Scribd
Upload
302 views

SQL - DDL, DQL, DML, DCL and TCL Commands: - Transaction Control Language. So We Will See in Detail About TCL As Well

SQL commands are categorized into five groups: DDL, DQL, DML, DCL, and TCL. DDL deals with database schema definitions like CREATE and ALTER. DQL handles queries with SELECT. DML manipulates data with INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE. DCL controls permissions with GRANT and REVOKE. TCL manages transactions with COMMIT, ROLLBACK, and SAVEPOINT.

Uploaded by

Devinder Kaur
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
302 views

SQL - DDL, DQL, DML, DCL and TCL Commands: - Transaction Control Language. So We Will See in Detail About TCL As Well

SQL commands are categorized into five groups: DDL, DQL, DML, DCL, and TCL. DDL deals with database schema definitions like CREATE and ALTER. DQL handles queries with SELECT. DML manipulates data with INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE. DCL controls permissions with GRANT and REVOKE. TCL manages transactions with COMMIT, ROLLBACK, and SAVEPOINT.

Uploaded by

Devinder Kaur
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 2

SQL | DDL, DQL, DML, DCL and TCL Commands

Structured Query Language(SQL) as we all know is the database language by the use
of which we can perform certain operations on the existing database and also we can
use this language to create a database. SQL uses certain commands like Create, Drop,
Insert etc. to carry out the required tasks.
These SQL commands are mainly categorized into four categories as:
1. DDL – Data Definition Language
2. DQl – Data Query Language
3. DML – Data Manipulation Language
4. DCL – Data Control Language
Though many resources claim there to be another category of SQL clauses TCL –
Transaction Control Language. So we will see in detail about TCL as well.

1. DDL(Data Definition Language) : DDL or Data Definition Language actually


consists of the SQL commands that can be used to define the database schema. It
simply deals with descriptions of the database schema and is used to create and
modify the structure of database objects in the database.
Examples of DDL commands:
 CREATE – is used to create the database or its objects (like table, index,
function, views, store procedure and triggers).
 DROP – is used to delete objects from the database.
 ALTER-is used to alter the structure of the database.
 TRUNCATE–is used to remove all records from a table, including all spaces
allocated for the records are removed.
 COMMENT –is used to add comments to the data dictionary.
 RENAME –is used to rename an object existing in the database.
2. DQL (Data Query Language) :
DML statements are used for performing queries on the data within schema
objects. The purpose of DQL Command is to get some schema relation based on
the query passed to it.
Example of DQL:
 SELECT – is used to retrieve data from the a database.
3. DML(Data Manipulation Language) : The SQL commands that deals with the
manipulation of data present in the database belong to DML or Data Manipulation
Language and this includes most of the SQL statements.
Examples of DML:
 INSERT – is used to insert data into a table.
 UPDATE – is used to update existing data within a table.
 DELETE – is used to delete records from a database table.
4. DCL(Data Control Language) : DCL includes commands such as GRANT and
REVOKE which mainly deals with the rights, permissions and other controls of the
database system.
Examples of DCL commands:
 GRANT-gives user’s access privileges to database.
 REVOKE-withdraw user’s access privileges given by using the GRANT
command.
5. TCL(transaction Control Language) : TCL commands deals with the transaction
within the database.
Examples of TCL commands:
 COMMIT– commits a Transaction.
 ROLLBACK– rollbacks a transaction in case of any error occurs.
 SAVEPOINT–sets a savepoint within a transaction.
 SET TRANSACTION–specify characteristics for the transaction.

You might also like