MISS HARPREET KAUR NISHA DEVI

1822
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I feel my atmost duty and immense

pleasure in putting on records my deep

appreciation and profound gratitude to

MISS HARPREET KAUR for her skillful

efficient and able guidance as well as

constructive and valuable suggestion.

During the preparation of this project. I

am also thankful to my friends who

helped me in this project.

 INDEX….

S.NO. TOPIC SIGNATURE

1 DOS

 OVERVIEW
 FEATURE
 INTERNAL COMAND
 EXTERNAL COMAND
 AUTOXES.BAT
 CONFIG.SYS
 BATCH FILS

2 WINDOWS

 OVERVIEW
 FEATURE
 COMPONENTS
 WINDOW EXPOLAR
 ACCESSORIES

3 MS-WORD
  INTORDUCTION
 START WORD
 CREATING A DOCUMENT
 SAVING A DOCUMENT
 PRINTING A DOCUMENT
 SPELL & GRAMMER CHEAKING
 HEADER & FOOTER
 BOARDER & SHADING
 PAGE FORMATING
 CREATING A TABLE
 MAIL MEARG

4 MS-EXCEL
 INTORDUCTION
 STARTING MS-EXCEL
 ENTERING INFORMATION
 DELEATING WORKSHIT
 INSERTING WORKSHEET
 CELL ADDRESSING
 ENTERING A FORMULA
 MACRO

5 MS-POWERPOINT

 OVERVIEW
 FEATURE
 PRINTS
 ANIMATION
 WINDOWS

INTRODUCTION
MS-Windows is a multi-user and
multitasking operating system. It is a
Graphical User Interface (GUI). Its easy to use graphical interface makes it
simpler to use on your PC. The Windows operating system can run your current
MS-DOS based and Windows based programs in more suitable environment
and, in many cases, even faster. Windows operating also offers enhanced
multimedia and more powerful mobile features.

HISTORY

Year Windows Version Launched

1985 Windows 1.0 operating environment, featuring first
GUI for PC‘s.

1987 Windows 2.0 launched.

May, 1990 Windows 3.0 launched.

1992 Windows 3.1 launched.

1995 Windows-95 operating system launched.

1996 Internet connection capability added to MS-Windows

95.

1998 Ms-Windows 98 operating system launches. It has

Improved Internet related features.

Feb, 2000 Windows 2000 launched.

2001 Windows XP operating system launches. XP version of

 MS-Office also unveiled.

2007 Windows Vista Launches.

FEATURES OF WINDOWS

1. It is a Graphical User Interface (GUI) operating system. All the

applications can be accessed with very fast speed and in efficient
manner by clicking at their respective graphical symbols.
2. It is capable of Multitasking (i.e. running several programs
simultaneously). Graphics programs and character-based programs
(DOS) can be run concurrently i.e. it can execute more than one job
simultaneously..
3. It is based on the concept of WYSIWUG (i.e. what you see is what you
get). Since it is a GUI so all the result are obtained from previous
windows result and thus nothing is hidden from the user.
4. It runs each programs or application in its own separate window. So if
at any point the numbers of screens are open then user can easily
switch between windows.
5. Windows operating system is a 32-bit operating system. So as many as
32 bit can flow from the data bus at the same, with maximum speed.
6. Plug and Play Frees you from manually setting up hardware devices.
Windows detects and configures Plug and Play compatible devices
automatically.
7. Various operations like creating, deleting, copying files and folders can
be done easily by just clicking on the icons.
8. The feature of ‗Control Panel‘ in windows helps us to manipulate the
various hardware and software components of the computer system.
We can new software, hardware devices, manage date and time, change
users, apply passwords etc.
9. The Password facility helps the data to be protected from unauthorized
users. The user with the valid user name and passwords are given the
right to enter windows and perform various operations.
10. The multimedia application programs supported by it help us to play
song, movies and animations.
11. The networking and internet facility helps various users to
communicate with each other.
12. The screen saver facility protects our screen from burning when it is not
being used over for a long period.
 13. The OLE i.e. Object Linking and Embedding facility provided by it
helps to import and export different files in different applications.
Moreover, charts, music, video, graphics could be inserted in a file.
14. MS-Windows run under protected mode i.e. irregular programs cannot
utilize the memory and other resources.
15. It has a special Disk Compression program that helps to store the data
in hard disk in a compressed manner thus saving a lot of disk space.

