A

PROJECT REPORT
ON INDUSTRIAL TRAINING
UNDERGONE AT

SAVINAY DEVELOPERS PVT. LTD.

FOR PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF AWARD OF THE
DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
(CIVIL ENGINEERING)
SUBMITTED BY:
ZUBIN BHATT
ROLL NO.- CL-01 ID NO.- 12CLUON003

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY
DHARMSINH DESAI UNIVERSITY NADIAD, GUJARAT
APRIL 2017
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report submitted by Mr.

ZUBIN BHATT, Roll No: CL-01, ID: 12CLUON003, for the

partial fulfillment of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in CIVIL

ENGINEERING at DHARMSINH DESAI UNIVERSITY,

NADIAD is a bonafied work carried out by him at SAVINAY

DEVELOPERS PVT. LTD.BHAVNAGAR, under my guidance

th semester
and supervision during VIII PRACTICAL

TRAINING PROGRAMME

Prof. S.S.Parmar Prof. K. N. Sheth

(Faculty In-charge) (Head of Department)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Today’s world demands competition, so along with having theoretical knowledge. It is very

important for an engineer to have practical knowledge as well. Everyone learns something to implement it at a

certain stage. Especially in the field of Civil Engineering, there is a vast difference in learning something

theoretically and practically, as compared to other fields. It is very necessary for a student to know, how to

implement the theoretical knowledge when he or she goes into the field.

First of all I am greatly thankful to Dr. H. M. Desai, The Vice Chancellor of Dharmsinh Desai

University, Nadiad , who introduced the system of the industrial training in the final semester of our college.

This gives us great opportunity to be familiar with the industrial scenario of the field. I am also thankful to our

college library for providing literature review facilities.

I would like to thank The Head of Civil Department, Prof. K. N. Sheth for his valuable guidance

and support during the entire training Period. I would also like to thank Prof. S.S.Parmar who continuously

inspired and helped me during my industrial training. Without her help this project report would not have

been possible. I am indebted to him for his valuable help in preparing the project report. I am also thankful to

other Professors of the Civil Engineering Department who has always guided me throughout my studies and

taught me the essence and roots of Civil Engineering.

Now, I would like to thank Mr. Vijay Jethva (Owner, SAVINAY DEVELOPERS Pvt. Ltd.) who

inspired me to take up this project for training as this project had all the basic components and knowledge

required for Civil Engineering.

Then I would like to thank Rajesh sir (Project manager) at our site who guided me through the key aspects of

Engineering. I would also like to thank all those people at the site and around who have helped me out in
completing the training successfully.

Yours Thankfully,

Zubin Bhatt.
 ABSTRACT

Of final year program of B.E. Civil degree course at Dharmsinh Desai University Faculty of

Technology, Nadiad the last 8th semester pertain to practical training. This is unlike any other institution

in Gujarat.

I was being trained at SAVINAY DEVELOPERS PVT LTD. which is bhavnagar based

company has done construction of Shopping centre, Residential Building , Etc.

Among various sites of the company, I was placed at commercial building , rupani circle, bhavnagar.

This report presents comprehensive information about training tenure at commercial building, rupani circle,

Bhavnagar. I have described the company profile, project information, project planning and management, major

construction activity.
 INDEX
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 NAME OF THE COMPANY

1.2 GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT SITE.

1.3 STAGE WHEN I JOIN

1.4 COST OF PROJECT

1.5 ORGANIZATION CHART OF SITE

1.6 PAST PROJECT FINISHED BY COMPANY

1.7 SITE LOCATION

1.8 SPECIFICATION

1.9 KEY PLAN

CHAPTER 2: CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY

2.1 FORMWORK / SHUTTERING AND REINFORCEMENT

2.2 FORMWORK, REINFORCEMENT AND CONCRETING FOR

1. COLUMN

2. BEAM-SLAB

3. STAIRCASE

2.3 AERATED BLOCK WORK

2.4 PLASTERING

2.5 ELECTRIC WORK

CHAPTER 3: RATE ANALYSIS OF AN ACTIVITY

3.1 CONCRETE

3.2 PLASTERING

3.3 PRODUCTIVITY OF LABOUR

CHAPTER 4: TOOLS & EQUIPMENT ON SITE

4.1 REAL PHOTOGRAPH / TECHNICAL SKETCH OF TOOLS.

4.2 COST OF TOOLS AT SITE

4.3 FUEL CONSUMPTION OF TOOLS

4.4 PRODUCTIVITY OF TOOLS

4.5 MAINTANENCE COST OF TOOLS

4.6 LIFE OF TOOLS

CHAPTER 5: QUALITY CONTROL ON SITE

5.1 GENERAL

5.2 INSPECTION

CHAPTER 6: SAFETY ASSURANCE ON SITE

6.1 SAFETY TOOLS GIVEN ON SITE

6.2 SAFETY MANAGEMENT

CHAPTER 7: LABOUR & MATERIAL MANAGEMENT

7.1 GENERAL

7.2 MATERIAL INFORMATION

7.2.1 CEMENT

7.2.2 COARSE AGGREGATES

7.2.3 FINE AGGREGATES

7.2.4 REINFORCEMENT STEEL

7.2.5 CONCRETE

7.2.6 A.A.C BLOCK

7.2.7 BINDING WIRES

7.3 LABOUR MANAGEMENT

7.4 MATERIAL MANAGEMENT

CHAPTER 8: MISCHELLANEOUS ACTIVITY

CHAPTER 9: RCC & STEEL WORK

9.1 REINFORCEMENT

9.2 REINFORCE CEMENT CONCRETE

9.3 CONCRETING

9.3.1 INTRODUCTION
9.3.2 BATCHING & MIXING

9.3.3 TRANSPORTING

9.3.4 PLACING

9.3.5 COMPACTION/VIBRATION

9.3.6 FINISHING

9.3.7 CURING

CHAPTER 10: CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Construction is a process or activity that’s a constant factor as our society grows and

progresses. Far from being a single activity, large scale construction is a feat of human

multitasking. Normally, the job is managed by a project manager, and supervised by a

construction manager, design engineer, construction engineer or project architect.

For the successful execution of a project, effective planning is essential. Involved with

the design and execution of the infrastructure in question must consider the

environmental impact of the job, the successful scheduling, budgeting, construction site

safety, availability of building materials, logistics, inconvenience to the public caused by

construction delays and bidding, etc.

1.1 NAME OF COMPANY

NAME: SAVINAY DEVELOPERS PVT.LTD.

1.2 GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT SITE

NAME: SWARA PARKLANE

LOCATION:

PLOT NO 1905 , OPPOSITE JOGGERS PARK ,

ATABHAI ROAD , BHAVNAGAR

PHONE NO: +91 9825203337

SITE: New construction of swara parklane commercial building , at atabhai road

,opposite joggers park , Bhavnagar . It comprises of Ground + 4 Storey & Parking + 5

Storey Twin Towers.

TOTAL LAND AREA: 1600 SQ.YARD.

ESTIMATED COST: 20 CRORE

DURATION OF PROJECT: 2 YEARS.

NO. OF OFFICES: 66

SUPER BUILT UP AREA OF BUILDING: 50,000 SQ.FT.

ARTITECT: VIJAY JETHVA & ASSOCIATE

STRUCTURE ENGINEER: MR. BHAVESH VYAS

1.3 STATE WHEN I JOIN & LEAVE

STATE WHEN I JOINED:

 
 When I joined the site, basement slab was completed.
 
 Above Basement Slab , column marking are done.
 
Column Starter are placed on marking and starter are casted.

 
STAGE WHEN I LEAVE:
1.4 COST OF PROJECT:

The cost of new building SWARA PARKLANE built by SAVINAY

DEVELOPERS PVT.LTD. will cost approximate 20 crore rupees.

