- centered in the maxilla, mesial

Permanent Maxillary surfaces in contact

- widest mesiodistally
Incisors - most prominent teeth
- labial face of crown is squared or
MAXILLARY INCISORS rectangular
- develops from 4 primary centers of - crown nearly always looks symmetrical
formation (lobes); 3 labial lobe & regularly formed
and 1 lingual lobe - Two basic forms:
- four incisors:  relatively wide cervix (labially)
 2 centrals (first);  relatively narrow cervix
 2 laterals (second)(centrals - Usually develops normally
larger than laterals) - Variations/ anomaly:
- Shearing or cutting teeth  short root;
- Both incisors supplement each  unusually long crown;
other in function and are similar  shovel-shaped incisors
anatomically. - Average length of crown is 10-11mm
- Major function: punch or cut food - Mesiodistal measurement is 8-9mm
during the process of mastication wide at contact areas
- Exhibits incisal ridges or edges - Mesiodistal measurement at the
rather than cusp/s cervix is approx. 1.5 – 2mm less.

INCISAL RIDGE
- portion of the crown which makes Contact Area:
up complete incisal portion o Mesial (MCA) – approaching
- Newly erupted incisors: incisal the mesioincisal or very near
portion is rounded and merges with mesioincisal angle
mesioincisal and distoincisal; and o Distal (DCA) – higher than
labial & lingual surfaces MCA, near the junction of the
incisal and middle third
INCISAL EDGE
- Implies an angle formed by the A. LABIAL ASPECT
merging of two flat surfaces - crown is trapezoidal
- Exits only after incisal wear created  longest uneven (incisal)
a flattened surface linguoincisally,  *shortest uneven (cervix)
and forms an angle with the labial  *two even sides proximal
surface - Labial face is convex giving crown
a squared or rectangular
I. MAXILLARY CENTRAL - Enamel surface is relatively smooth
INCISORS
 Mesial outline – only
slightly convex
 Distal outline –
more convex
- Mesioincisal angle
– maybe sharp
- Distoincisal angle
– more convex
 Incisal outline – usually regular & Mesial side trifle longer than
straight MD Distal

- CEJ follows a semicircular direction C. MESIAL ASPECT

with the curvature rootwise - Crown is triangular or wedge
- root is cone-shaped, with a relatively shaped.
blunt apex;  Crown outline
- 2 or 3 mm longer than crown  Labially from crest of
- Mesial & Distal outline of root is curvature to IR is very
regular slightly convex
- root axis line of crown & root labially  Lingually is convex at
tends to parallel the mesial outline of cingulum, concave at
the crown & root MMR and slightly convex
at linguoincisal ridge
B. LINGUAL ASPECT and incisal edge
- Crown is trapezoidal
- Surface more irregular: convexities - Crest of curvature is at the cervical 3rd
and concavity – greatest (labiolingual measurement)
- Lingual topography gives a - CEJ curves incisally to a noticeable
scooplike form to the crown. degree
- smooth convexity at the cervical 3rd - Line drawn at the center through
below the CEJ - cingulum and is crown and root will bisect apex of root
located off - centered towards and incisal ridge
distal - *IR is therefore on a
- Ridges forms the line with center of the
mesial and distal root (arch trait
margins of the tooth – characteristic of max
MMR and DMR incisors)
- Between the MRs is a - Root is cone shaped, apex is
shallow concavity, the usually bluntly rounded.
lingual fossa
(borders?)

