t i o n o f f o o t n o t i n g i s s o i mp o r t a n t i n r e s e a r ch
w r i t i n g t h a t i n a c c u r a t e d o cu m e n t a t i o n o r n o n e a t a l l i s r e g a r d e d a s a
s e r i o u s o ff e n s e . F o r t h e r e s e a r c h w r i t e r i t i s b o t h g o o d m a n n e r s a n d
g o o d mo r a l s t o a c k n o w l e d g e s o u r c e s f a i rl y a n d a c c u r a t e l y.

3. G i v e n b e l o w a r e s o me e x a mp l e s . I m m e d i a t e l y f o l l o w i n g e a c h
single footnote (“F) is its corresponding bibliographic entry (“B”).

O n e A u t h o r, O n e Vo l u m e

F. Alan Moorehead, The D e se r t Wa r. (London: H a mi l t o n ,


1 9 6 5 ) , P. 1 5
B. M o o r e h e a d , Al a n . T h e D e se r t Wa r L o n d o n : H a mi I t o n , 1 9 6 5
No Author Given
F. T h e L o t t e r y. ( L o n d o n : Wa i t s , 1 7 3 2 ) . P. 2 9
B. T h e L o t t e r y, L o n d o n ; Wa i t s , 1 7 3 2 .
Quoted at Second Hand

F. A l f r e d T. M a h a n , q u o t e d i n B a r b ra W. Tu c h m a n , T h e P r o u d
24

To w e r (N e w Yo r k :
M a c M i l l a n , 1 9 6 6 ) , P. 2 5 0
B. Tu e h m a n , Barbara W. The P ro u d To w e r, New Yo r k :
M a c Mi l l a n , 1 9 6 6 .
Military Documents
Letter
F. L e t t e r f r o m C o m m a n d a n t , C o m m a n d a n d S t a ff C o l l e g e t o
C h i e f o f t h e N a v a l S t a ff , “N a v a l P a r t i ci p a t i o n E x “, Quetta,
3 J u n e 1 9 7 3 , P. 2 .
B. L e t t e r f r o m C o m m a n d a n t , C o m m a n d a n d S t a ff C o l l e g e t o
C h i e f o f t h e N a v a l S t a ff , “ N a va l P a r t i c i p a t i o n E x — - - ” .
25

Articles
Periodical Article
F. D a vi d R i e s ma n , “ W h e r e i s t h e C o l l e g e G e n e ra t i o n H e a d e d ? ”
The Atlantic, April 1961, p 39-45.
B. Riesman. David, “Where is the College Generation
H e a d e d ? ” . T h e A t l a n t i c , A p ri l 1 9 6 1 , p 3 9 - 4 5 .
Newspaper Article
F. “ S h o r t C u t t o I n f l a t i o n ” , “ T h e N e w Yo r k Ti m e s ” , 1 9 F e b r u a r y
1 9 6 9 p .4 6 : 1 .

B. “ S h o r t C u t t o I n f l a t i o n ” , “ T h e N e w Yo r k Ti m e s ” , 1 9 F e b r u a r y
1969, p.46:1.

Encyclopedia Article
F. E d g a r H o w e l l , “ G u e r ri l l a Wa r f a r e ” , En c y c l o p e d i a B ri t a n n i ca ,
1 9 6 6 , V. X , p . 6 6 - 1 0 0 0 .

B. H o w e l l , E d g a r, “ G u e r r i l l a Wa r f a r e ” , E n c y c l o p e d i a B r i t a n n i c a ,
1 9 6 6 , v. x , p . 9 6 6 - 1000.

Unpublished Material

F. Mohammad Khan. “Modern Te c h n o l o g y and Air Power”,


L e c t u r e , S t a ff C o u r s e 1 9 9 0 , C o m m a n d a n d S t a ff C o l l e g e ,
Quetta:3 June 1990.

B. Khan, Mohammad, “Modern Te c h n o l o g y a n d Ai r Po w e r ”


L e c t u r e , S t a ff C o u r s e 1 9 9 0 , C o m m a n d a n d S t a ff C o l l e g e ,
Quetta: 3 June 1990.
Subsequent Footnotes
S e c o n d a n d f o l l o w i n g re f e r e n c e s t o a s o u r c e m a y b e m a d e b y
l i s t i n g o n l y t h e l a s t n a me o f t h e a u t h o r f o l l o w e d b y t h e a p p ro p r i a t e
v o l u m e (i f a n y ) a n d p a g e re f e r e n c e .
F o u l k h e r, e d , I . I V, p . 1 7 .
26

When references to the same work follow each other without any
i n t e r v e n i n g r e f e r e n ce , i b i d . , i s u s e d i n t h e n o w e n t r y l i k e a sp e c i a l i s e d
d i t t o m a r k t o i n d i c a t e w i t h o u t a c t u a l l y r e p e a t i n g a s mu c h o f t h e
p r e c e d i n g r e f e re n c e .
27

Annex C
INTERNET AS A MEDIUM FOR RESEARCH
1. Gen. T h e r a p i d d e v e l o p m e n t a n d e xp a n s i o n o f I n t e r n e t o v e r
l a s t f e w y e a r s h a s m a d e a si g n i f i ca n t i m p a c t o n r e s e a r ch . I t h a s
p r o vi d e d t h e r e s e a r c h e r w i t h a ra n g e o f n e w o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r c a r r y i n g
o u t a me a n i n g f u l r e s e a r c h t h r o u g h e a s y a c c e s s t o i n f o r m a t i o n a n d
n e t w o r ki n g .