1.5 ORGANIZATION CHART OF SITE:

OWNER
MR.VIJAY
JETHVA

PROJECT
MANAGER
MR.VIJAY
JETHVA

SITE FINISHING
EXECUTION EXECUTION
MR.JIGNESH MR.RAJESH
SHAH SIR

HARDIK KISHAN
 1.6 PAST PROJECT COMPLETED BY COMPANY

Among many of the engineering creation of company, the brief view of the recent

projects are given below:

1) SWARA BLOSSOM

2) SWARA PANCHSHIL

3) SWARAAJ ARCADE

4) SWARANKAN

5) SAVINAY RESIDENCY

6) SWARA GARDEN RESIDENCY

7) SWARA GARDEN RESIDENCY

1.7 SITE LOCATION:

Plot No. 1905, Opposite Joggers Park , Atabhai Road , Bhavnagar

 1.8 SPECIFICATION:

 Rcc frame structure


 External walls having plaster with dholpur stone cladding

 Internal wall plastered with putty finish / white wash. 

 Vitrified flooring.

 Flush door with wooden / stone frames.

 Power coated / anodized aluminium windows with fully glazed glass.

 Single / Three phase concealed copper wiring with necessary points.

1.9 KEY PLAN:

CHAPTER 2: CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY

LIST OF MAJOR CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES:

1. Formwork / shuttering and reinforcement

2. Formwork, reinforcement and concreting for

Column

Beam-Slab

Stair

3. Aerated Block Work

4. Plastering

5. Electric Work

2.1 FORMWORK/SHUTTERING AND REINFORCEMENT

2.1.1 INTRODUCTION

Formwork is the term given to either temporary or permanent molds into which

concrete or similar materials are poured. For safe concreting and for best quality, formwork is

major factor. If formwork is not closely spaced all slurry of wet concrete is coming outside and

the structure becomes honey-combed. So formwork should be rigid and closely fitted with

sufficient strength to support wet concrete.

( Shuttering of Beam & Slab )

 ( Shuttering of column )

2.1.2 FORMWORK MATERIAL

 
 Wooden Material: Plywood, wooden Patti, wooden props
 
 Steel Material: M.S. Plates, Props, clamps

 
Other Materials: Screws, Nail, Tie rod, Shikanja

2.1.3 SPECIFICATIONS:

The formwork should be designed and constructed so as to remain sufficiently rigid

during placing and compaction of concrete, and shall be such as to prevent loss of slurry from the

concrete.
 Care shall be taken to set all formwork in line, level and plumb so as to achieve neat,

clean and accurate finished surface.

Form shall be thoroughly cleaned off of all dust and loose materials before concreting.

Mould releasing agent shall be applied to the formwork before placing steel reinforcement.

2.1.4 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS:

 
 Saw
 
 Hammer

 
 Measure tape

 
 Plumb bob

 
 Line dori
 
Level tube

2.1.5 SELECTION CRITERIA FOR FORMWORK
 
 Type of finish required
 
 Type of structure to be supported

 
 Type of load coming on shuttering

 
 Availability
 
Time limit

2.1.6 REMOVAL OF FORMWORK / DE-SHUTTERING:

In normal circumstances (where temperature is above 20 degree) formwork may be removed

after the expiry of following periods:

(a) Walls, columns and vertical side of beams - 16 to 24 hours.

(b) Soffit formwork to Slab - 7 days

(c) Soffit formwork to Beam - 7 days

(d) Removal of props under the slab

  
 Spanning up to 4.5m - 7 days
 
Spanning more than 4.5m - 14 days

(e) Removal of props under beams and arches
 
 Spanning up to 6m - 14 days
 
Spanning over 6m - 21 days

2.2 FORMWORK, REINFORCEMENT AND CONCRETING

2.2.1 COLUMN:

Definition:

A compression member whose effective length exceeds three times its lateral

dimension is termed as the column.

Reinforcement:
 
 Steel used is grade FE 500 and confirm to IS 1786-1985.
 
 All reinforcement detailing is done as per IS 13920.

 
 Stirrups of 8mm diameter are used.

 
An overlap of 18d is used for all column bars.


Overlap should not be provided
 to all the bars at same height, but alternate bars are
 overlapped at same height.
 
 The overlap should be provided just above the slab.
 
Circular covers of 1.5” are placed at four corners.

There are two types of reinforcement in columns:

Vertical reinforcement

Vertical reinforcement is lapped to the previous bar and lap length is taken as per code IS 456

(50*d of steel bar). These lap bars are tied by binding wire.

Transverse reinforcement
Transverse reinforcement is in the form of stirrups.

Formwork:

Upper Floor:


If the column is on the external face of Slab then it is very easy to transfer the sides of

 column by just making the column in the plumb & measuring the distance from the

column and checking it as per plan and fixing starter and then concreting is done.


Upper floor always beam will also joint or passing through the column and Beam-
 Slab concreting complete then its start.
 
But if the column is not on the external face then the procedure is different.


For above case plumb-bob from the upper floor is suspended with the help of some
 wooden plank kept outside the slab.


After that one man at next lower floor measures the distance from the column face to the

 string then the same distance measured from is done so both the columns at lower floor

level & upper floor level comes in a plumb.


Now after marking the string is tied between all the external columns in the both directions
and the starter is fixed at right angle to it and then starter is casted but before casting the

starter the formwork is placed.



Now after marking the string is tied between all the external columns in the both directions
and the starter is fixed at right angle to it and then starter is casted but before casting the

starter the formwork is placed.
Concreting:
 
 Column concrete is done by RMC material at site



From RMC Truck, concrete is transported to the place of columns where concreting
 is to be carried out by means of material lift & iron baskets.
 
M25 grade of concrete is used for column.

 
 Design Mix proportion used for making M25 grade concrete

 
Vibrator with 25 mm needle is used while concreting.
Check list:

Before Casting
 
 Starter will be set on the same position or not.
 
 The quantity of formwork required for column.

 
 Apply oil/grease on the inner side of the formwork.

 
 Attach 40 mm covers around the corners.
 
 Make a foundation layer by using two ‘L’ metal angles.

 
 Fix the formwork in such a way that minimum number of formwork is required.

 
 Tighten the gaps between the formwork by metal stiffeners.
 
 Check lap length

 
 Remove any concrete if present on the bars.

 
Calculate the consumption of concrete.

During Casting
 
 The proportion of concrete mix design use or not
 
 Spread the cement slurry on surface of starter.

 
 Wet the inner side of the formwork.

 
 Check the water cement ratio (0.51)
 
 Verticality of the column using thread and plumb bob.

 
 Slump test will conduct at time.

 
 Vibrate the concrete with 25 mm needle in open condition.
 
Give the top surface a rough finish.

After Casting
  
 De-shutter the column after 24 hrs.
 
 Cure the surface of the column by using gunny bags.

 
Check the level of the surface.


If any types of fault in concreting, then to take the remedial
 measures. It’s necessary for
record and another time not mistake will be repeated.

2.2.2 BEAM – SLAB:

Beam and Slab activity will start and end at same time at site.

Beam

Member at which work as primarily a flexural member and resists load in vertical bending,

lateral loads, loads by bending and shear is called Beam.

Slab

Member at which can usually carry uniform distributed load and form the floor or roof of the

building is called slab.

Formwork:


Depending up on the length of each beam wooden planks of devdar  is used as a beam
 bottom & steel plates of 1 feet * 2 feet are used for a beam sides


After constructing the columns the bottom
 level of each beam is marked on the columns
 & wooden cap is fixed on the column.


Now beam bottom are placed on these caps between two columns & they are supported
 by the wooden or steel props.


For the cantilever beams & long span beam they are kept  at one inch above than the
 required level at the end & at the middle respectively.
 
Wooden props are placed in criss-cross fashion to support the beam bottoms.

 
The sides of a beam are nailed in to wooden plank & wall plate, sufficient branching is

 provided whenever necessary. Bracing at the top of the beam is necessary because if not
 
provided than the sides may open out from top.
 
 Providing form work of the wall plates is fixed to the props.


Steel plates are fixed on these wall
 plates steel forms of size 3’ * 2’ are fixed from
 both the ends on their wall plates.


And props are nailed to 
the wall a plates at the distance of 2’ using small wooden
 pieces knows as “ LAFA”
 
 The level of the slab is checked by level tube.
 
