HKBKCE ADC Lab

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Laboratory Manual

ADVANCED DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

LAB

Prepared by:
Dr.B.P.Pradeep kumar ,Mohamed Jebran P
Dept. Of ECE,
HKBKCE, Bangalore

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‘Instructions to the Candidates’ •

o Student should come with thorough preparation for the experiment to be
conducted.
o Student should take prior permission from the concerned faculty before availing
the leave
o Student should come with proper dress code and to be present on time in the
laboratory.
Student will not be permitted to attend the laboratory unless they bring the
practical record fully completed in all respects pertaining to the experiment
conducted in the previous class.
o Student will not be permitted to attend the laboratory unless they bring the
observation book fully completed in all respects pertaining to the experiment to
be conducted in present class.
o Experiment should be started conducting only after the staff-in-charge has
checked the circuit diagram.
o All the calculations should be made in the observation book. Specimen
calculations for one set of readings have to be shown in the practical record.
o Wherever graphs to be drawn, A-4 size graphs only should be used and the
same should be firmly attached in the practical record.
o Practical record and observation book should be neatly maintained.
o Student should obtain the signature of the staff-in-charge in the observation
book after completing each experiment.
o Theory related to each experiment should be written in the practical record
before procedure in your own words with appropriate references.

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EXPERIMENT-01
AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING
(GENERATION AND DETECTION)
AIM:

To design and study the working of ASK modulation and demodulation system with the help of suitable
circuit.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Signal generators, resistors (10KΩ, 5.3KΩ, 1KΩ), 0A79 Diode, SL-
100 transistor, Op-amp(μA741), Potentiometer(10K),Capacitors(0.1μF, 0.01μF), CRO & probes.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

GENERATION

DETECTION

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DESIGN:
For Generation:

Choose Rb=600bits/sec Tb=1/Rb = 1.67ms

Fm= 1/2Tb = Rb/2 =300Hz

Therefore Fm = 300Hz

Choose m(t) with 300Hz and 7Vp-p

Fc=nc/Tb = nc/Rb =3*600 = 1.8KHz

Choose c(t) =1.8KHz and 5Vp-p

Let β=100; IC=2.5mA=IE

Therefore VRE=2.5V

RE= VRE/IE = 2.5/2.5m =1KΩ

Therefore RE=1KΩ

VRB=Vm(p-p)/2 – VRE - VBE = 7/2-2.5-0.7 =0.3V

β = IC/IB IB = 25μA

Choose IB(sat) = 1.2 * 25μ = 30μA

RB =VRB/IB(sat) = 0.3/30μ =10KΩ Therefore RB=10KΩ

For Detection:

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Given Fm = 300Hz Fm = 1/(2πRC)  R=1/(2π*0.1μ*300) = 5.3KΩ

THEORY: Introduction:
The transmission of digital signals is increasing at a rapid rate. Low-frequency analog signals are often
converted to digital format (PAM) before transmission. The source signals are generally referred to as
baseband signals. We can send analog and digital signals directly over a medium. From electro-magnetic
theory, for efficient radiation of electrical energy from an antenna it must be at least in the order of
magnitude of a wavelength in size; c = fλ, where c is the velocity of light, f is the signal frequency and λ is
the wavelength. For a 1kHz audio signal, the wavelength is 300 km. An antenna of this size is not practical
for efficient transmission. The low-frequency signal is often frequency-translated to a higher frequency
range for efficient transmission. The process is called modulation. The use of a higher frequency range
reduces antenna size.

ASK:
Amplitude shift keying - ASK - in the context of digital communications is a modulation process, which
imparts to a sinusoid two or more discrete amplitude levels. These are related to the number of levels
adopted by the digital message. For a binary message sequence there are two levels, one of which is
typically zero. Thus the modulated waveform consists of bursts of a sinusoid.
A binary ASK (BASK) wave is obtained by multiplying the message signal with the carrier. The B-ASK
signal has two levels „1‟ and „0‟ representing the presence and absence of the sinusoid respectively. This
can be shown in the waveform below. The message signal must be represented in NZR uni polar format
only.
Binary ASK system has the largest probability of bit error when compared to FSK and PSK systems. There
are sharp discontinuities shown at the transition points. These result in the signal having an unnecessarily
wide bandwidth. Band limiting is generally introduced before transmission, in which case these
discontinuities would be „rounded off‟. The band limiting may be applied to the digital message, or the
modulated signal itself.
One of the disadvantages of ASK, compared with FSK and PSK, for example, is that it has not got a
constant envelope. This makes its processing (eg, power amplification) more difficult, since linearity
becomes an important factor. However, it does make for ease of demodulation with an envelope detector.