- crown and root taper D. DISTAL ASPECT

lingually, dimension of - similar to mesial except:
two labial line angles - crown gives impression of
greater than the two somewhat thicker toward incisal
lingual line angles, 3rd bec. of labial surface slopes
making the root distolingually
narrower lingually * most teeth turned
than labially a little on their root bases,
in order to adapt to the
- developmental grooves curvature of the dental
extending from the cingulum into arch, creating an illusion
the lingual fossa of greater thickness on
- cross section of root at cervix is the distal.
triangular with rounded angles: - less curvature of CEJ
one side of triangle is labial, with M
and D sides pointing lingually.
E. INCISAL ASPECT - development varies considerably
- labial face is relatively than any tooth
broad and flat , - If variation is too great, it is
especially toward incisal considered an anomaly
3rd. - Variations:
- Incisal ridge slope  peg-shaped lateral
toward the lingual - non-descript pointed
- lingual outline – tapers form developing from two lobes)
towards the cingulum  missing entirely;
(off-centered to the  large pointed tubercle as part
distal) of the cingulum ;
- Crown tapers lingually toward the  presence of palatogingival or
cingulum palatoradicular groove
- mesiolabial and – deep developmental groove
distolabial line distally which extend down
angles are on the root lingually creating
prominent. a deep fold in the
- Mesiodistal cingulum;
calibration at the  twisted roots,
labial line angles is  distorted crowns
greater than the
same calibration at the lingual line
angles. A.LABIAL ASPECT
- Mesiodistal > Labiolingual - crown outline is trapezoidal
- exhibits more curvature with
- rounded incisal ridge and incisal
angles mesially & distally.
II. MAXILLARY LATERAL
- more convex labial face
INCISORS (semicircular outline) except in
some square and flat-faced forms
- supplements the central incisor in - crown smaller in all dimension
function
- resembles max. central in form  Mesial outline – same as central
- smaller in all dimension than slightly convex but more rounded
maxillary central, except root mesioincisal angle than max central
length
- relatively narrower MD than  Distal outline – always more
central incisor rounded or semicircular outline
from cervix to center of IR.

Contact Area:
o Mesial (MCA) – incisal 3rd or
near the junction of the
middle and incisal 3rd
o Distal (DCA) – junction of
middle & incisal 3rd or center of
the middle 3rd
- crown is narrower MD, about * faults of enamel is often
2mm narrower than centrals presence in the deep portions
and shorter by 2 -3mm
cervicoincisally C. MESIAL ASPECT
- root is usually as long if not - similar to centrals
longer than centrals except that crown
- root length is greater in appears shorter, root is
proportion to its crown relatively longer
length than centrals - heavy development of
- Root is often about 1 ½ the incisal ridge, thus IR
times the length of the appears thicker than
crown. central incisor
- root tapers evenly from - marked curvature of CEJ
CEJ up to two thirds of its - root appears as a
length, curves sharply in tapered cone with a
a distal direction, ends in bluntly rounded apical
a pointed apex end/ or pointed (varies)
- Root curvature distally is - root axis line bisects the incisal
typical, some are ridge of the crown.
straight, or curves
mesially
* shows considerable D. DISTAL ASPECT
variance in both crown - width of crown appears
and root thicker distally than
mesially from MR to
labial face bec. of
B. LINGUAL ASPECT placement of crown on
- well-defined lingual the root
anatomy - CEJ curves a millimeter
 MMR and DMR are less than mesial
marked, - common to find a
 cingulum (centered) is developmental
usually prominent with groove extending on
tendency toward deep the root for part or all
developmental grooves of its length.
within the lingual fossa
(distal side) , may E. INCISAL ASPECT
extend up to the root - resembles central / small canine
- Tubercle at the tip of the - cingulum (centered) maybe large
cingulum and incisal ridge maybe large also
- linguoincisal ridge is well- than central
developed and more concave - labiolingual >
lingual fossa (lingual pit) mesiodistal
- tooth tapers lingually - exhibits more
- Common to find deep convexity labially and
developmental grooves at lingually than maxillary
the side of cingulum distally central
, which may extend to part - common to find a fold
or all of the root length. at the cingulum
Permanent MANDIBULAR
Incisors
MANDIBULAR INCISORS
- develops from 4 lobes
- smallest MD dimension than any
teeth
- smaller in all dimension than max
incisors
- central smaller than lateral, which
is a reverse in the maxilla
- teeth have similar form and have
smooth crown surfaces
- show few traces of developmental
lines
- Mamelons on incisal ridges are
worn off soon after eruption
- Contact areas are near incisal
ridges mesially and distally; and
are nearly the same level
- Anatomical form differs entirely
from maxillar incisors

I. MANDIBULAR
CENTRAL INCISOR

- smallest tooth in the dental arch,

- bilaterally symmetrical (mesial half
is a mirror image of the distal half)
- crown has more than half the MD
dimension of the maxillary incisors,
but labiolingual diameter is only
about 1mm less
- root is very narrow mesiodistally,
length is greater than max central
incisor.
A. LABIAL ASPECT B. LINGUAL ASPECT
- crown outline is trapezoidal - crown is trapezoidal
- incisal ridge is straight and is - crown surface smooth
approximately at right angle to with very slight
the root axis line. concavity
- relatively sharp - sometimes, MMR and
mesial and distal DMR are more
incisal angles prominent near the
- crown outline mesial incisal edges creating a
and distal make a more distinct concavity
straight drop between MRs
downward from the - lingual surface
incisal angles to becomes flat, then
contact areas convex from incisal 3rd
to cervical 3rd
Contact Area: - no developmental lines
o Mesial MCA – in the incisal 3rd, mark the cingulum
very near the incisal angle (centered).
o Distal MCA – in the incisal 3rd, - outlines and surfaces
but cervical to the level of the are regular and
MCA symmetrical.