 On top of shutters duct tapes are applied on the joints to ensure a leak proof arrangement.

 
The props are adjusted whenever necessary.


The slab is also leveled in a same way the
gaps between the steel plates should be checked
and it is sealed by small wooden pieces.

Reinforcement:
 
 This work is done after form work of slab and beam is done.
 
 All steel used is grade FE 500.

 
Reinforcement of beams is done first then work to slab.


Beam reinforcement is 
tied up with column reinforcement and when completed is dropped
 in the beam formwork.


The bars for top and bottom  reinforcement are placed in the cage as per the detail given
 by the structural engineer.
 
 Top and bottom bars are tied to the stirrups at spacing as per the detail.


If the beam is going continuous over two or more supports then tension comes on the top

 part of beam at the support, to resist this tension we provide steel in tension zone which is
 
called negative steel.
 
Slab reinforcement might be one way or two way or cantilever depending upon the span.

 
 The reinforcement is cut according to the structural plan.
 
The spacing is marked on the slab and then bars are placed and tied with binding wire.

Concreting:
 
 Concreting of beam and slab are done together with Trolly with Rail.
 
 Tower Hoist will be used to concrete place at required height.
 
 Before concreting starts the formwork is wetted on top surface.

 
 Cement slurry is passed through the pipes which supply concrete before concreting starts.

 
While concreting 40 mm needle is used to vibrate the concrete.

Check List:

Before Casting


Check centering with respect to drawings
  
 Elevation
 
 Room dimensions
 
 Beam depth and

 
 Slab thickness.

 
 Apply oil/grease on the top side of the formwork.
 
 The level of the formwork.

 
 Reinforcement of beam and slab whether it is according to the drawings.

 
 All bars are tied up properly with binding wire.
 
 Calculate the quantity of concrete required.

 
 The vibrator is working properly.

 
 The fan box and electrical pipes in place.
 
 Chhajja bars are left open.

Any gaps of loop holes in the formwork must be closed

During Casting
 
 Height of fall of concrete.
 
 Method of placing of concrete.

 
 Proper spreading and leveling on the concrete.

 
 Constant vibration with concreting.
 
Finishing of concrete.


After Casting
 
 Protect the slab against foot marks.
 
Make sand barriers around the slab.
 
Make ‘WATA’ of cement, sand & water to provide the slab with curing by
 pounding method.
 
Cure the slab for 7 days.

2.2.3 STAIRCASE

Definition

Inclined portion of the stair is known as flight of stair while the straight-portion other than

the floor level is known as landing.

 
 A stair is a set of steps leading one floor to another floor.

 
 The stair case is used to give access to different floors of a building.

 
It is using to the up and down to the building.

Formwork:


First formworkfor the base of the stairs is prepared which is well supported by
 wooden props.
 
 Then two side wooden plates are fixed which are as per the width of the stairs.
 
 As per the calculated number wooden plates for the risers are fixed.

 
These plates are marked with height of the riser called thread.

On the riser plates two wall plates are fixed to ensure that the distance between the risers plates do
not change.
 

Reinforcement:
 
 All steel used is grade FE 500 and confirm to IS 1786-1985.
 
 Waist slab is of 5” thickness.

 
 Main steel is 10mm @ 4” c/c.

 
 While the distribution steel is 8mm @ 7” c/c.
 
 Development length of slab in stair is 3’.

 
Development length of stair in slab is required to the design and also capacity.



Concreting:
 
 Concreting is done manually for stairs.
  
 Concrete is poured properly between each riser plate.

 
While concreting a 40 mm vibrator needle is used to vibrate the concrete.


After the concrete
 is poured; with help of a metal float, the treads are given
 proper finishing.

2.3 AERATED BLOCK WORK

2.3.1 INTRODUCTION

Blockwork is the process of Block units bonded together with mortar. Typically, rows of

Blocks are called courses and are laid on top of one another to build up a structure such as a

Block wall. Block masonry is built with Blocks bonded together with mortar. For temporary

sheds mud mortar may be used but for all permanent buildings lime or cement mortars are

used.

The various types of bonds generally used in Block masonry are

1. Stretcher bond

2. Header bond

3. English bond 4. Flemish bond.




2.3.2 MATERIALS USED:

1. Aerated Concrete Block

2. Sand

3. Cement

4. A.A.C Mortar
 5. Water.

2.3.3 SPECIFICATION OF BLOCKS:

 
 The Blocks are uniform in shape and size.
 
 They should give a clear ringing sound when struck with each other.

 
 The Blocks do not absorb water not more than one-fifth of their weight after one hour.

 
 The Blocks have maximum crushing strength of 3.5 to 4 N/m2
 
Block should not be break when it falls from 1m height.

2.3.4 PROCEDURE FOR LAYING OF BLOCKS:

1. Proportion of a mortar is 1:6. Measurement of a mortar is done by volume batching.

2. First step is accurate location of door, opening and wall location is marked under guidance

of engineer with the help of drawing.

3. Next step is to clean the area and spreading of water over the area.

4. Block work is started from one corner of a room.

5. Then a layer of mortar is laid having width is equal to width of block.

6. Plumb bob marking is done on mortar layer and Blocks are laid down.

7. Frog is kept upper side to get desire strength. . Inside dimension is measured by engineer

and angle is also measured.

8. After the completion of first layer one mason start from one end and other from opposite
end

of wall.
9. First layer of block is done by cement mortar then a.a.c mortar is used.
9. The verticality is checked regularly with plumb bob.

10. At last joints are filled using the mortar.

2.3.5 INSPECTION AND QUALITY CHECKS:

DURING BLOCK WORK

 
 Make the surface rough before placing the mortar on it.
 
 Spread the mortar over its full length.

 
Block will not to crush at time of cutting and replace at site.

 
Don’t use the Blocks, which are under burnt, over burnt, irregular warped, cracked or
 having harmful salts.
 
 Check the verticality with help of plumb bob after every eight Blocks.
 
 Wastage of the Blocks should be controlled.

 
 Block will be joint to the specification in design and well bonded.
 
 Keep the joints 10 mm. thicknesses.

 
Do not build wall more than 1.2 m should be laid in one day.

After Block Work

 
 Clean the joints between the Blocks.
 
Do pointing between the joints.

2.4 PLASTERING

Plastering is the process of covering rough surface of wall, ceilings & other building

component with thin coat of cement mortar to form smooth surface.

2.4.1 REQUIREMENT OF GOOD PLASTER:


External plaster provides a protective cover against rain water and other harmful
pollutant gases.


Good plaster to provide require
 thickness to specification and good material will be
 used for primary requirement.
 
 External plaster also reduces the effect of moisture and heat transfer.
 
 It gives decorative effect.

 
It gives smooth surface in which dust and dirt cannot lodge.


Plastering is also done 
to hide any faults and mistakes committed in Block
 masonry and concreting.
 
 It should possess good workability.
  
 It also provides resistance against vermin and others pests.
 
 It should be hard & durable.

 
 Apply during all weather conditions.

 
 It should be cheap.
 
 It should effectively check penetration of moisture.

 
It should adhere to the background & should remain adhere during all variation in

seasons & other atmospheric conditions.

2.4.2 PROCEDURE


First of all curing is
done of the Block work before 48hrs of starting of
 the plastering work.


Plaster work isstarted after Block work and electric wire concealing work
 is completed.


First spread 
a plastic sheet under the area which is too plastered to minimize
 the wastage.


Initially a layer oflean mixture of cement and water is applied on the surface
 to make it rough.


Before plastering of beam and ceiling is started; to maintain a uniform thickness
 of plaster all over, levels are marked with help of level pipes.
 
 Than level pads are made of thickness of the plaster and about 100 to 150mm wide.
 
 The length of this pad will be along the vertical height of the wall.

 
 The c/c distance between the two level pads is around 1 to 1.5 meters.
 
The plumb of this level pad is checked correctly.


The thickness of inner plaster
 is 12mm & it is done in two coats of 8mm of base coat
 & 4mm of finishing coat.
 