PROCEDURE:

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1) The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2) A message signal with frequency about _______ Hz and amplitude of about _______ volts is fed to the
transistor and carrier is fed to the collector (nearly ______ volts and ______Hz).
3) ASK output is now drawn at the emitter.
4)The amplitude of ASK is noted from the CRO.
5) This ASK output is fed to the demodulator circuit and a reference voltage of Vref =0.7volts is set.
7) The message signal at the output is obtained. Note the values of the detected output.
8) The modulated and the modulating signal are drawn on a graph.

WAVEFORMS

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EXPERIMENT-02
FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING
(GENERATION AND DETECTION)
AIM:
To design and study the working of FSK modulation and demodulation with the help of a suitable circuit.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Signal generators, resistors (10KΩ, 5.6KΩ, 1KΩ), 0A79 Diode,
transistors (SL-100, SK-100), Op-amp(μA741), Potentiometer(10K),Capacitors(0.1μF, 0.01μF), CRO &
probes.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
GENERATION

DETECTION

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DESIGN:
For Generation:

Choose Rb=600bits/sec Tb=1/Rb = 1.67ms

Fm= 1/2Tb = Rb/2 =300Hz

Therefore Fm = 300Hz

Choose m(t) with 300Hz and 7Vp-p

Fc=nc/Tb = nc/Rb =3*600 = 1.8KHz

Let β=100; IC=2.5mA=IE, VRE=2.5V

RC= VRE/IC = 2.5/2.5m =1KΩ

VRB=Vm(p-p)/2 – VRE - VBE = 7/2-2.5-0.7 =0.3V

IB = IC /β = IC/IB = 2.5mA/100 IB = 25μA

Choose IB(sat) =1.2 * IB = 1.2 * 25μ = 30μA

RB =VRB/IB(sat) = 0.3/30μ =10KΩ Therefore RB=10KΩ

For Detection:

Assume C1 =C2= 0.1μF; F1 =1 KHz and F2 = 300Hz

F1 = 1/(2πR1C1)  R1=1/(2π*0.1μ*1K) = 1.5KΩ

F2 = 1/(2πR2C2)  R2=1/(2π*0.1μ*300) = 5.3KΩ

THEORY:
As its name suggests, a frequency shift keyed transmitter has its frequency shifted by the message.
Although there could be more than two frequencies involved in an FSK signal, in this experiment the
message will be a binary bit stream, and so only two frequencies will be involved. The word „keyed‟
suggests that the message is of the „on-off‟ (mark-space) variety, such as one (historically) generated by a
morse key, or more likely in the present context, a binary sequence. Conceptually, and in fact, the
transmitter could consist of two oscillators (on frequencies f1 and f2), with only one being connected to the
output at any one time. Unless there are special relationships between the two oscillator frequencies and the

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bit clock there will be abrupt phase discontinuities of the output waveform during transitions of the
message.