- mesial and distal sides of crown

taper evenly from contact areas to C. MESIAL ASPECT
narrow cervix - crown outline – triangular
- labial face is smooth - Labial outline – straight
with flattened above CEJ; slopes from
surface at the incisal crest of curvature to IR
3rd, more convex - Lingual outline – straight
middle 3rd and line above cingulum,
narrows down to the concave line at middle
convexity of the root 3rd, rounded outline at
at the cervical incisal 3rd
portion - Incisal ridge is rounded
or worn flat and its
- M and D root outlines center is usually lingual
are straight with the to the center of the root
M and D outlines of (RAL)
the crown - CEJ curving
- root terminates in a approximately 1/3 the
small pointed taper, length of the crown.
in most cases - mesial outline of root
curving distally. straight from CEJ to
- labial surface of root middle 3rd
– regular and convex * root diameter is uniform from
- cervical 3rd and part of the middle
3rd., then tapering rapidly to the
apical 3rd to either a blunt rounded
or pointed apex.
- mesial surface of root is flat - crown wider labially than
below CEJ lingually (cingulum-centered)
- mesial surface of root is flat at cervical 3rd
labiolingually (arch trait) - -labial surface of crown at
- most roots have a broad the incisal 3rd has a tendency
developmental depression towards convexity,
for most of its root length, whereas, lingual has an
- depressions mostly deeper inclination
at the junction of the middle towards
and apical 3rd. concavity.
- - -more labial
surface seen
D. DISTAL ASPECT than lingual
- same as mesial except:
- CEJ curves less (1mm)
than mesial; II. MANDIBULAR
- developmental
depression is more LATERAL INCISOR
marked, with deeper - Closely resembles lower
and more-well defined centrals
developmental groove - Larger than mand central
at the center. incisor
- Together with central incisor,
operate in the dental arch as
E. INCISAL ASPECT a team, their functional form
- illustrates bilateral is related.
symmetry; mesial half is
almost identical with distal
half.
- cingulum - center
- incisal edge is
almost at right
angles to the line
bisecting the
crown
labiolingually. A. LABIAL ASPECT
- (serves as - Crown outline is trapezoidal
identification) - resembles central incisor but
- labiolingual not bilaterally symmetrical
diameter is bec. IR is not at
always greater right angle to the
mesiodistal RAL
width - incisal ridge is
- labial surface of straight and slopes
crown is wider downward towards
MD than the the distal making
lingual surface distal half slightly
shorter than mesial
half
 - distal side has a slight bulge; D. DISTAL ASPECT
- crown appears to be tilted - distal side of crown
distally shorter than mesial
- root is tapering and side, causing incisal
apical end curved ridge to slope
slightly to distal downward towards
distal
Contact Area: - tendency toward
 Mesial (MCA) – incisal 3rd, deeper concavity
near the incisal ridge immediately above
 Distal (DCA) – incisal 3rd, CEJ on the distal
but more cervical to the surface
level of the MCA - Less curvature of
CEJ than mesial
- root is considerably
B. LINGUAL ASPECT longer, flat and with
- Lingual Aspect (same marked /deeper
as central but developmental
appears larger) depression
- -crown is trapezoidal
- -crown surface is
smooth
- -small smooth cingulum E. INCISAL ASPECT
(slightly off centered to - serves to identify mand lateral
the distal) from mand central incisor
- -crown titled distally on - cingulum is off-centered
its root base distally
- incisal edge is not
at approximate
C. MESIAL ASPECT right angles to the
- crown is triangular line bisecting the
- mesial side of crown crown & root
longer than distal side, labiolingually.
causing incisal ridge to - Incisal edge
slope downward towards follows curvature
distal of lower arch,
- cingulum is poorly gives the crown the
developed appearance of
- crown is longer than being twisted
central slightly on its
*IR is lingual to RAL root base
- root is considerably longer, flat - labiolingual
and with developmental diameter is
depression always greater
mesiodistal width
- labial surface of
crown is wider MD than the
lingual surface
Permanent CANINES I. MAXILLARY CANINES
- Maxillary and mandibular canines bear a close - Crown outlines is a series of curves and arcs
resemblance to each other. except for the angle made by the tip of the cusp.
- Four canines are placed at the “corners” of the - Cusp is form by mesioincisal and distoincisal cusp
mouth. ridge
- Longest teeth in the mouth - Cusp developed from the middle labial lobe
- develops from 4 lobes: - Mesial half resembles an incisor, distal half
3 labial and 1 lingual; resembles a premolar, thus, contact areas are at
* middle labial lobes have been highly different levels
developed incisally into strong, well-formed cusps - This tooth seems to be a compromise in the
- crowns and roots are markedly convex on most change from anterior to posterior teeth
surfaces.
- Human “canines” resembles the prehensile teeth of
the carnivore:
* shape of crowns
* single pointed cusps
* locations in the mouth
* extra anchorage due to its long, strongly
developed roots
= give rise to the term CANINE