CONCEPT OF A WINDOW

Windows acts as a convenient platform to execute a number of

applications and commands. Instead of typing lengthy and difficult commands to
perform an operation we simply select an icon (small graphical representing or
diagram) in a window. Its picture like environment saves a lot of time.

There are two different types of windows:

(a) Application Window (b) Document Window

(A)APPLICATION WINDOW:

The window which contains the programs you are currently working and
running is called application window. This is also called parent window. The title
bar of this window displays the name of the program you are currently working
with. These windows have their own background. Some common application
windows are MS-Word, MS-Excel, MS-Power point, MS-Access, Adobe
Photoshop, etc.
Fig. – Application Window

(B) DOCUMENT WINDOW:

A window in the application window is called the document window. This

window is also known child window. We can open multiple document windows
in case of MS-WORD in separate document window. Once the application
window is open, we can open a new document window from it.
Fig. – Document Window

ANATOMY OF WINDOW

The Anatomy of Window means different parts of a window. The various

components of a window are:-

1. Title Bar – It is a horizontal bar that displays the title of the window
with color pattern. It also contains the control box that handles the
window and the Maximize, Minimize and close button.
2. Control Menu – A small box on the left hand side of the title of the
window is known as a control box. On Pressing Alt-Hyphen(-) or
clicking it, a popup menu displayed which contains menu options
like- Restore, Move, Size, Minimize, Maximize and close.
3. Minimize, Maximize, Restore and Close button- The title bar of a
window contain three buttons on the top right hand corner of the
window- Minimize, Maximize and Close buttons.
When we click the minimize button, the active window is minimized
to iconized window on the desktop.

When we click the maximized button, the active window cover-up

the whole desktop and its shape changes to that of restore button.

4. Menu Bar – Below the title bar of each application window appears
a row of words which together are called menu bar. To select any
option from the menu bar you click on one of the word or press Alt
+ underlined letter of word keys simultaneously. On doing so, a pull
down menu appear in which a series of option are being displayed.
You can select any one option of your choice among them as per
requirements.
5. Work Area – It is the area of the window where you can read the
typed text or write the text with the help of keyboard. You can also
view the files, folders, drives along with there contents. It is also
sometimes termed as ―User area‖ because the user has full access to
this area.
6. Scroll Bar – When the contents of the currently opened window are
not visible i.e. they are unable to seen in the work area then scroll
bars help to view those contents. The vertical scroll bar helps in
vertical movement of the page and the horizontal scroll bar helps in
the horizontal movement.
7. Status Bar – It is located at the bottom of the window. It shows the
status of a particular window.
8. Tool Bar – The tool bar consist of various which help the processes
to be executed faster by the use of various tools available in the
toolbar. These tools depend upon the application which we are
using.
9. Rulers – To check the page size exactly by measuring it in inches or
centimeters we use rulers. These may not be apart of each window
but May only be supported by some of the applications.
10. Border and Corners – They appear in each window. You can drag
them with the mouse pointer as per your requirements (outwards or
inwards) so as to change the size of the window.
 Fig.- Anatomy of Window

OPERATIONS ON WINDOW
OPENING A WINDOW –

To open a window we can click at the icon or folder present at the desktop
or any other drive in the computer. We can also open a window from the menu
items present in the start menu or from a dialog box.