2. Use of Internet For Conducting Research . Though the Internet


i s a u s e f u l m e d i u m f o r c o n d u c t i n g r e s e a r ch , ye t i t s h o u l d b e u s e d i n
addition to primary sources and not as their a l t e rn a t i v e . The
c o n v e n t i o n s f o r co n d u c t o f re s e a r c h a s e n u n c i a t e d i n t h e m a i n p a p e r
should be followed, and accuracy/ re l i a b i l i t y of the information
o b t a i n e d f r o m o n l i n e s o u r ce ( s ) s h o u l d b e a s c e r t a i n e d . F o r f u r t h e r
d e t a i l s f o l l o w i n g w e b s i t e s o n r e s e a r ch me t h o d o l o g y m a y b e c o n su l t e d :
-
a. h t t p : / / g k i n g . r v. e d u / g 2 0 0 1 s y l / g 2 0 0 1 s yl . h t m l
b. h t t p : l l w w w. U c t . a c . z a / d e p t s / i t s / i n t e r n e t / s e a r c h / r e s e a r c h /
reviews.htm
c. h t t p : / / w w w. e d u c a t i o n . w i s c . e d u / r p s c / c r s e 9 8 5 / b i b l i o . h t m

3. Footnotes and BibIiographv ’. The structure of foot notes and


b i b l i o g r a p h y r e m a i n s e s s e n t i a l l y t h e s a me a s f o r p ri n t e d ma t e r i a l ,
h o w e v e r, i t i s c r u ci a l t o g i v e a s c o mp l e t e a c i t a t i o n a s p o s si b l e a n d t h e
d a t e o f e i t h e r t h e d o c u me n t i t s e l f o r y o u r l a s t a c c e s s a n d / o r d o w n l o a d .
S o m e e x a mp l e s a r e g i v e n b e l o w : -

a. Internet
(1) Footnote
J a m e s Yu l e . “ T h e C o l d Wa r R e vi s i t e d : A S p l i n t e r e d
G e r m a n y ” . [ o n l i n e ] Av a i l a l e h t t p : / / w w w. u s a . c o l d w a r
. s e r v e r. g o v l i n d e x / c o l d . w a r / c o u n t r i e s / f o r m e r. s o v i e t .
B l o c k / G / g e r m a n y. h t m l , N o v e m b e r 5 , 1 9 9 6 .
28

(2) Bibliography
Yu l e , J a m e s . “ T h e c o l d w a r R e v i s i t e d ; A S p l i n t e r e d
G e r m a n y. . [ o n l i n e ] Av a i l a b l e h t t p : / / w w w. u s a . c o l d
w a r. s e r v e r. g o v / i n d e x / c o l d . w a r / c o u n t r i e s / f o r m e r.
s o v i e t . b l o c k / G / g e r m a n y. h t m l , N o v e mb e r 5 , 1 9 9 6 .
b. CDROM
(1) Footnote
1. U . S . A r m y “D i g i t i z a t i o n o f t h e b a t t l e f i e l d ” . A r m y
E x p e ri m e n t 3 . [ C D - R O M ] Wa s h i n g t o n D . C . , U . S .
A r m y, October 1996.

(2) Bibliography
U . S . A r m y “ D i g i t i za t i o n o f t h e b a t t l e f i e l d ” . A r m y
E x p e ri m e n t 3. [CD-ROM] Wa s h i n g t o n D .C . ,
U . S . A r m y, October 1996.

1 D e p a r t m e n t o f t h e A r m y, U S A r m y C o m m a n d a n d G e n e r a l S t a ff C o l l e g e ,
“ST 22-2 Concise CSI Style Guide”, Fort Leavenworth: USA CGSC, July
1997.
1. Mc Crimmon, James M. Writing with a Purpose. Massachusetts:
Cambridge 1950.

2. L E E , C P. L i b ra r y R e s o u r ce s . N e w Je r s e y : P r e n t i ce – H a l l , l n c ,
1971
3. H a ya t , S i k a n d a r D r, “ R e se a r c h M e t h o d o l o g y ” , L e c t u re , S t a ff
C o u r s e 2 0 0 1 . C o m ma n d a n d S t a ff C o l l e g e , Q u e t t a : 5 F e b 2 0 0 1 .
4. D e p a r t m e n t o f t h e A r m y, U S A r m y, C o m m a n d a n d G e n e ra l S t a ff
C o l l e g e “ S T 2 2 - 2 C o n ci s e C S I S t y l e G u i d e ” , F o r t l e a v e n w o r t h : U S A
C G S C , Ju l y 1 9 9 7 .

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