 Terminologies:
– Cuspids
– Fangs A. LABIAL ASPECT
– eye-tooth - crown and root narrower MD
 most stable teeth (LL thickness, long roots than max central incisor
provide extra anchorage in the jaws) - crown outline is trapezoid
 crowns are shaped in a manner that promotes - CEJ is convex towards the root
self-cleansing quality - Contact Area:
 Self-cleansing quality and efficient anchorage  Mesial – approximately
tends to preserve canines throughout life. at the junction of
 When teeth are lost, canines are usually the middle & incisal 3rd
last teeth to go are very valuable teeth, when  Distal – center of
considered either as units of the natural dental middle 3rd
arches or as possible assistants in stabilizing *contact areas are at
replacements of lost teeth in fabrication of different levels
prosthesis cervicoincisally
 Has a cosmetic value - Mesial outline: convex from
 presence bony ridge over the labial surface of cervix to the center of MCA or
the roots of canine helps form a foundation slight concavity above CA
that ensures normal facial expression at the - Distal outline: usually concave
corners of the mouth called the “canine between CEJ and DCA
eminence” - has a cusp on its incisal ridge
 When lost, extremely difficult, if not - cusp tip is in line with the
impossible, to make replacements that restore center of the root (RAL)
the natural appearance of the face for any - cusp present a mesial and distal
length of time. slope (cusp ridge)
* Mesial cusp slope shorter
 FUNCTIONS: than distal cusp slope
– supports the incisors and premolars *both cusp slopes shows
– Providing support to the facial muscles tendency toward concavity
– cut, pierce, or shear food (notch) before wear has taken
– are good anchor teeth (abutments) for - labial face of crown is smooth ,
a fixed dental bridge or removable presents 2 shallow depressions
partial denture attachments (clasps) mesially and distally
when other teeth have been lost. - Middle labial lobe – heavy in
development with labial ridge at
the center
- labial ridge is curved inclined
mesially at the center
- root appears slender , conical in D. DISTAL ASPECT
form with a bluntly pointed apex - same as mesial except:
- root may curve sharply at the *less curvature of CEJ
apical 3rd, curves mesially or *DMR is heavier; more irregular
distally. in outline
- labial surface of root is smooth and * distal surface exhibits more
convex at all points. concavity above DCA
- Root is usually longest of any root * more pronounced root
(maxillary) developmental depression
- Bony ridge (canine eminence) at
the center of the labial surface of the root.
E. INCISAL ASPECT
- labiolingual dimension is
B. LINGUAL ASPECT greater than the mesiodistal
- crown outline is trapezoidal - tip of cusp is
- CEJ shows a more even curvature, *labial to center of crown
maybe straight for a short interval labiolingually
- cingulum is centered, large & *mesial to the center
sometimes pointed like a small mesiodistally.
cusp - crown portion with greater
- strongly developed marginal LL bulk mesially
ridges - when cut cross-sectionally,
- well-developed lingual ridge at the crowns gives impression of
incisal 3rd of crown having all the distal portion
- mesial and distal lingual fossae stretched to contact first
- lingual portion of root narrower premolar
than labial, thus much of mesial - ridge of middle labial lobe is
and distal surface of root is very noticeable
visible - Crown broader labially,
- developmental depressions M and narrower lingually
D of roots may be seen, - Cingulum development
extending most of root length makes up the cervical 3rd, is
- lingual ridge is rather narrow, centered.
smooth and convex at all points - Line bisecting cusp and cusp
from CEJ to apical end ridges drawn mesiodistally is almost always
straight and bisects the mesial and distal contact
C. MESIAL ASPECT areas
- crown outline is triangular
- shows greater labiolingual
measurement (cervical 3rd) than
any of the anterior teeth II. MANDIBULAR CANINES
- CEJ curves approximately 2.5mm - crown is narrower MD than maxillary, longer by 0.5
- crown outline is triangular to 1.00mm in most instances
- shows greater labiolingual - Lingual surface is smoother, less cingulum
measurement (cervical 3rd) than development, less bulk marginal ridges
any of the anterior teeth - Cusp not well-developed, cusp ridges are thinner
- labial face is slightly convex from - root maybe as long, but usually shorter than max.
crest of cervical 3rd to tip of cusp canine
- lingual outline is convex line - variation: bifurcated roots (facial, lingual)
(cingulum), straight middle 3rd
and convex incisal 3rd.
- CEJ curves approximately 2.5mm
- root outline is conical, tapered or
blunt pointed apex
- root curve labially towards apex
- a line bisecting the cusp is labial
to a line bisecting the root
- mesial surface of root appears
broad with shallow developmental
depression that help to anchor
the teeth in the alveoli & help
prevent rotation &
displacement
 A. LABIAL ASPECT - developmental depressions is more pronounced
- crown outline is traperzoidal and sometime quite deep than maxillary canine
- mesiodistal less than maxillary - more pointed root tip than maxillary canine
canine, but broader than
mandibular incisors D. DISTAL ASPECT
- appears longer than maxillary - same as mesial except:
because of narrowness of crown less curvature of CEJ
MD less pronounced cingulum,
- mesial outline of crown is nearly less depressions on the root surface.
straight with mesial outline of
root
- cusp ridges if not worn, cusp tip
is on line with center of root E. INCISAL ASPECT
- Mesial slope shorter. - mesiodistal less than
- higher contact areas labiolingual
- Contact Areas: - less curve mesial surface
Mesial –just below the - distolingual twist of incisal
incisal angle / near the angle ridge
Distal – near junction of - cingulum is off centered to
middle and incisal 3rd. distal
* contact areas not at same - cusp tip and MCR more likely
level to be inclined in a lingual
- CEJ semicircular apically direction, with the DCR and
- crown slight bend distally on its’ DCA extension distinctly
root base inclined lingually (max canine
- root is shorter by 1 or 2mm than more nearly straight)
maxillary, apex more sharply - Labiolingual dimension is
pointed greater mesial than distal
- root rarely curve, if so, mesial
direction