Method 1:

Fig. - Click on ‗My Computer‘ icon Fig. - Windows opens

Method 2:
Fig. - Click on ‗Start‘ and select anyone Fig.-Window opens Option from pop
up menu

MINIMIZE AND MAXIMIZE WINDOW –

To maximize a window, click at the maximize button on the right corner of

the title bar. When you click on it, the
window would be maximized to a full
screen from its normal position. It would
occupy the entire desktop.

To minimize a window, click at the

minimize box at the right corner of the title
bar. When you click on it, the window
would be reduced to iconized button on the
taskbar.
Fig. – Click on the minimize button Fig. – Window reduced to iconized
button the taskbar

MOVING A WINDOW –

Moving of window is essential when we have opened two or more windows

on the desktop and all of them are overlapping. As all the windows open at the
center of the desktop automatically so we need to move them. In order to do so,
we need to place our mouse pointer on the title bar area and keeping its pressed
we drag the mouse in the direction in which we want to move the window. The
window moves according to the movement of the mouse. When you released the

mouse the window movement stops.

Fig. – Place the mouse pointer on the Title Fig. –Window after
movement
Bar and pressing and holding left mouse
Button and dragging mouse we can
Move the window
RESIZING WINDOW –

To resize a window using mouse the following steps should be performed:-

Step 1 –Move the mouse pointer to right side of the window‘s frame or
boundary. As a result, this right left pointing arrow (↔) would be visible.
Similarly on placing mouse pointer on upper side of the window‘s frame it
changes to (↕).

Step 2-Now hold the mouse and drag the pointer to the right or left
depending on the width of the new window. If you drag it to your right its size
would be increased and if you drag it to your left its size would be decreased.
After adjusting the size, released the mouse button.
CLOSING THE WINDOW –

If all the operations that were to be performed are finished then we need
to close the button. To close a window we click at the close button, next to the
maximized button on the right corner of the title bar or choose ‗Exit‘ command
from the file menu of windows.

Fig. – On clicking close button the opened Fig. – Windows Desktop

Window Closes and we returned to window‘s
desktop
WINDOWS ACCESSORIES

To access the Windows Accessories click the start button and select
‗programs‘ for the startup menu. As a result, a cascading sub menu will open
containing a large number of applications along with the accessories. Select
Accessories menu option and further a cascading submenu appears. It has
following options in it.

1. Communications: - This command further shows a cascading menu

which has options like- Dial-up Networking, Hyper Terminal, Remote
Desktop Connection, Direct Cable Connection etc. This option is used
to establish communications among various computers which form a
part of communication network.
2. Entertainment: - It also displays further cascading sub menu containing
Window Media Player, Volume Control etc. This is used to set the
configurations of various entertainment devices.
3. Games: - It also displays further cascading menu containing games like-
Free cell, Hearts, Pinball, etc.
4. Calculator: - It is used to perform calculations. By default a standard
calculator is shown. You can also view a scientific calculator by
changing the view.
5. Notepad: - It is a word processor which is used for preparing various
text documents only. You can write the text messages and save these
files in your hard disk.
6. Paint: - It is a application which helps in painting of drawings with the
help of tools available in the toolbox. You can edit a drawing or draw a
new one.
7. Word Pad: - Another type of Word Processor is available in
Accessories. Large number tools are available in this which helps to
format the contents of a file as per the requirement of the user.
8. System Tools: - It contains the options like- Character Map, Clipboard
viewer, Disk Cleanup, Scandisk, etc. This option when selected shows
 various operation performed by them. These tools are used to manage
system events and performance on the target computer.
9. Accessibility: - Windows XP provides the facility to adjust the
appearance and behavior of Windows to enhance accessibility for some
people without requiring additional software and hardware. The
programs like Magnifier, Narrator, On-Screen Keyboard and Utility
Manager are part of this option.