Bandwidth: Practice is for the tones f1 and f2 to bear special inter-relationships, and to be integer
multiples of the bit rate. This leads to the possibility of continuous phase, which offers advantages,
especially with respect to bandwidth control.
FSK signals can be generated at baseband, and transmitted over telephone lines (for example). In this case,
both f1 and f2 (of Figure 2) would be audio frequencies. Alternatively, this signal could be translated to a
higher frequency. Yet again, it may be generated directly at „carrier‟ frequencies. Other forms of FSK
Minimum frequency-shift keying or minimum-shift keying (MSK) is a particularly spectrally efficient
form of coherent FSK. In MSK the difference betweenthe higher and lower frequency is identical to half
the bit rate. Consequently, the waveforms used to represent a 0 and a 1 bit differ by exactly half a carrier
period. This is the smallest FSK modulation index that can be chosen such that the waveforms for 0 and 1
are orthogonal. A variant of MSK called GMSK is used in the GSM mobile phone standard. FSK is
commonly used in Caller ID and remote metering applications
Audio frequency-shift keying (AFSK) is a modulation technique by which digital data is represented by
changes in the frequency (pitch) of an audio tone, yielding an encoded signal suitable for transmission via
radio or telephone. Normally, the transmitted audio alternates between two tones: one, the "mark",
represents a binary one; the other, the "space", represents a binary zero. AFSK differs from regular
frequency-shift keying in performing the modulation at baseband frequencies. In radio applications, the
AFSK-modulated signal normally is being used to modulate an RF carrier (using a conventional technique,
such as AM or FM) for transmission. AFSK is not always used for high-speed data communications, since
it is far less efficient in both power and bandwidth than most other modulation modes. In addition to its
simplicity, however, AFSK has the advantage that encoded signals will pass through AC-coupled links,
including most equipment originally designed to carry music or speech.

PROCEDURE:

1) The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2) Message signal of amplitude 7v and frequency 300 Hz is applied to the base of the transistor
3) Carrier C1(t) of 1KHz and 5v is applied at the collector of the NPN transistor.
4) Another carrier C2(t) of 10 kHz and 5v is applied at the Collector of the PNP transistor.

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5) Get the FSK output waveform at the summer.

6) The frequency of the FSK output is noted from the CRO.
7) Then apply the FSK output to the input of the Demodulation circuits
8) Set the reference voltage to 0.7 volts and note the values of the detected output
WAVE FORMS:-

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EXPERIMENT-03
PHASE SHIFT KEYING
(MODULATION AND DEMODULATION)

AIM: To design and study the working of PSK circuit and to demodulate the above signal with a suitable
circuit.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Signal generators, resistors (10KΩ, 5.6KΩ, 1KΩ), 0A79 Diode,
transistors (SL-100, SK-100), Op-amp(μA741), Potentiometer(10K),Capacitors(0.1μF, 0.01μF), CRO &
probes.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

GENERATION

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DETECTION

DESIGN:
For Generation:

Let β=100; IC=2.5mA=IE, VRC=2.5V

RC= VRC/IC = 2.5/2.5m =1KΩ

Choose m(t) with 300Hz and 7Vp-p

VRB=Vm(p-p)/2 – VBE(SAT) = 7/2-0.7 = 2.8V

During Positive half cycle

SL-100 - closed switch, SK-100 – open switch

VO=-RF/R1 *c(t)  VO = -c(t) [Assume RF = R1 =10K]

During Negative half cycle

SL-100 - open switch, SK-100 – closed switch

Voltage at non-inverting terminal is c(t)/2

VO=[RF/R1+1] *c(t)/2 = [1+10K/10K]*c(t)/2  VO = c(t)

For Detection:

Given Fm = 300Hz Fm = 1/(2πRC)  R=1/(2π*0.1μ*300) = 5.3KΩ but use 5.6KΩ

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THEORY:
Phase shift keying is one of the most efficient digital modulation techniques. It is used for very high bit
rates. In PSK, the phase of the carrier is modulated to represent Binary values. In BPSK, the carrier phase
is used to switch the phase between 00 and1800 by digital polar Format. Hence it is also known as phase
reversal keying. The modulated carrier is given by: Binary 1: S (t) = Ac max. cos. (2πfct)
Binary 0: S (t) = Ac max. cos. (2πfct + 180)
= - Ac max. cos. (2πfct)
PROCEDURE:
1) The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2) A sine wave of amplitude 3v and 2kHz is fed to the Collector of the transistor as carrier.
3) The message signal, a square wave of amplitude 7V and 300Hz is fed to the base of the transistor.
4) The BPSK wave is observed at pin 6 of the op-amp IC 741.
5) The demodulation circuit is also connected.
6) BPSK wave obtained is fed as input to the demodulation circuit.
7) The demodulated waveform is observed
8) All the required waveform to be plotted.
9) The phase shift of the BPSK output is noted from the CRO and the values of the detected output is noted