The thickness of external plaster is 
20mm, it is done in two coats of 12mm of base coat
 & 8mm with smooth face finishing.
 
 The thickness of external plaster is kept more, because of more weather effect.


First slightly thick layer of mortar is applied; later with help of wooden floats leveled

 surface is obtained. Now with help of metal float the mortar layer is pressed till the

excess water comes out, it provides with a smooth surface finish.

2.4.3 INSPECTION AND QUALITY CHECKS:

Pre plastering
 
 Check whether the concealing work is finished or not.
 
 Finish the work of applying chicken mesh wire at joints.

 
 Hack the RCC work.
 
 Mark the reference level with a level tube.

 
 Clear RCC and masonry walls.

 
 Wet the walls and ceiling by sprinkling water.
 
 Sieve the sand using in mortar.

 
 Calculate the amount of material required.

 
 Check the availability of material.

Apply lean mix of cement and water a day before the plastering work

During plastering
 
 Spread a plastic sheet below the area on which plastering work has to done.
 
 Make mortar dots on the surface on which the plastering has to be done.

 
Masons ‘T’ make perfect right angles at edges of beams and columns.

 
( PLASTER WORK )
 The level of the surface with plumb bob ,string & aluminum strip.

After plastering
 
 Clear the openings of fan box and cable box.
 
 Cure the plaster for 10 days.

 
 The plaster work for any blisters or peeling off of plaster.
 
Apply fresh mortar at damaged places.

2.5 ELECTRIC WORK:

Electric work is provided for the electricity to the building which is provided lighting at

night time for requirement to clear vision.

 
 Electrical work will give to the contract base to the electric company.

 
At the design time also provided electric service plan will be provided.


Console wiring provide
 to the building which is provided at slab reinforcement and
 before plaster work.


Electrical service plan shows the various positions of various electrical fitting and 
 connection schematically. Symbols for the fittings are used to donate their position.
 
It helpful to the wiring system.
 
 The power supply to the building is controlled by the main switch.
  
All the details will be point out on the wall before the plaster work.


Instrument to provided face and off wire ateach and every point and switch socket
 provided face provide neutral and earthing.


Room will be smallthen tub-light will be below than fan and fan will be provided 2”
 below the ceiling.



MCB (Miniature Circuit Bracket) & ELCB (Earth Leakage Circuit Bracket) is provided for the
safety.











CHAPTER 3: RATE ANALYSIS OF ACTIVITY

1) Concrete Works In Slabs M20(1:1.5:3) – unit 1cu.m Take

10cu.m(excluding reinforcement )

Particulars Quantity Rate (Rs.) Cost (Rs.)

Materials:-

Stone Aggregate

(Kapachi) 20mm 8.90 Cu.m 725.00/Cu.m 6,452.00

gauge

Sand ( Coarse ) 5.50 Cu.m 800.00/Cu.m 4,400.00

Cement (66 Bags) 72.5 Bags 250.00/Bag 18,125.00

Binding Wire 10 Kg. 60.00/Kg. 600.00

Total 29,577.00

Labour:-

Mason 2 Nos. 700.00/Day 1400.00

Beldar 1 Nos. 350.00/Day 350.00

Sundries, T. and L. S. 300.00 / L.S. 350.00

P., etc.

Mixture Machine 1 Nos. 1500.00 / Day 1500.00

Rent etc.

Total 3 ,600.00
Centering & Shuttering

Bending,Cranking &

Binding Steel Bars In

Position

(Rs. 10.00/SQ.FT.) 10.00 1100.00 / 1 1,000.00

Cu.m. Cu.m.

Total 1 4,600.00

Total of Materials and Labours 44,177.00

Add :- 2 % for Water Charges …….. ………. 883.00

Grand Total Rs 45,060.00

( For 10 Cu.m)

Rate per Cu.m. :- 45,060.00 / 10 = Rs.4,506.00

Say Rs.4,500.00 / 1 Cu.m.

2) Inside Niru Finish Plaster 12 m.m.th. in C.M.1:3 - unit 1 Sq.m. Take 100 Sq.m.

Particulars Quantity Rate ( Rs. ) Cost ( Rs. )

Materials :-

Sand ( Coarse ) 1.80 Cu.m. 800.00 / Cu.m. 1 ,440.00

Cement 18.00 Bags 250.00 / Bag 4,500.00

Lime 10.00 Bags 280.00 / Bag 2 ,800.00

chirodi 2.00 Bags 110.00 / Bag 2 20.00

Total 8 ,960.00

Add :- 5 % for Material Wastage …… ………. 450.00

Total 9 ,410.00

Labour:-

Plasterwork 100.00 Sq.m. 100.00 / Sq.m. 1 0,000.00

Sundries, T. and P., L. S. 400.00 / L.S. 400.00

etc.

Scaffolding. L. S. 400.00 / L.S. 400.00

Total 1 0,800.00

Total of Materials and Labours 20,210.00

Add :- 2 % for Water Charges …… ……….. 404.00

Grand Total Rs. 21,614.00

( for 100 Sq.m.)

Rate per Cu.m. :- 21,614.00 / 100 = Rs.216.14

Say Rs.216.00 / 1 Sq.m.

CHAPTER 4: TOOLS & EQUIPMENTS ON SITE

4.1 REAL & TECHNICAL PHOTOGRAPH OF TOOLS

There are different types of tools and equipments used on site for different

purposes which are as follows:

Name of Real Photograph of Weight of Cost of Tools Supplier

Tools & Tools Tools & & Name of
Equipments Equipments Equipments Tools &
Equipments
HOE

Rs.52/piece

Head Pan

Masonary
Towel Rs.250/piece

Measurement
Tape

Rs.62/piece(s)

Plumb Bob

Rs.60/piece
Concrete
Mixer

Vibrators Rs.3000/pack
Rubber
Boots
Rs.375/pair

Sand
Screening
Machine

Gloves

Rs.40/pair

Wooden
float/
Wooden
rendering
float
Chisel

Rs.80/piece

Crow Bar

Rs.750/piece

Framing
Square
Hammer

Rs.211/piece

Cordless
Drill
Rs.7500/piece

Circular Saw Rs.4500/piece

Hand Saw
Rs.500/piece

RMC
TRUCK
Polishers

Rs.9300/unit

Putty Knife Rs.75/piece

Concrete
Pump

4.2 FUEL CONSUMPTION OF EQUIPMENTS:

NAME OF EQUIPMENT FUEL CONSUMPTION OF EQUIPMENT

1. READY MIX CONCRETE TRUCK

2. CONCRETE PUMP
4.3 PRODUCTIVITY OF TOOLS & EQUIPMENTS:
4.4 MAINTANENCE COST OF TOOLS & EQUIPMENTS:
4.5 LIFE OF TOOLS & EQUIPMENTS:
4.6 USES OF TOOLS & EQUIPMENTS:-

1. HOE

USE:- This tool is used to digging and to place concrete, cement mortar in head pan.

2. HEAD PAN

USE:- This tool is used for transport of materials

3. MASONARY TROWEL

USE:- This tool is used to place cement mortar

4. MEASUREMENT TAPE

USE:- This is used to measure

5. PLUMB BOB

USE:- This tool is used to check vertical alignment of civil works

6. CONCRETE MIXER

USE:- This tool is thoroughly mix the concrete at the site

7. VIBRATORS

USE:- This tool is used to vibrate the concrete while pouring. For workability purpose, we all

add water to concrete. To avoid that we are using vibrators. There are many types of vibrators

8. RUBBER BOOTS

USE:- This one is used to prevent skin from chemical contact

9. SAND SCREENING MACHINE

USE:- This tool is used to sieve sand at site.