RUN

On clicking a Run, a dialog box is displayed that we can use to run

programs. This can be used to run programs that may not appear on any shortcut
or in any other place in some folder. You can type the proper path in the test line
box and click OK button. Then it would execute the entered command. If we
entered a wrong path then an error will be displayed along with a message
window.
LOG OFF

Log off disconnects you from the network without shutting down windows
or it allows another user to log on if windows is set up for multiple user.

SHUT DOWN

To switch off the computer in case of windows we have to adopt a specific

procedure, we cannot directly shut down from the cabinet itself. The Shutdown
command helps us to do the shutdown. When we click at this command, a dialog
box appears that has a list box. It contains the option such as: Switch User, Log
Off, Restart, Sleep, Hibernate, and Shut Down. We can select the available
option and perform the desired operation by clicking OK.
SEVEN WAYS TO RUN YOUR APPLICATIONS

There are several ways to run programs or applications from windows.

Some techniques for running of the applications are –

1. From Start button.

2. From Run Command in the Start button.
3. From DOS Prompt.
4. From Windows Explorer.
5. From Icons.
6. From My Computer icon.
7. From Find Command in Start button.

PARTS OF WINDOWS SCREEN

When you start your computer in MS-Windows operating system it loads

some appropriate files and then asks you for the user name and password by
prompting a

message window. Then after few seconds, the windows start-up screen appears on
the computer. The windows start-up screen consists of the following components:
-
1. THE DESKTOP

The main screen which is full of graphics that appears on the computer‘s
monitor when you turn on the computer and log on to Windows is called the
Desktop. It is the overall on screen work area on which windows, dialog boxes,
menu appears. The Desktop consists of a number of icons representing
application programs, shortcuts, to programs, files, folder and various types of
documents which you can access.

Fig. – Desktop or Windows Screen

2. ICONS

We can perform a number of operations on the icons like selecting,

dragging and dropping, changing, renaming icons. The various icons available are
My Computer, Recycle bin, my briefcase, Network Neighborhood, Internet
Explorer. Besides, the standardize icon we can also add icons of the applications
we want to run from the desktop.

3. THE TASKBAR

The taskbar is the long horizontal bar at the bottom on your desktop by default.
It includes ‗Start‘ button, time of the day and buttons of the applications
frequently used, buttons representing computer
programs currently running and most frequently used appear on
this bar.

The taskbar can be placed on any four edges of the screen by just clicking
the taskbar and dragging it to the respective corner of the screen. You can also
resize the taskbar by using mouse.

A taskbar basically performs two primary functions; A Program Launcher

which launches the programs by selecting appropriate icons in Taskbar and a
Task Switch which helps to switch between various tasks.
4. START BUTTON

When we start our computer in windows operating system then a Start

button appears on the left hand side of the taskbar on the desktop. When we
click at the Start button, the Start menu appears. Using the start menu you can
open application programs, change system settings, get help search for a file of
folder and much more according to our choice.

There are basically three selection types which are available in the Start
button. Some selections of running applications result in automatic and
immediate execution. The ‗Shut down‘ and ‗Help‘ commands fall under this
category. The cascading menu submenus are available only for those menu
options which have (») symbol on their right hand side. On selecting such a menu
option a submenu pop up immediately. It shows the menu in a hierarchical
order.

MY COMPUTER ICON

My Computer icon is a standard icon that is presented on the desktop.

When we double click on it, it is executed automatically and My Computer
window is displayed on the screen. It gives a view of all the resources (hardware,
software, etc.) of the local computer.

On double clicking Computer icon on the desktop, a Computer window

opens up. It contains a title bar with Computer as its title along with a control box
on the left hand of name and window control buttons (Minimize, Maximize and
Close). It also contains a file menu which helps to access the various options of
the Computer.
 When you select a particular drive it shows the total capacity of the
drive. Along with this it shows the used space and free space in the disk. You can
also check it by checking drive‘s properties. In addition to disk drives the
Computer window it also displays the Control Panel, Printers, Dial-up
Networking, Network Neighborhood icons in Navigation Pane.