WAVEFORMS

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EXPERIMENT-04
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
AIM:To design and demonstrate the working of time division (for) multiplexing for Pulse Amplitude
Modulated Signals using discrete components.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED: TDMA kit, CRO, Probes, Patch chords

BLOCK DIAGRAM

PIN CONFIGURATION

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

THEORY:
Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a type of digital or (rarely) analog multiplexing in which two or more
signals or bit streams are transferred apparently simultaneously as sub-channels in one communication
channel, but are physically taking turns on the channel. The time domain is divided into several recurrent
timeslots of fixed length, one for each sub-channel. A sample byte or data block of sub-channel 1 is
transmitted during timeslot 1, sub-channel 2 during timeslot 2, etc. One TDM frame consists of one
timeslot per sub-channel. After the last sub-channel the cycle starts all over again with a new frame,
starting with the second sample, byte or data block from sub-channel 1, etc.
Application examples
 The plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) system, also known as the PCM system, for digital
transmission of several telephone calls over the same four-wire copper cable (T-carrier or E-carrier)
or fiber cable in the circuit switched digital telephone network
 The SDH and synchronous optical networking (SONET) network transmission standards, that have
surpassed PDH.
 The RIFF (WAV) audio standard interleaves left and right stereo signals on a per-sample Basis. The
left-right channel splitting in use for stereoscopic liquid crystal shutter glasses

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 TDM can be further extended into the time division multiple access (TDMA) scheme, where
several stations connected to the same physical medium, for example sharing the same frequency
channel to communicate.
 The GSM telephone system
PROCEDURE:-
1) Connections are made as shown
2) Two signals with different frequencies but with same voltage are input to LPF
3) The waveforms in the CRO are observed
4) The sampling period of the signal is determined
5) The overall connections of TDM is shown in the block diagram
6) The demodulated output voltage is noted
WAVEFORMS

RESULT:
The circuit to demonstrate the working of TDM for PAM signals was designed and the output waveforms
were verified.

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EXPERIMENT- 05
STRIP-LINE DIRECTIONAL COUPLER

AIM :To determine the coupling and isolation characteristics of a stripline ( or microstrip) Directional
coupler.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:- Microwave signal source[2.2-3GHz],VSWR meter, detector,

adaptor, attenuator, SMA/BNC connector, fitted cables, directional coupler

BLOCK DIAGRAM :-

TABULAR COLUMN
Freq. in GHz VSWR Readings Corrected Values Coupling in dB
Pli in dB P3s in dB Pli in dB P3s in dB [C=Pli-P3s]

THEORY:-
A two stub branch line coupler is a fundamental direct coupled structure in which the main line is directly
bridged To the secondary line by means of two shunt branches. The length of each branch and their spacing
are all quarter Wavelength in the transmission medium at the center frequency f0.
In a parallel coupled directional coupler the main length “l” of the coupled line section is quarter
wavelength in the transmission medium at the center frequency f0 . All inputs and outputs lines have the
same characteristic impedance

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PROCEDURE:-
1) Set up the system as shown in the block diagram
2) Before switching on the signal source, rotate the RF power level knob in the first front panel
anticlockwise to minimum position and the attenuation pad at the RF output port of the source.
3) Keep the range switch in the 40dB range position and the variable gain knob to maximum
4) First measure reference power level key connecting the cable directly.
5) Set the frequency of the source to 2.3GHz.
6) Increase the RF power output of the source till VSWR meter shows the reading in 50dB range
7) Next insert the coupler. Record the readings 2 and 4 of the coupler in 50 Ω matched loads
8) The value of isolation is generally much greater than coupling
9) Same procedure is followed for measuring isolation except that, port 4 is connected to the output
port.
CALCULATIONS:
WITH OSCILLOSCOPE:-
Insertion loss (dB) = 20 log V1/V2

Coupling factor (dB) at port 2= 20 log 10 V1/ V3

Isolation (dB) = 20 log 10 V1 / V4

WITH VSWR METER:

Coupling factor (dB) =power at port 1 P1- power at port 3 P3

Isolation (dB) = power at port 3 P3- power at port 4 P4

Directivity(dB) = power at port 1 P1- power at port 4 P4

Insertion Loss(dB) = power at port 1P1- power at port 2 P2

CONCLUSION:-
The coupling and Isolation characteristics of a stripline directional coupler is tested and verified and found
out. The values of the coupling factors at port‟s 2 and 3 and the isolation factor between ports 2 and 3.