10. GLOVES

USE:- This is used to avoid direct contact with dangerous tools, machines or to avoid any

direct chemical material contact

11. WOODEN FLOAT/WOODEN RENDERING FLOAT

USE:- This tool is used to give a smooth finish to the plastered area

12. CHISEL

USE:- This tool is used to remove excess or waste hard concrete

13. CROW BAR

USE:- This tool is used in fomwork to remove nails from boards

14. FRAMING SQUARE

USE:- This tool is used in Brickwork, Plastering to check right angle

15. FRAMING HAMMER

USE:- This tool is used to drive and remove nails

16. CORDLESS DRILL

USE:- This tool is used to make pilot holes, replacing jumper (special type of drill should be

used while drilling concrete)

17. CIRCULAR SAW

USE:- This tool is used to cut woods in shuttering

18. LADDER

USE:- This tool is used in every purpose

19. POLISHERS

USE:- This tool is used to smoothen the surface (wood or marble flooring)

20. MEASURING BOX

USE:- This tool is used to measure the cement and sand while site mix

21. PUTTY KNIFE

USE:- This tool is used in putty finishing to limit the thickness of the putty.

22. VACCUM BLOWER

USE:- This tools is used to clean the surface area from impurities (In flooring, Slab concrete

etc.)

23. RMC TRUCK

USE:- To produce ready mixed concrete quickly and of good quality having materials in

proportionate ratio
CHAPTER 5: QUALITY CONTROL ON SITE
5.1 GENERAL:

Several factors such as variation in the quality of constituent

materials variation in mix proportion due to batching process, variation in quality of

batching and mixing equipment available, quality of overall workmanship and

supervision at site.

Considerable variation occur partly due to quality of plant available and partly due

to differences of techniques used.

Therefore aim of quality control is to reduce above variation and produce

uniform material providing characteristic desirable for job allotted.

Main factors considered for quality control by engineers are:

5.2 INSPECTION:

Following items are inspected on the site.

A. Cement

B. Fine Aggregate

C. Steel

D. Formwork

F. Water

G. Equipment

A. Cement:

 
 Material used should preferably from single source.


If used from different sources, then strength and other characteristics of material are 
likely to change and therefore they should be used after proper evaluation and testing.

 
Test at site for cement is that, it should sink in the water, if it float means cement is not

of good quality along with should be smooth, if rough means cement is adulteries.


B. Fine Aggregate:


Fine aggregate (sand) should be transported from single source. Sand at site should
be coarser not so fine and should be free from moisture. Sand is test from source at

 laboratory and should match the standard.


Test at site is to
pour the sand in the glass and sand should sediments at bottom means
no adulteration.

C. Steel:

 
 Steel at site comes in the form of bhari. Total weight of ordered steel is checked.


Storage of steel is important it should
 be stored at timber platform but at our site it
was stored in the open space at site.

D. Formwork:

 Cleaning and stripping time of formwork should be according to IS code

F. Water:

 
 It should be free from silt, organic matter, alkali and suspended impurities.
 
In general, water fit for drinking is used for mixing of concrete.

G. Equipment:


Equipment is properly taken care and maintain s the constructions equipments are
 quite costly.
 
They are properly oiled and lubricant at equal time interval.
CHAPTER 6: SAFETY ASSURANCES ON SITE
6.1 SAFETY TOOLSTO BE USED ON SITE

Construction companies should ensure a safety workplace for its employees while its workers
should follow strict safety regulations. Safety Equipment, along with construction safety plan,
protect workers from injury and harm

The Safety Tools to be used on any construction site are as follows:-

1. Chains & Hairness

USE:- Provide safety from falling

FACT:- Falls are the leading cause of worker facilities

2. SAFETY VEST

Made of bright, neon coloured fabric designed for high visibility

USE:-

 For High Visibility

 Protection from mesh
 Protection from breakway
 Safety vests are basically used for high visibility as these are usually reflective
 Depending on the use, variation of safety vests includes extra measure of protection
from mesh, breakaway, and flame.

3. HARD HATS

USE:- To protect the head from injuring due to falling

4. SAFETY GLOVES

USE:-

 Protect the hands from wire punctures, cuts & abrasions

 Safety gloves are meant to protect workers from these types of injury

5. SAFETY SHOES

USE:- To protect the feet from cuts , injury due to falling and from chemical contact also

6. SAFETY GLASSES & GOGGLES

USE:-
  Protect eyes from particulates, corrosive

7. SAFETY EARMUFFS

USE:- Protect ears from hearing loss due to extreme noise

8. SAFETY MASKS

USE:- Protection against respiratory hazards

9. SAFETY NETS

USE:- For protection of labours working at the top level and also protection of labours from
the object falling from the highest level





6.2 SAFETY TOOLS USED ON MY SITE:-

From the above safety tools to be used on site following are used on my site , this are as

follows :-

1. CHAINS & HAIRNESS

 On my site, instead of chains & hairness rope is used for safety purposes

2. SAFETY VEST

 Safety vest are not used on site

3. HARD HATS

 Hard hats are not used on site

4. SAFETY GLOVES

 Safety gloves for labors are provided on site

5. SAFETY SHOES

 Safety shoes for labors are provided on site

6. SAFETY GLASS & GOGGLES

 Safety glass & goggles are provided on site

7. SAFETY EARMUFFS

 Safety earmuffs are not provided on site

8. SAFETY MASKS

 Safety masks are provided on site

9. SAFETY NETS

 Safety nets are not used on site

6.3 SAFETY MANAGEMENT

INTRODUCTION

DEFINITION OF SAFETY:-

Safety is the control of recognized hazards to attain an acceptable level of risk.

Safety concerns have always been paramount in the construction industry. Jobsites are
complex environments, with workers from multiple trades interacting in challenging physical
environments. Recent efforts to improve safety appear to have some effect: The U.S. Bureau
of Labour Statistics (BLS) in September 2012 reported that fatal injuries in the private
construction sector and declined for five consecutive terms, with fatal injuries down between
2006 and 2011 by 46%.

Clearly improving safety remains one of the greatest challenges facing the construction
industry today.

While issue of improving safety has been an industry need for decades, this is a particularly
exciting time to examine how safety management practices are been implemented and are
perceived by the industry, as well as the benefits of a safety program. The construction
industry is changing in ways that have strong implications of site safety.

Some of the key trends that have implications for safety include the use of new and unfamiliar
products and technologies to achieve green goals on products, the use of BIM and
collaborative design, the proliferation of mobile tools onsite and increasing interest in the use
of prefabrication. All of these rising trends offer new opportunities to increase safety as well
as unique challenges that may necessitate new approaches to the development and delivery of
safety training. The use of increasingly multi functional mobile tools onsite, for example ,
offer new ways to bring safety information to job site workers, but they need to be deployed
effectively in ways that contribute to productivity & enhanced communication.

One key finding that can help spur greater investment in safety training is the productivity and
business benefits gained from making investments in strong safety management program,
from improved company reputation to improved project return on investment. Enjoying firm
leadership in the need for a strong safety program as a critical aspect of a firms
competitiveness can help increase in safety.

By providing clear portrait of existing safety practices that can serve as a benchmark for
companies, by demonstrating the gaps in safety adoption , and by exploring the opportunities
and challenges represented by important construction trends for increasing safety in
construction, this report offers all industry players insights into how how to continue to
improve this vital part of construction process.
Types of Safety Practices:-

Types of Pratices used promote safety on projects:-

1. Include jobsite workers in safety process.

2. Analyze potential site safety hazards in preconstruction.

3. Establish an open door policy for workers to report hazards.

4. Conduct regular project safety audits with workers.

5. Appoint/Assign/Authorize Project Safety Personnel.

6. Develop Site Specific HASP ( Health And Safety Plan )

7. Site Specific Training Program for Workers and Subcontractors.

8. Conduct through near miss and incident investigations.

Implementing New Safety Pratices In Projects:-

1. Keep Doing Current Safety Practices.

2. Safety Screening Policy for Subcontractor Procurement.

3. Establishing Measurable Safety Goals and Objectives.

4. Track Leading Safety Metrics.

5. Offer Safety Incentives.

6. Utilize Effective Job Hazard Analysis (JHA)/ Job Safety Analysis( JSA)

7. Site Specific Training Program For Workers.

8. Implement Safety Mitigation Into Safety Process.

Aspects of a World-Class Safety Program:-
( According to General contractors and Speciality Contractors)
1. Regular Meetings On Safety At Jobsite Level.