Fig. – My ComputerWindow

RECYCLE BIN

In DOS, when we delete some files accidentally then

those files can be recovered using undeltree command. The
only problem is that it cannot recover a number of files because its memory
capacity is less. It cannot retain much of the deleted files so it was difficult to
retain and recover the deleted files.

In Windows operating system, we have Recycle Bin to restore our deleted

files. The Recycle Bin is reserved space on your hard disk to store the deleted
files and folders.

It is for our safety net when we delete files and folders.

Whenever you delete folders or files, they are not deleted permanently
instead they are move to the Recycle Bin just as if you moved them to different
folder on your hard disk. The deleted files remain safe until you empty the
Recycle Bin, even if you turn off the computer.

Fig. – Recycle Bin Window

DOCUMENTS

Documents is a folder that provides a convenient place to store

documents, graphics or other files that you want to access quickly. By default, all
files on being saved are automatically saved in Documents, unless you choose a
different folder.

To open Documents, double click the documents icon on the desktop. As

a result, Documents window appears on the screen. It contains folder like Music,
Pictures, Videos, Web by default. These folders contain information pertaining
to these.

If more than one user exits on a computer then the folders contained in
Documents like Music, Picture etc. contain a link to their shared counterparts i.e.
Shared Documents, Shared Music, Shared Pictures etc. You can put the files
containing information that you want to share in these folders.
Fig. – Documents Window
CONTROL PANEL

The Control Panel is an application used for the doing some settings and
maintenance of the computer system. It is from where the user can change
various properties of the system as per his requirements. It is full of specialized
tools that are used to change the way Windows look and behaves. We can install
new programs using Add/Remove Programs icon, we can change date and time
by clicking at date/time icon etc. The control Panel is a folder full of icons which
help in changing the settings of the computer system. The control Panel can be
opened by selecting the setting option of the Start button and then clicking at the
Control Panel submenu bar option. It can also opened at the Computer icon at
the desktop then click at Control Panel. Control Panel Window look like this-

Fig. – Control Panel

The Control Panel can perform a number of functions; some of these are listed
below:

1. Adds New Hardware.

2. Add/Remove (i.e. install and uninstall) programs.
3. Change the system date and time.
4. Change the display property.
5. To set different fonts.
6. To set the printer to be used.
7. To check the property of the system using system icon.
8. To change multimedia control and devices.
9. To setup to change the log on password.
10. To set network configuration, to add new network card configuration
using Network icon.
11. To install modem and set various properties of modem.
12. To change the mouse properties using the mouse icon.
13. To set power of the system.
14. To set various sound properties.

WINDOWS EXPLORER

Windows Explorer is a more advanced folder and file management tool than
Computer. It provides us with the information about various resources in a
hierarchal manner. It basically consists of two parts called panes. The left part
displays a list of disks and folders on the computer. The right part displays the
contents of a selected folder. To display the contents of a disk or folder you can
just click disk and folder icons. In addition to it, we can drag files from one pane
to another to quickly copy or move

The simple method to run the Windows Explorer is to right click the start
button. As a result, a popup menu would be displayed from this menu, select the
Explore option and click. The Windows Explorer will be displayed.
 The various part of the Windows Explorer window are –

Title bar – It is situated at the top of the Explorer Window which

displays the name of the icon from where you started the ‗Explorer
Program‘ It also contain the control box and minimize, maximize and close
button.

1. Menu bar – The Explorer‘s Window is divided into two parts. The box
on the left hand side is called Folders box and the one on the right
hand side is called the Content box. The name of the currently opened
is displayed in the box is called address box.

2. Folder box – The left selection of the Explorer Window is called

‗Folder box‘. It displays the various icons and folders. If you click any
one of these then the contents are displayed inside the Contents box.
We can see a plus sign with some folder and icons which indicate more
icons of different programs are present in it. The minus sign with some
icons indicate that the icon is currently open and all its contents are
displayed in the Contents box.