B. LINGUAL ASPECT
- crown is trapezoidal
- flatter lingual surface similar to mand incisors
- cingulum smooth, poorly
developed, off-centered to
distal
- marginal ridges are less distinct
(same as lower incisors)
- lingual ridge raised towards
cusp tip at the incisal 3rd only
- Lingual surface of crown is
smooth and regular
- root is narrower by a little more
half the width of the labial
portion

C. MESIAL ASPECT
- crown outline is triangular
- less curvature of crown labially
- less pronounced cingulum
- incisal portion is thinner
labiolingually, thus cusp
appears more pointed, cusp
ridges more slender
- tip of cusp more nearly
centered over root, in some
cases lingually same as lower
incisors
- mesial CEJ curves more toward
the incisal portion than
maxillary canine
PERMANENT PREMOLARS
- Succeed deciduous molars
- Numbers of premolars in an adult jaw? 8
- Exact location: posterior to canines and
immediately anterior to the molars
- Terminology
Premolar: named because of their location,
anterior to molars succeed deciduous molars
Bicuspids: presence of two cusps, Misleading
term for human premolars
- Functions:
 together with the molars, makes them more
efficient as grinding teeth or mastication of
food and maintain the vertical dimension of the
face
 first premolars, assist the canines in shearing
or cutting food
 provide support at the corners of the mouth
and cheeks to keep them from sagging

- Cusps development buccally and lingually,

marginal ridges are in a more horizontal plane and
are considered part of the occlusal surface.