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EXPERIMENT- 06
RING RESONATOR

AIM : To determine the resonance characteristics of a microstrip ring resonator and to calculate the
relative dielectric constant of the substrate
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:- Microwave signal source[2.2-3GHz],VSWR meter, detector,
adaptor, attenuator, SMA/BNC connector, fitted cables, microstrip resonator

BLOCK DIAGRAM :-

THEORY:-
The ring resonator is known as a simple printed resonator that is useful for making approximate
measurement of dielectric constant. It is also used in filters, and in antennas.
Ring resonators can be analyzed in two ways. Looking at a ring resonator in isolation, it may appear that
the field would be in the form of a wave circulating around either direction, but in reality, the coupling
structure plays an important role.
PROCEDURE:-
1) Set up the system as shown in the block diagram
2) Before switching on the signal source, rotate the RF power level knob in the first front panel
anticlockwise to minimum position and the attenuation pad at the RF output port of the source.
3) Keep the range switch in the 40dB range position and the variable gain knob to maximum

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4) First connect the 3dB attenuator pad at the output pad. The VSWR meter is to be used in
conjunction with the coaxial detector
5) Set the frequency of the source to 2.2GHz.
6) Keep the range in 40dB and increase the RF power output of the source till VSWR meter shows the
reading in 45dB range
7) Next insert the ring. Vary the frequency of the source slowly from 2.3GHz to 2.8GHz and observe
the frequency at which VSWR meter shows a sharp peak. If no peak is observed, increase the
power output of the source and vary frequency gain. Note the frequency at which the VSWR meter
shows the peak.
8) This is first order resonant frequency for the resonator.
CALCULATIONS:
Given parameters
Strip conductor width (in rising)= w=
Height of the substrate = h=
Mean radius of the ring = R =
Vo = ;n=
Measured resonant frequency = fr =
Power in dB =
Formulae
n Vo
𝟐𝝅𝑹 =
fr√∈ ef
𝟏𝟎𝒉 −𝟏𝟐
𝟐 ∈ 𝒆𝒇 + [(𝟏 + ) ]− 𝟏
𝒘
∈𝒓=
𝟏𝟎𝒉 𝟏
[(𝟏 + 𝒘 )−𝟐 ] + 𝟏

CONCLUSION:-
Measurement of resonance characteristics of a micro strip ring resonator and determination of dielectric
constant of the substrate is achieved successfully.

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EXPERIMENT-07
POWER DIVIDER

AIM: Measurement of power division and isolation characteristics of a microstrip 3dB power divider.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:- Microwave signal source[2.2-3GHz],VSWR meter, detector,

adaptor, attenuator, SMA/BNC connector, fitted cables, microstrip 3dB power divider

BLOCK DIAGRAM :-

THEORY:-
Power divider is a 3 port device in which one input port and two ouput ports. When the power is fed at
input port 1, power will emerge from the other two ports 2 and 3.it os impossible to match all the ports of
power divider. In order to match all the three ports, an isolation resistance of 2Z0 is added between ports 2
and 3.With this proper isolation is provided between ports 2 and 3.
PROCEDURE:-
1) Set up the system as shown in the block diagram
2) Before switching on the signal source, rotate the RF power level knob in the first front panel
anticlockwise to minimum position and the attenuation pad at the RF output port of the source.
3) Keep the range switch in the 40dB range position and the variable gain knob to maximum
4) To measure the reference power level, connect the cable directly.

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5) Set the frequency of the source to 2.3GHz.