3. Contents box - The right pane of the Explorer window is called the
Content box. It shows the contents of the drive, a folder or icon which
we have highlighted in the folders box.
Fig. – Windows Explorer
KEYBORD SHORTCUTS

Some of the common shortcuts are given below :

Shortcut Purpose

CTRL+C Copy.

CRL+X Cut.

CTRL+V Paste.

CTRL+Z Undo.

DELETE Delete.

SHIFT+DELETE Delete permanently.

F3 Search for a file or folder.

SHIFT+F10 Displays the shortcut menu for selected item.

CTRL+ESC Displays Start Menu.

ALT+Underline letter Displays the corresponding menu.

F5 Refresh the active window.

CTRL+TAB Move forward through tab in a dialog box.

CTRL+SHIFT+TAB Move backward through tab in a dialog

box.

TAB Move forward through option.

Alt+Enter Displays the properties of the selected object.

Windows key+Break Displays the System Properties dialog

box.

Windows key+M Minimize all windows.

Windows key+E Opens My Computer.

Windows key+R Opens the Run dialog box.

Windows key+U Opens Utility Manager.

SHIFT five times Switch stick keys on and off.

Microsoft-Disk Operating System

MS-DOS stands for Microsoft disk operating system. Microsoft is the name of
the company which owns dos. It is a single user operating system used normally
in PC‘s. It is an operating system which was developed by Microsoft Inc, USA
and can support all IBM compatible PCs. It can control all peripherals which can
be attached to an IBM PCs like printer, hard disk, floppy disk, and visual display
terminal mouse, keyboard and plotters.

The DOS operating system programs are stored on some secondary storage
device normally floppy disk. It is then loaded into RAM when required. The
DOS software is divided into three parts stored in three different files on a disk.
This disk which contains these three files is called a Bootable disk. The three
files loaded on this disk are IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS and COMMAND.COM.

IO.SYS:- IO.SYS file contains the device drivers for the standard
devices such as keyboard, disk, floppy, printer and monitor are
present. All these device drivers are often called BIOS (Basic Input
Output System). The IO.SYS also contains SYS.INI file which loads
MSDOS.SYS from hard disk into memory. The IO.SYS is also
called IBMBIO.COM.
MSDOS.SYS:- MSDOS.SYS file is also called DOS Kernel. It
contains all the modules for process management. These modules
are written in machine independent manner so that they could be
easily ported. The MSDOS.SYS is also called IBMDOS.SYS in
some systems. The DOS kernel performs four basic important
functions:-
i. Memory Management- It allocates memory to different
application programs on demand.
ii. Process Management- It does the management of the
program by loading the program
requested by the user from disk in
 memory and helps in execution of the
program. It also helps to recover system
files when unwanted termination
occurs.
iii. File Management- It does the management of files by
reading, writing, displaying renaming,
copying and removing the files.
iv. Provides and interface-It establishes interface between the user and the
hardware. It works as an intelligent agent by allotting various hardware
device to various programs when needed. Programs written need to have
direct interface with the hardware and by the user.

COMMAND.COM:-The MS-DOS shell is known as

COMMAND.COM. MS-DOS has about 70 or more commands that
are partitioned into different categories- Internal Command and
External Command.

BOOTING IN DOS

The Power On Self Test (POST) begins the booting in your PC. When you turn
on your PC, the power supplied to the PC wakes up the processor and looks for
the Start-up instructions. These start-up instructions are stored in the ROM-
BIOS(Read only Memory-Basic Input Output System) chip. The POST begins
and the clip double checks their own code against the same code stored in
memory. It then test for all the expansion slots plus the serial and parallel ports,
whether they are working right or not. Then it checks the clock chip. Then it gets
into video adapter and sees the message of the Video BIOS. It also checks for
the keyboard port and checks whether any key pressed or not.