2. Strong Safety Leadership Abilities In Supervisors.

3. Regular Safety Audits

4. Hazard Assessments And Safety Plans At Each Jobsite

5. Ongoing Access To Safety Training Across The Organization.

6. Strong Emphasis On Communication.

7. Through Incidence and Near-Miss Investigations.

8. Jobsite Worker’s Input.

9. Staff Positions Dedicated To Safety.

10. Regular Meetings On Safety Among Staff at C-suite Level.

Positive Impacts Of Using Safety Practices.

1. Reputation In Industry.

2. Workers Reporting Unsafe Conditions.

3. Reportable Injury Rates.

4. Ability To Contract New Work.

5. Project Quality.

Factors That Influenced Firms To Adopt Safety Management Practices:-

1. Concern About Worker Health And Well-Being.

2. Insurance Costs.

3. Liability Concerns.

4. Avoiding Potential Business Disruption.

5. Owner/Client Demand.

6. Regulatory Requirements.

7. Desire To Improve Productivity.

8. Past Incidents Involving Worker Health and Well-Being.

9. Industry Leadership In Overall Safety Culture.

10. Competitive Advantage.

Factors Encouraging Wider Adoption Of Safety Management Practices In

Future:-
1. Reduced Insurance Rates.

2. Greater Client Requirements.

3. More Impact On Financial Impact Of Improving Safety.

4. Stronger Regulations.

5. Greater Enforcement of Regulations.

Factors Discouraging Investment In Safety Practices:-

1. Increased Costs.

2. Lower Productivity.

3. Lack of Organizational Commitment.

4. Impact On Competitiveness.

5. Lack Of Knowledge Of Safety Advance Practices.

6. Negative Expected Impact On Project Shedule.

Tools Used On Mobile Devices On Job Sites:-

1. Cameras.

2. Project Document Sharing.

3. GPS.

4. Scheduling.

5. Project Management Apps/Software.

6. Safety Inspection Checklist.

7. Team Meeting Apps/Software.

8. Safety And Health Websites.

9. Social Media.

10. 3D CAD.
11. BIM.
CHAPTER 7: LABOUR & MATERIAL MANAGEMENT
7.1 GENERAL:

A project is composed of jobs, activities, functions or tasks that are related one to

other in some manner, and all of these should be completed in order to complete the

project. Every project has one specific purpose: it starts at some specific moment and it is

finished when its objective has been fulfilled. For completion of any project, two basic

things are required:

(1) Material resources,

( 2 ) Man power resources

Rapid accumulation of scientific techniques in the recent past has not been matched

by corresponding improvement in the sphere of human group relations. In other words,

sociology has not kept pace with technology. We are not in a position to fully utilize our

technology advancement unless we are also able to advance social sphere. Here comes

the role of management. Management increases the productivity through technological

innovation taking into account human factors involved in these advances. Generally three

major managements are required for completion of any work at site.

 
 Labour Management
 
Material Management


7.2 MATERIAL INFORMATION

 
 Material used in construction

7.2.1 CEMENT

Type: Ordinary Portland cement- 53 grade

Company: JK Lakshmi cement

 

( CEMENT BAG )

Rate: Rs.250/ bag

Specification:
 
 Ordinary Portland Cement (Grade 53) shall confirm to IS: 12269


Cement which has been stored at project site for more than 3 months shall be re-
 tested before use.
It shall be rejected if it fails to confirm the requirements

3.2 COARSE AGGREGATES

Size: 10mm (Grit)

20 mm (kapachi)

( 10 mm grit )
 20 mm kapachi

Rate: Rs.450/ton –10mm

Rs.475/ton – 20mm

Specification:


According to IS: 456-2000, the maximum size of coarse aggregates shall be as large as
 possible within the limits specified but in no case greater than one

fourth of the thickness of the member provided that the concrete can be placed without

difficulty so as to surround all reinforcement thoroughly and to fill the corners of the

form.


For reinforced concrete work,  coarse aggregates having maximum nominal size of 20 mm is
considered to be satisfactory.

3.2 FINE AGGREGATES


Type: fine sand

Fine Sand
Rate: Rs.500/ton
Specification:
 
 Sand shall be medium/ coarse natural sand, clean, well graded.


Sand particles should be free from injurious amounts of dust, clay, kankar nodules, soft or

 flaky particles of shale, alkali, salts, organic matters or other deleterious substances and
 
shall be got approved from the engineer-in-charge.
 
 The sand shall not contain more than 8% of silt as determined by field tests and 3% by
 
laboratory test. It is necessary that the sand shall be washed to make it clean.


All sand to be 
used for plaster, Block work, and concrete shall be strictly sieved by
4.75 mm sieve.

REINFORCEMENT STEEL

Thermo mechanically treated bars- TMT steel-Fe 500.

Type: TMT bars in mm (8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25, 32)






( fig. steel bars )

Manufacture: Electro steel.

Rate: Steel bars – Rs.3500/ton

Specification:
 
 TMT steel shall conform to IS: 1739. All the reinforcement shall be clean and free from
 
dirt, paint, grease, or thick rust at the time of placing.

 
Procurement of steel should be authorized rolling mills and test certificates should
be submitted with each lot.

3.5 CONCRETE

Grade of concrete used at site: M20, M25,M30

Grade of Concrete for Different Elements:

Particular Grade
P.C.C M 10
Footing M 25
Beam , Slab M 25
Column M 25

Workability Requirement:


According to IS: 456-2000, for pumped concrete
 the degree of workability
 should be medium having slump 75 to 100 mm.


For lightly reinforced sections of beams, slab, column, etc., the concrete
 prepared
at site should have low workability having a slump upto 120 mm.

3.6 A.A.C BLOCK

Size:

609.6*203.2*127 mm 525*240*225 mm





Rate: Rs. 3200/m3

Suppliers: wonder concrete

Specification:


The Blocks are table moulded well-burnt in approved kiln, copper-colored, free
 from cracks and with sharp and square edges.


The Blocks are uniform in shape and
 are of standard size and give a clear ringing
 sound when struck with each other.
 
 The Blocks do not absorb water not more than one-fifth of their weight after one hour.
 
The Blocks have maximum crushing strength of 3.4 to 4N/sq.mt

FEATURES AND BENEFITS OF A.A.C BLOCK

1. ENERGY SAVING

Building with AAC Blocks will represent energy savings up to 35% on air
conditioning.

2. EASY TO INSTALL

AAC Blocks products are ready to use so their placement is faster and represent less

labor time. Also, Citadel products don't require setting, hardening or waiting time

before proceeding with the finishes.

3. LESS WEIGHT

AAC is up to 4 times lighter than traditional concrete, representing great advantages

in Saving RCC, transportation and material handling.

4. ENDURANCE

AAC products do not degrade with time resulting in superior properties compared to

other construction materials.

5. PRECISION

Exact dimensions of AAC pieces result in smooth walls with a perfect

contact among the different elements, enabling builders to save in finishes

and achieve optimal structural performance. Dimension tolerances are +/-

1/16 in (+/- ¼ in in panel length).

6. NON TOXIC

AAC blocks are environmental friendly and use only natural raw materials.

7. THERMAL INSULATION

Due to the air bubbles and its thermal mass, AAC provides excellent

insulation, both in hot and cold weather, resulting in substantial

energy savings.

8. FIRE RESISTANCE

AAC is a non-combustible and fire resistant material (up to 4 hours to direct

exposure). Fusion temperature of AAC is equal to other cement products at

approximately 1600ºC

9. ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE

Our Building System's elements have superior sound absorption properties

in comparison with other construction materials.

10. MOISTURE RESISTANCE

Its internal structure gives AAC products a high moisture resistance-

more than other traditional masonry systems.

11. WORKABILITY
 Our AAC products can be easily cut, drilled and grooved with manual or

power tools, providing an excellent productivity in hydro-sanitary and

electrical installations as pipes or ducts can be placed after the structure has

been built.