6) Increase the RF power output of the source till VSWR meter shows the reading in 50dB range
7) Vary the frequency of the source slowly from 0.1GHz to 2.8GHz and note the corresponding
VSWR to measure the power divider division properly, insert the power divider in between and
terminate the port 3 with matched load
8) Set the frequency of the source to 2.3GHz. Record the readings of VSWR meter. Next interchange
the connections at port 2 and 3 i.e terminate the port 2 with matched load .
9) Record the readings of VSWR meter. Increase the frequency in steps of 0.1GHz upto 2.8GHz.
10) To measure the isolation property, remove the power divider from setup. Measure the reference
power level at the same procedure by keeping reference level slightly higher.
11) Insert the power divider with port 2 as input port and port 3 as output port.
12) Record the readings of VSWR meter at the same frequency

TABULATION

Freq. in VSWR Readings Corrected Values Power Division

GHz Pli in dB P2s in dB P3s in dB Pli in dB P2s in dB P3s in dB Port1-2 Port1-3

Freq. in VSWR Readings Corrected Values Isolation from

GHz Pli in dB P2s in dB P3s in dB Pli in dB P2s in dB P3s in dB Port 2-3

Freq. in VSWR Readings Corrected Values Isolation from

GHz Pli in dB P2s in dB P3s in dB Pli in dB P2s in dB P3s in dB Port 3-2

CONCLUSION:-
Measurement of power division and isolation characteristics of a micro strip 3dB power divider is obtained

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EXPERIMENT-08
OPTICAL FIBER

AIM: To determine the propagation loss, bending loss and numerical aperture in a given optical fiber.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Optical fiber (0.5m,1m), patch chords, mandrill, numerical aperture,
measurement unit, CRO, probe
THEORY:
Fiber optic links can be used for transmission of digital as well as analog signals. Basically a fiber optic link contains
three main elements transmitter and optical fiber & a receiver. The transmitter module takes the input signal in
electrical form and then transforms it into optical (light) energy containing the same information. The optical fiber is
the medium, which carries this energy to the receiver. At the receiver, Light is converted back into electrical form
with the same pattern as originally fed to the transmitter.
BLOCK DIAGRAM

FORMULAE:
Propagation Loss

Numerical Aperture

PROCEDURE
Propagation Loss
 Connect power supply to the board.
 Make the following connections.

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 A function generator of 1KHz sine wave output and input socket of emitter-I circuit via 4mm load.
 Connect 0.5m optic fiber between emitter output and detector-I's input and detector-l's output to
amplifier-1 input socket via 4mm load.
 Switch on the power supply.
 Set the oscilloscope channel-1 to 0.5 v/div and adjust 4-6 div amplitude by using X1 probe with the
help of variable pot in function generator block at the input of emitter-1 .
 Observe the output signal from detector on CRO.
 Adjust the amplitude of the recieved signal as that of the transmitted one with the help of gain
adjust pot in ac amplifier block. Note this amplitude andname it as VI.
 Now replace the fiber optic cable with 1 m cable without disturbing other settings.
 Measure the amplitude at the reciever end again at the output of amplifier V2. Calculate the
propagation loss
Bending Loss
 Repeat all the steps from 1 to 6 of previous experiment using lm cable.
 Wind the fiber optic cable on the mandril and observe the corresponding ac amplifier output on
CRO. It will be gradually reducing showing the loss due to the bends.
Numerical Aperture
 Connect the power supply to board.
 Connect the frequency generators 1 KHz sine wave output to input of emitter- I circuit. Adjust the
amplitude at 5Vp-p.
 Connect one end of fiber cable to output socket of emitter-1 circuit and other end to numerical
aperture measurement jig. Hold the white screen facing the fiber such that its cut face is
perpendicular to the axis of fiber.
 Hold the white screen with a 4-concentric circles vertically at a suitable distance to make the red
spot from the fiber coincide with 10mm circle.
 Record the distance of screen from the fiber end L and note the diameter W of the spot.
 Compute NA and Acceptance angle
CONCLUSION
The numerical aperture, bending loss and the propagation loss are found successfully.

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VIVA QUESTIONS FOR ADVANCED COMMUNICATION LAB

1. State different types of Digital modulation techniques?

2. What is shift keying?
3. What is a binary modulation technique?
4. Define ASK?
5. Define FSK?
6. Define PSK?
7. Define QPSK and DPSK?
8. Why QPSK is called quadrature shift keying?
9. Define TDMA?
10. What are applications of shift keying?
11. Define FDM?
12. State the applications of multiplexing?
13. State the principle of PLL?
14. State coherent detection?
15. State non-coherent detection?
16. Differentiate between DPSK and QPSK?
17. What is an M-Array data transmission?
18. What is a standing wave?
19. Define reflection and transmission co-efficient?
20. State different types of losses in transmission lines?
21. State some applications of smith chart?
22. Define modes?
23. Differentiate between TE and TM waves?
24. What is the range of microwaves?
25. What is the advantage of waveguides?
26. State the principle of quarter wave transformer?
27. Define VSWR?
28. Define properties of S-Matrix?
29. What are waveguide tees?
30. State properties of E-plane tees and H-plane tees?