I. MAXILLARY FIRST
PREMOLARS
- succedaneous teeth
- develops from 4 lobes:
 3 buccal lobes
 mesio buccal lobe
 middle buccal lobe – BUCCAL CUSP
 disto buccal lobe
 1 lingual lobe – LINGUAL CUSP
- well-developed and functioning cusps
- (B cusp longer than L cusp)
- two well-developed roots (common) with two pulp
canals (birooted)
- crown is angular
- buccal line angle (MB & DB) are prominent
- crown and roots shorter than maxillary canines
- Has some characteristics common to all posterior
teeth

Characteristics as differentiated from anteriors

1. BL greater than MD
2. Broader contact areas
3. Contact areas more nearly at same level
4. Less curvature of CEJ (M and D)
5. Shorter crown cervico-occlusally than anterior
teeth.
 A. BUCCAL ASPECT - **** Specimen showing a well-
- crown outline is roughly trapezoidal separated buccal and lingual
- little curvature of CEJ, crest of curvature of CEJ is roots
near the center of the root* - Buccal outline- line of less
- buccal surface is convex with continuous ridge at convexity, crest of curvature
the center from cusp tip to cervical margin (buccal approx. junction of middle and
ridge) cervical 3rd.
- mesial and distal to the BR are developmental - Lingual outline-smoothly curved
depressions –serves as line, crest of curvature near
demarcation between the 3 center of middle 3rd.
buccal lobes - Lcusp shorter than Buccal cusp
MB and DB line angles are - tip of lingual cusp in line with
prominent lingual border of root*
- buccal cusp* long and - tip of buccal cusp is nearer the
pointed resembles max canine center of the root trunk*
- Mesial slope* – straight and - Distinguishing Features
longer, sometimes notched a.) mesial developmental
- -Distal slope* – shorter and depression (MDD)- mesial
more curved. concavity on the crown and
- tip of buccal cusp distal to line* root , joins deep
bisecting the buccal surface of developmental depression on
the crown root and ends at bifurcation
- buccal root* is 3-4mm shorter than max canine area, bordered by MB and ML
line angles
b.) mesial marginal
developmental groove
B. LINGUAL ASPECT (MMDG) – well defined
- crown is trapezoidal dev’tal groove on the MMR ,
- crown tapers lingually* in alignment with MDD but
- lingual cusp not connected
*narrower MD than buccal
*shorter than buccal cusp - MMR at about the level of the
*smooth and junction of middle and
spheroidal,convex at all points occlusal 3rd.
*cusp tip pointed, M and D - occlusal sulcus is very visible
slope meets at 90º mesially
*lingual ridge - B root, straight with lingual
- mesial and distal outline of inclination
crown are convex - L root, straight, may not
- CEJ regular, less curvature exhibit curvature
- crown is narrower lingually, possible to see part* - root trunk is long, about half
of mesial and distal surfaces of crown and root the root length; root is
- Lingual cusp is not as long as buccal cusp, tips of bifurcated for half its total
both cusps*, with their mesial and distal slopes length
may be seen lingually* - root surface smoothly convex
- lingual root is smooth and convex at all points, except for the dev’tal groove
apex more blunt. and depression
- B root , straight with lingual
C. MESIAL ASPECT inclination
- crown outline is trapezoidal, longest at the cervix. - L root, straight, may not
- tip of the cusps are well within exhibit curvature
the confines of the root trunk - root trunk is long , about half
(measurement from tip of the root length; root is
buccal cusp to tip of lingual bifurcated for half its total
cusps less than the BL length
measurement of the root at - root surface smoothly convex except for the dev’tal
the cervix) groove and depression
- root trunk- undivided portion
of the root
- CEJ is regular or irregular,
curves 1mm or less than any
anterior teeth
 - GROOVES:
D. DISTAL ASPECT Two collateral grooves of CDG:
- DMR more cervically 1.) Mesiobuccal Dev’tal G.
located than MMR - acts a line of demrcation between
- Occlusal surface (BTR the buccal cusp and MMR.
and LTR) more visible 2.) Distobuccal Dev’tal G
Sulcus more visible - acts as a line of demarcation
- less curve CEJ, often between the buccal cusp and DMR
showing a straight line
- no evidence of deep - GROOVES:
developmental groove In most instances, occlusal surface has no
and depression, if supplemental grooves, making the surface
presence shallow and relatively smooth.
insignificant
- root trunk is flattened*, Smooth developmental depressions may be visible
bifurcation is near apical radiating from CDG giving occlusal surface an
third uneven appearance