Then it writes the data to the RAM chips and reads it back, to double
check for the accuracy again. The POST keeps going. It then checks to floppy
drive and hard drive comparing these with the list in CMOS chip. Finally all
systems are done.
 Features of MS-DOS

It is a single user operating system and is a command user interface (CUI). It

interprets commands types the DOS mode.

 Standardization and openness of MS-DOS architecture has greatly

benefited software and hardware developers.

 Very good file, client and print server options.

 Most recent development in DOS i.e. MS-DOS 7.0 has provided GUI
(graphic user interface)

 It has a scandisk utility that helps to detect, diagnose and repair disk errors.

 It has ability to bypass some startup commands when the user switches on
the computer.

 The antivirus command available help to detects and remove viruses

present in the user‘s system.

Types of DOS commands

The command generally means an instruction written in computer language that

user types to execute a specific operation on the DOS prompt. The specific
operations on the DOS prompt. The command interpreter accepts our input in a
specific form. This specification is known as the syntax and the output is known
as DOS command.

The two types of commands:-

1. Internal commands
2. External commands
Internal Commands:-

Internal commands are those commands that are loaded automatically in the
memory when dos are loaded into memory during booting process. These
commands are easier to learn and use and require no eternal files for their
storage as in case of external commands. These commands are always available at
the console of the user and are executed must faster than external commands.
The internal commands are used for common jobs such as copying, erasing and
renaming files. Some common internal commands are copy, dir, cd, copy con,
time etc. In other words, those commands which are frequently used and stored
in the resident portion of the memory of the computer are called internal
commands.

Types of internal commands:-

1. Cls
Cls is an internal command. It is basically used to clear all the information
from the display screen, bearing only the system prompt and a cursor on
the upper left corner of the screen.

The syntax for writing Cls command

C:\>cls
It will clear the entire display screen and previous command would not be seen.
It will display operating system prompt, if any, on the first line of the display.

2. Copy con
Copy con is an internal command. This command is basically used to
create a file. The only disadvantage of this command is that the file created
by this command cannot be modified. If a user tries to do it then a
message is displayed whether user wants to overwrite already existing file or
not. There is no cursor upward or backward movement by using arrow
keys when we use this command to make multiline file.

The general syntax of this command is

C :\> copy con <filename>

3. Cd or chdir

Change current directory. Displays the current working directory when

used without a path parameter

Syntax:

C:\>cd directory name

4.Copy
Copies files from one location to another. The destination defaults to the
current directory. If multiple source files are indicated, the destination
must be a directory, or an error will result.
 Syntax:C :\> copy file spec [destination

5. Del or erase

Deletes one or more files.

Syntax:

C:\>del filename

6. Dir

The dir command typed by itself, displays the disk's volume label and
serial number; one directory or filename per line, including the filename
extension, the file size in bytes, and the date and time the file was last
modified; and the total number of files listed, their cumulative size, and the
free space (in bytes) remaining on the disk. The command is one of the
few commands that exist from the first versions of DOS.

Syntax:

C :\> dir [drive:][path][filename]

Most commonly used parameters of dir include:

 /W: Displays the listing in wide format, with as many as five filenames or
directory names on each line.
 /P : Pause at every page
 /S : Also look in subdirectories
 /B : Uses bare format (no heading information or summary)
 /D : Display wide format but sorted by column
 /L : Display forced into lowercase
 /N : Display forced into long file name format instead of 8.3
 /Q : Displays the owner of each file
 /X : Display shows 8.3 names next to long file name

7. Exit

Exits the current command processor. If the exit is used at the primary
command, it has no effect unless in a DOS window under Microsoft
Windows, in which case the window is closed and the user returns to the
desktop.

Syntax:

C :\> Exit

8. Md or mkdir
Makes a new directory. The parent of the directory specified will be
created if it does not already exist.

Syntax:

C:\>MD directory name

C:\> md subdirectory name

9. Rd or rmdir

Remove a directory, which by default must be empty of files for the

command to succeed (the /s flag removes this restriction).