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31. State the properties of magic tee?

32. Define Isolator?
33. What is the principle of Directional coupler?
34. State different types of Directional couplers?
35. What is a Klystron?

36. State the classification of microwave tubes?

37. What are O-type and M-type tubes?
38. State application of klystron?
39. State the mechanism of oscillation in klystron?
40. How modulation occurs in reflex klystron?
41. State the principle of operation of TWT?
42. State the principle of operation of Magnetron?
43. State the applications of Magnetron?
44. What is PIN diode?
45. State some application of PIN diode?
46. State different modes of operation of GUNN diode?
47. What is an IMPATT, BARITT, TRAPATT diodes?
48. State two methods to find VSWR?
49. Define the principle of tunable detector?
50. Define the principle of slotted line carriage?
51. Differentiate between normal and expanded SWR?
52. What type of frequency meter is used in Laboratory?
53. Define directivity, radiation efficiency, beamwidth and bandwidth of an antenna?
54. What are the radiation patterns for Horn antenna, parabolic antenna?
55. State the formula to find directivity for an antenna?
56. What are the advantages of using optical fibers?
57. What is the principle of operation of OFC?
58. State the difference between step-index and graded index fiber?
59. State the formula to find the numerical Aperture?
60. What are the different types of losses in OFCS?

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HKBKCE ADC Lab

Part B
PCM
clc;
clear all;
close all;
t=0:0.01:5;
x=2*sinc(2*pi*t);
figure;
subplot(311);
plot(x);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('magnitude');
title('input');
hold all;

e=uencode(x,3);
d=udecode(e,3);
subplot(312);
plot(d);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('magnitude');
title('');

c=compand(x,255,2,'mu/compressor');
e1=uencode(c,3);
d1=udecode(e1,3);
ex=compand(d1,255,2,'mu/expander');
subplot(313);
plot(ex);

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HKBKCE ADC Lab

xlabel('time');
ylabel('magnitude');
title('pulse code modulation of sinc function');

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HKBKCE ADC Lab

eye diagram

clc;
clear;
close all;
x=[1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0];
t=0:1/100:1+1/10;
signal=zeros(1,length(t));
signal1=signal;
for i=1:length(x)
if x(i)==1
signal(1,i*10-9:i*10)=1;
signal1(1,i*10-9:(i-1/2)*10)=1;
else
signal(1,i*10-9:i*10)=-1;
signal1(1,i*10-9:(i-1/2)*10)=-1;
end
end
subplot(211);
plot(t,signal),axis([0 1 -2 2]),grid on;
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('polar NRZ plot');
subplot(212);
plot(t,signal1),axis([0 1 -2 2]),grid on;
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('polar RZ plot');

fs=10;
fd=1;

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HKBKCE ADC Lab

a=length(x);
delay=5;
r=0.5;
rcv=rcosflt(x,fd,fs,'fir/normal',r,delay);
n=fs/fd;
eyediagram(rcv,n);

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HKBKCE ADC Lab

qpsk

clc;
clear;
close all;
x=[0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1];
disp('input bits');
disp(x);
t=linspace(0,.8,800);
y1=sin(2*pi*50*t);
y2=sin(2*pi*50*t+pi/2);
y3=sin(2*pi*50*t+pi);
y4=sin(2*pi*50*t+3*pi/2);
figure;
subplot(411);
plot(t,y1),axis([0 .8 -2 2]),grid on;
xlabel('time in second');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('carrier with phase 0');
subplot(412);
plot(t,y2),axis([0 .8 -2 2]),grid on;
xlabel('time in second');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('carrier with phase 90');
subplot(413);
plot(t,y3),axis([0 .8 -2 2]),grid on;
xlabel('time in second');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('carrier with phase 180');
subplot(414);
plot(t,y4),axis([0 .8 -2 2]),grid on;