3.7 BINDING WIRES

The binding wire is mainly used to tie up the bars at required position so that

the bars do not slip over each other at the time of fixing and concreting.

Manufacture: Akshat steel

Cost: Rs.90/ kg.

Specifications:-


Bars crossing each other shall be
secured by binding wire of size not less
 1mm and confirming to IS 280.
 
Overlapping bars shall be bound with annealed steel wire, not less
than 1 mm thickness twisted tight in eight shapes around the lapped
bars.

7.3 LABOUR MANAGEMENT

Laborers are classified in two categories:

 
 Skilled labours (for block masonry, plastering, reinforcement, etc.)
 
Unskilled labours (for excavation, transport of material and concrete, etc.)

Two types of labors are available on site:
 
 Department Labours
 
Labours from contractor

Department Labours

Company has its own laborers which are known as “Department
 laborers”.
 
Their job includes inventory control, site cleaning and receiving materials at site,

curing and also as a watch keeper for site.

 
 Their attendance is taken regularly by site engineer and entered in a card.

Their wages are fixed and at the end of the month they are paid as per their
attendance.

Labours from contractor

 
 Contractor at site has to arrange labours at site as per the requirement.
 
 Their attendance is taken regularly by contractor itself.
 
 Payment of labours is directly done by the contractor.
 
Their wages  are fixed and at the end of the month they are paid as per their
attendance.

LABOUR REPORTS:
 
 Labour report on site is maintained by site engineer.


 Attendance of both department labours as well as contractors labors are entered
in labour report.
 
 Labour report is made daily at the end of the day.
 
 It is signed by site engineer.

 
Contractor maintains his separate labour report for each labour

LABOUR RATES

Skilled Labours - Rs.500 -600 per day

Unskilled Labours – Rs.200-250 per day

9.2.2 MATERIAL MANAGEMENT:


Materials management is a process for planning,  executing and
 controlling field and office activities in construction.


The goal of materials management is to insure that construction

 materials are available at their point of use when needed.
 
 Material cost accounts for nearly 50% to 60% of the cost of the project.


Materials management system attempts to insure that the right quality
and quantity of materials areappropriately selected, purchased,
 delivered and handled on site in a

timely manner and at a reasonable cost.

Components of material management are:

  
 Material estimation, budgeting, planning and programming.
 
 Scheduling , purchasing and procurement

 
 Receiving and inspection.
 
 Inventory control, storage and warehousing

 
 Payment


1. Material estimation, budgeting, planning

First of all the total requirement of the material such as cement, sand, aggregate,
steel etc.

is estimated and signed by the engineer. This involves estimating the individual
requirements of parts, preparing materials budget, forecasting the levels of
inventories, scheduling the orders and monitoring the performance in relation to
production and sales.

2. Scheduling, purchasing and procurement

This includes selection of sources of supply, finalization of terms of purchase,

placement of purchase orders, follow-up maintenance of smooth relations with

suppliers, approval of payments to suppliers, evaluating and rating suppliers.

3. Receiving and inspection

 
 After purchasing the material next step is receiving the material.
 
After receiving the material, quantity is checked by the project manager.


Then issue slip is filled by the engineer
 and material receipt note
 forwarded to the purchase department.


4. Stores and Inventory Control
This involves physical control of materials, preservation of stores, minimization

of usage and damage through timely disposal and efficient handling,

maintenance of stores records, proper location and stocking.

5. Payment

All the bills along with payment receipt, section indent, delivery slip is sent to

the account section after checked in the account section, the entry is done in the

stock register and then payment is done to the dealer.

6. Store Keeping

The function of store department is as follows

 Stores management is part of the overall function of materials

management.

 Store keeping is the function involving proper keeping of stocks

identifying and classifying them according to their nature, type and

size.



It also includes proper maintenance of stock records and record will write
at that time balance sheet have no any problem at the end.


The major responsibilities of Stores are:
 Identification of all material stored

 Receipt of incoming goods

 Inspection of all receipts

 Storage and preservation.

 Materials handling.
Advantages of Material management:
 
 Transportation & Handling.
 
 Low price for material purchase.
 
 High inventory turnover.

 
 Good supplier performance.

 
Low operating cost.





CHAPTER 8: MISCELLANEOUS ACTIVITY

8.1 Concrete Quantity Of F.F. Regular Slab:-

Slab Thickness = 0.115m.

Length Of Slab = 22.69m.

Width Of Slab = 11.06m.

Volume = Length*Width*Thickness

= 22.69*11.06*0.115

= 28.86 Cu.m

Deduction Of Pargola 1:-

Length = 5.35m.

Width = 3.03m.

Volume Of Pargola 1:-

= 5.35*3.03*0.115

= 1.86 Cu.m

Deduction Of Pargola 2:-

Length = 1.85m.

Width = 3.06m.

Volume of Pargola 2:-

= 1.85*3.06*0.115

= 0.65 Cu.m
Deduction For Lift:-

Length = 2.35m

Width = 1.90 m

Quantity Of Concrete In Lift

= 2.35*1.90*0.115

= 0.51 Cu.m

Deduction Of Staircase:-

No.1

Length = 5.35m

Width = 1.50m

Quantity = 5.35*1.50* 0.115

= 0.92 Cu.m

No.2

Length = 1.50m

Width = 1.12m

Quantity = 2*1.50*1.12*0.115

= 0.39 Cu.m

Add Slab:-

Length = 8.67 Cu.m

Width = 5.91 Cu.m

Quantity = 8.67*5.91*0.115

= 5.892 Cu.m
Quantity Of Beam Concrete Of F.F. Regular Slab:-

B1

= 8.2*0.305*0.495 = 1.23 Cu.m

= 8.2*0.305*0.495 = 1.23 Cu.m

= 8.04*0.305*0.495 = 1.21 Cu.m

Total = 3.67 Cu.m

B2

= 2*10.40*0.305*0.495 = 3.14 Cu.m

B3

= 2*10.40*0.305*0.495 = 3.14 Cu.m

B4

Length = 22.69-2*0.305-2*0.305 = 21.47m

Quantity = 21.47*0.305*0.495 = 3.24 Cu.m

B5

= 21.47*0.305*0.495 = 3.24 Cu.m

B7

= 2*1.50*0.23*0.266 = 0.18 Cu.m

B8

= 2*9.79*0.23*0.240 = 1.08 Cu.m

B10

= 2*8.67*0.305*0.885 = 4.68 Cu.m

B11

= 5.35*0.305*0.52 = 0.84 Cu.m

B12

= 2*0.6*0.23*0.34

= 0.47 Cu.m

B14

= 2*5.45*0.38*0.34 = 1.40 Cu.m

B15

= 2*5.45*0.305*0.34 = 1.13 Cu.m

P2

= 9*3.03*0.15*0.46 = 1.88 Cu.m

= 6*1.85*0.15*0.46 = 0.76 Cu.m

Quantity Of Concrete in Regular Slab

= 22.69*11.06*0.115 = 28.86 Cu.m

= 5.35*3.03*0.115 = -1.86 Cu.m

= 1.85*3.06*0.115 = -0.65 Cu.m

= 2.35*1.90*0.115 = -0.513 Cu.m

= 5.35*1.50*0.115 = -0.92 Cu.m

= 2*1.50*1.12*0.115 = -0.39 Cu.m

= 8.67*5.91*0.115 = +5.89 Cu.m

Total Quantity of = 30.41 Cu.m

Slab Concrete
Total Quantity Of Concrete In Beam & Column

= 30.41 + 28.85

= 59.26 Cu.m

Add

5% For Transit Loss = 2.963 Cu.m

Total Quantity For RMC = 62.22 Cu.m

Quantity Of Concrete For F.F. PT Slab:-

Slab = 24.68*20.27*0.15 = 75.06 Cu.m

Deduct = 5.35*6.83*0.15 = - 5.48 Cu.m

PTB1/CPTB1

= 10.00*0.75*0.23 = +1.72 Cu.m

B2 = 11.57*0.75*0.23 = +1.99 Cu.m

B3 = 4.31*0.75*0.23 = + 0.74 Cu.m

B4 = 10.13*0.75*0.23 = + 1.75 Cu.m

B5 = 5.45*0.75*0.13 = + 0.94 Cu.m

B6 = 8.44*0.75*0.23 = + 1.45 Cu.m

B7 = 11.27*0.75*0.23 = + 1.94 Cu.m

B8 = 4.45*0.75*1.23 = + 0.77 Cu.m

B9 = 8.30*0.75*0.23 = + 1.43 Cu.m

B16*B10 = 2*5.09*0.60*0.23 = +1.40 Cu.m

B14/B11 = 3*5.39*0.60*0.23 = +2.23 Cu.m

B12 = 2*6.08*0.60*0.23 = + 1.68 Cu.m

B15 = 6.32*0.53*0.23 = + 0.77 Cu.m

B18 = 6.32*0.60*0.23 = + 0.81 Cu.m

B19 = 8.675*0.75*0.23 = + 1.50 Cu.m

Total = 90.78 Cu.m

7% Transit Loss = 6.38 Cu.m

Total = 97.14 Cu.m

CHAPTER 9: RCC & STEEL WORK

9.1 REINFORCEMENT

 
 TOR Steel is used on the site for its following features.
 