- PITS:
1.) Mesial Developmental Pit
E. OCCLUSAL ASPECT - Pin point depression at the
- DMR more cervically located than MMR junction of CDG, MBDG and MMDG
- occlusal outline is roughly a 2.) Distal Developmental Pit
six-sided or hexagonal figure - Pin point depression at the
- figure is not equilateral junction of CDG and DBDG.
*MB nearly equal DB
* ML shorter DL - FOSSAE:
* M shorter D 1.) Mesial Triangular Fossa
- crown is wider on the buccal -located distal to the MMR, a
than on the lingual triangular depression occlusally that
- more of the buccal surface is harbors the MBDG, terminal end of
visible than the lingual CDG, part of the MMDG and MDP.
surface. 2.) Distal Triangular Fossa
- BL dimension is much greater -located mesial to the DMR, a
than MD dimension triangular depression occlusally that
- Perimeter occlusally: harbors the DBDG, terminal end of
MB cusp ridge CDG and DPP.
DB cusp ridge
in alignment, - TRIANGULAR RIDGES:
in a DB direction 1.) Buccal Triangular Ridge
MMR at right angle - a prominent ridge arising near
with MB cr the center of CDG and converging
DMR at acute angle with the tip of the buccal cusp
with DB cr 2.) Lingual Triangular Ridge
ML cusp ridge - a less prominent ridge arising
DL cusp ridge near the center of
semicircular outline CDG and converges with the tip of
- Occlusal anatomy the lingual cusp.
GROOVES:
a.) Central Dev’tal G If a central groove is shallow, BTR
- well-defined groove at the and LTR can form TRANSVERSE RIDGE
centered, divides crown
evenly into buccal and lingual - Buccal ridge is also visible occlusally.
half - Lingual cusp is pointed more sharply than the
- located at the bottom of the buccal cusp
sulcus, extends just mesial to
the DMR to the MMR. - SUMMARY of the OCCLUSAL Anatomy:
b.) Mesial Marginal Dev’tal
G Cusps
- originated from the terminal Cusps Ridges
end of the CDG crosses the Marginal Ridges
MMR and ends at the mesial Grooves
surface of the crown. Pits
Fossae
Triangular Ridges
 III. MAXILLARY SECOND D. DISTAL ASPECT
- No outstanding variation noted in the crown.
PREMOLARS - DMR is closer to the cervix.
- Supplement max first premolar in function - Rule: MMR in almost all posterior
- Closely resembles max first premolar teeth is higher (near occlusal plane)
- Less angular, giving a more rounded appearance of than DMR
crown in all aspect - Distal root depression is deeper
- Crown is noticeably smaller cervico-occlusally and than mesial
mesiodistally (max first premolar depression is
- Single root, slightly longer than first premolar on mesial)
- Clinical Significance: knowledge
of depression facilitates periodontal
instrumentation during scaling and
root planning.

E. OCCLUSAL ASPECT
- SAME AS THAT OF MAX FIRST PREMOLAR
EXCEPT:
- crown is more rounded or oval (first PM is
angular –hexagonal)
- central DG is shorter and irregular with tendency
toward multiple supplementary grooves
(WRINKLED)
A. BUCCAL ASPECT
- crown is trapezoidal - SUMMARY OF ANATOMY OF OCCLUSAL
- Buccal cusp SURFACE:
- not as long as that of first Cusps
premolar Cusps ridges
- appears less pointed Marginal Ridges
- mesial slope shorter than distal Grooves
(opposite in first premolar) Pits
- sometimes, crown and root thicker at Fossae
the cervical portions Triangular Ridges
- less prominent buccal ridge Transverse Ridge
- single root is usually as long as the
first premolar, at time longer.

B. LINGUAL ASPECT
- crown is trapezoidal
- lingual cusp longer, making crown longer on lingual
side as compare to the first premolar

C. MESIAL ASPECT
- crown outline is trapezoidal
- cusp length shorter than first PM;
both Buccal and Lingual cusps
more nearly of the same length
- there is greater distance between
cusp tip- widens occlusal table
buccolingually
- no deep developmental
depression, instead crown
surface is convex
- a shallow developmental groove
may appear on a single tapered
root
- no developmental groove crossing the MMR (if
present shallow)