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HKBKCE ADC Lab

xlabel('time in second');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('carrier with phase 270');
j=1;
signal=zeros(1,length(t));
for i=1:2:length(x);
if (x(i)==0 && x(i+1)==0)
signal(1,i*100-99:i*100)=-1;
signal(1,(i+1)*100-99:(i+1)*100)=-1;
q1(1,j*100-99:j*100)=y1(1:100);

elseif (x(i)==0 && x(i+1)==1)

signal(1,i*100-99:i*100)=-1;
signal(1,(i+1)*100-99:(i+1)*100)=1;
q1(1,j*100-99:j*100)=y2(1:100);

elseif (x(i)==1 && x(i+1)==0)

signal(1,i*100-99:i*100)=1;
signal(1,(i+1)*100-99:(i+1)*100)=-1;
q1(1,j*100-99:j*100)=y3(1:100);

elseif (x(i)==1 && x(i+1)==1)

signal(1,i*100-99:i*100)=1;
signal(1,(i+1)*100-99:(i+1)*100)=1;
q1(1,j*100-99:j*100)=y4(1:100);
end
j=j+1;
end
figure;
subplot(211);
plot(t,signal),axis([0 .8 -2 2]),grid on;

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HKBKCE ADC Lab

xlabel('time in second');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('input signal');
figure;
subplot(212);
plot(t(1:400),q1),axis([0 .4 -2 2]),grid on;
xlabel('time in second');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('Qpsk modulated wave');

i=1;
for j=1:4
if (round(corr(q1(j*100-99:j*100)',y1(1:100)'))==1)
x1(i)=0;
x1(i+1)=0;
elseif (round(corr(q1(j*100-99:j*100)',y2(1:100)'))==1)
x1(i)=0;
x1(i+1)=1;
elseif (round(corr(q1(j*100-99:j*100)',y3(1:100)'))==1)
x1(i)=1;
x1(i+1)=0;
elseif (round(corr(q1(j*100-99:j*100)',y4(1:100)'))==1)
x1(i)=1;
x1(i+1)=1;
end
i=i+2;
end
disp('recieved bits');
disp(x1);

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HKBKCE ADC Lab

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HKBKCE ADC Lab

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HKBKCE ADC Lab

dpsk
clc;
clear;
close all;
x=[1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0];
disp('input bits');
disp(x);
x1(1)=bitxor(1,x(1));
for i=2:8;
x1(i)=bitxor(x1(i-1),x(i));
end
x1=[1,x1];
t=linspace(0,.9,900);
y=sin(2*pi*50*t);
signal=zeros(1,length(t));
for i=1:length(x1);
if x1(i)==1
signal(1,i*100-99:i*100)=1;
y1(1,i*100-99:i*100)=signal(1,i*100-99:i*100).*y(1,i*100-99:i*100);
else
signal(1,i*100-99:i*100)=-1;
y1(1,i*100-99:i*100)=signal(1,i*100-99:i*100).*y(1,i*100-99:i*100);
end
end
subplot(311);
plot(t,signal),axis([0 .9 -2 2]),grid on;
xlabel('time in seconds');ylabel('amplitude');
title('coded input signal');
subplot(312);
plot(t,y),axis([0 .9 -2 2]),grid on;
xlabel('time in seconds');ylabel('amplitude');

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HKBKCE ADC Lab

title('carrier');
subplot(313);
plot(t(1:900),y1),axis([0 .9 -2 2]),grid on;
xlabel('time in seconds');ylabel('amplitude');
title('Dpsk modulated wave');
for i=1:9
z1(i,:)=y1(100*(i-1)+1:100*i);
end
q1(1)=1;
for i=2:9
q1(i)=sum(z1(i,:).*z1(1,:));
if(q1(i)>0)
q(i-1)=1;
else
q(i-1)=0;
end
end
d1(1)=bitxor(1,q(1));
for i=2:8
d1(i)=bitxor(q(i-1),q(i));
end
disp('decoded data');
disp(d1);

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HKBKCE ADC Lab

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