 Higher Bond Strength

 
 Better Fatigue Strength

 
 Less Crack width due to high bond
 
 Satisfactorily bend-ability

 
 100 % weld-ability

 
 Suitable for main and distributor steel

 
Saving in Cost may be achieved

Field Tests for quality of Steel Bars


The pitch length between the twist should be 8 to 12 times that of
 nominal diameter of bar.


Steel should not be brittle in nature but 
it should be soft for working. It
 should break into pieces during bending.
 
Length of bar should be between 11 to 12 m

Field Tests for Binding Wire
 
 It should be soft in working and should not be brittle
 
 When tied it, it should not get loosened from its position.
 
It should not be corroded.

Bar Bending Schedule (B.B.S.)

NECESSITY:


BBS are schedules which helps the site engineers and RCC Fitters to
give exact cutting length
of steel, required to each member. It means
 slab, beam, column, etc.


This reduces wastage of steel with the help of bar bending schedule; site
engineer can calculate exact quantity of steel required for footing and

 column. The counter check on

quantities calculated by site engineer is also easy, when it is

accompanied by BBS.


Fitters get familiar with the bar cutting and bent up bar lengths. Before
cutting of steel and mistake in bending can be avoided. BBS also helps in

 checking in reinforcement.


As the cost of Steel is rapidly increased, now-a-days
 we can maintain
the economy in construction with the help of BBS.

Procedure for Reinforcement Work:

1. Cutting

2. Bending

3. Placing

4. Binding
 
( fig. bar placing and binding)

9.2 REINFORCE CEMENT CONCRETE:

Concrete is weak in tension, bending, shear and torsion, so steel bars

are placed in the tensile zone which takes the tensile stresses to concrete is

known as the reinforced cement concrete.

Description:


Concrete is a product obtained artificially by hardening the mixture
of cement, sand, coarse aggregate and water in predetermined
 proportion.
 
 Concrete is very good in compression and weak in tension.


But it is apparent that while long bar is subjected
 to compressive force
 it may fail due to buckling, slenderness ratio.
 
Thus, combination of steel and concrete provides ideal as two materials are
used to take up stresses they suitable for such combination which is called

Reinforced Cement Concrete.


Requirement for RCC Work:

Tools:

1. Rammer

2. Mixing tray

3. Bucket

4. Level tube

5. Plumb

Bob Equipment:-

1. Mixture machine

2. Vibrator

3. Tough Rider

4. Tower Hoist

Material:

1. Cement

2. Sand

3. Aggregate

4. Greet

5. Water

6. Steel bar
 7. Binding wire

9.3 CONCRETING:

9.3.1 INTRODUCTION

Concrete is a composite construction material made primarily with aggregate,

cement, and water.

It’s done at various stages to

1. Designing

2. Batching & Mixing

3. Transporting

4. Placing

5. Compaction

6. Finishing

7. Curing

9.3.2 BATCHING AND MIXING

The batching of material use for producing concrete can be done in two ways.

1. Weight batching 2. volumetric batching

Mixing of concrete is a very important step for achieving good final properties,

and one that can be quite difficult without the right equipment. This is one of

the best reasons for using ready-mixed concrete.Mixing distributes the

aggregate evenly throughout the cement paste, ensures that all of the cement has

been fully saturated in water, and removes large air voids.

Methods of mixing
 1. Hand mixing

2. Machine mixing

At site, mixing is carried out mixer machine and in transit mixers for Ready mix
concrete.

9.3.3 TRANSPORTING:


Carrying concrete from the place of mixing to the place of delivery
 is known as the transporting of concrete.


In case of Ready mix concrete it is transported by transit mixer. The
concrete is taken 
to the place of pour by means of Tremie pipes of
 diameter 150 mm.


As columns were filled with the concrete prepared at site in mixer 
machine it is manually transported. But for higher floors hoist was used.



9.3.4 PLACING

After the reinforcement
 and formwork completes the ready mix concrete
 is ordered.


Before the arrival of transit mixer the arrangement
 for placing is done.
 Pump and Tremie pipes are fixed in position.
 
After the transit mixer arrives, concreting process can be started.



( placing & spreading of concrete)


Before placing the mix, cement slurry is passed through the pipe line for
buttering them.


After that concrete from the transit mixer is added to the pump
whichwill push the concrete through the pipeline to the placing
 area.


During the process of placing the concrete some amount of the concrete
 is
taken out from the transit mixer for the cube test and slump test.

9.3.5 COMPACTION/ VIBRATION:


Compaction of the concrete is  the process adopted for expelling the
 entrapped air from the concrete.


The entrapped air, if not removed completely, considerably
 reduces the strength of concrete.
 
At site, compaction is done by needle vibrator.



9.3.6 FINISHING:


For concrete floors and pavements, the appearance, smoothness,
 and durability of the surface is particularly important.


Finishing refers to any final treatment of the concrete
 surface after it has
been consolidated to achieve the desired properties.


( fig. finishing of concrete)

9.3.7 CURING:


The final setting time of concrete is not more than 300 minutes, so after
12 hours
 concrete gains its final setting. Therefore we can remove form
 work.


At site even higher water / cement ratio is used, since the concrete is open
to atmosphere, the water used in concrete evaporates and water available in

 the concrete will not be

sufficient for effective hydration to take place particularly at top surface.


So curing is major activity for keeping the concretemoist and warm
 enough so that the hydration of cement can continue.


One or a combination of the following curing methods can be adopted
depending on site  conditions, availability of curing materials, type of
 job, economics etc.


At our site water curing is done by spraying of water and by wet
covering for the period of 7 days from the date of casting concrete.
 
















CHAPTER 10: CONCLUSION

The experience of my training programme has increased my

knowledge to a great extent. I learnt a lot of new things and at the same time

was able to learn indepth the activities which I had already knew previously.

Things that we learn under the shade roof of our college gave us the

knowledge about the things can be done. Practical training taught us that how

carefully the things taught in college can be handled on the site.

Though practical training I could actually learn the way of

executing of all constructional activities, how to tackle the problems on the

site and more important I am ready with confidence to face the problems.

Above all this training has improved my thinking power and

increased my eyesight, fair observation and attitude at site.

Site training at Swara Parklane commercial building compound of

Savinay Developers Pvt. Ltd. was really an absorbing experience in terms

of knowledge. Through this practical training I actually learned the way of

executing of all constructional activities, how to tackle the problems on the

site and more important I am ready with confidence to face this world.

I am very grateful to department of civil engineering of Dharmsinh

Desai University to have included such a good on-site training in to their

curriculum which I am also thankful to the engineers for helping us and clearing

my doubts. I feel more confident after being able to gain large amount of
knowledge and insight of the construction sector. i hope to carry forward the

experience and knowledge. I gained from my training programme and to apply

it further in my future. I have also learned to work in the best possible manner

by having great quality standards and getting maximum value of work should be

the motto.