Rd directory

Syntax:
 C :\> RD root directory (in case of root directory

C:\>RD subdirectory (in case of subdirectory)

10. Ren

Renames a file. Unlike the move command, this command cannot be used
to rename subdirectories, or rename files across drives.

Syntax:

C:\>ren filename new name

You can rename files in another directory by using the PATH parameter:

C :\> ren [path]|[filename] [new filename

11. Time and date

Display and set the time and date

Syntax:

C:\>time

C:\>date

When these commands are called from the command line or a batch file,
they will display the time or date and wait for the user to type a new time
or date and press RETURN. The command 'time /t' will bypass asking the
user to reset the time.

12. Tree

Shows the directory tree of the current directory

 Syntax:

C :\> tree [options] [directory]

Options:

 /F (Displays the names of the files in each folder.)

 /A (Use ASCII instead of the extended characters.)
 /? (Shows the help)

13. Type

Display a file. The more command is frequently used in conjunction with

this command, e.g. type long-text-file | more.
Syntax:
C :\>type filename

14. Ver

Shows the version of MS-DOS you are using.

Syntax

C:\>ver

15. Prompt

This command is used to change the MS-DOS command prompt.

Syntax

C:\>prompt [text]
EXTERNAL COMMANDS:-

The external commands are used less frequently and are stored in some external
files which are in some secondary storage device. Whenever an external
command is to be executed the external file in which that particular command is
stored in transferred from the secondary storage i.e. disk to main memory i.e.
RAM.

All executable files with extensions .com, .exe, and .bat are the external
commands. These commands are used for relatively jobs like comparing two
files, formatting disk etc. For using external commands we need to use
corresponding command file available in DOS.

Some of the common external commands are format, move, attrib, more,
chkdsk, tree etc.

Types of External Commands:-

1. Attrib

Change or view the attributes of one or more files. It defaults to displaying

the attributes of all files in the current directory.

Options:

 To add an attribute attach a '+' in front of it.

 To remove an attribute attach a '-' in front of it
 Attributes include
o R - Read-only
o A - Archive
o S - System
o H – Hidden
 Syntax:

C:\>attrib [+|-ahrs] [file spec]

Directory Attrib Functions: It is also possible to use ATTRIB across

directories.

[drive][path][file name]

Specifies a file or files for attrib to process.

o /D - Process folders as well.

o /S - Process matching files in the current folder and all subfolders.

2. Chkdsk

Verifies a storage volume (hard disk, partition, floppy disk, flash drive, etc)
for file system integrity.

Options:

 /F : Fixes errors on the volume (without /F , chkdsk only detects errors)

 /P : Forces a full verification
 /R : Searches for defective sectors and recovers legible information
(applies /F)
 /X: Unmounts the volume before processing if needed. (Note: An
mounting temporarily invalidates all pointers/handlers to the volume until
process is completed)

Syntax:

C:\>Chkdsk volume letter: [[path]file name] [/F] [/P] [/R] [/X]

3. Defrag

Defragments a disk drive.

 Options:

 -A – Analyses the fragmentation of a disk drive

 -F – Force defragmentation even if disk space is low
 -V – Verbose output mode
 -H – Defrag hidden files

Example of usage:

Defrag drive letter: -a -v

4. Deltree

Deletes a directory along with all of the files and subdirectories that it
contains. Normally, it will ask for confirmation of such a drastic action.

Deltree [/y] directory

The /y parameter, if present, tells the deltree command to carry out

without first prompting for confirmation.

The deltree command is not included in recent Microsoft Windows

operating systems. Deleting a non-empty directory in those versions of
Windows where the command is not included can be achieved by using
the rmdir command as in the following example:

Rmdir /s [/q] directory

5. Edit

Full-screen text editor, introduced in MS-DOS

Syntax:

C:\>Edit filename
 6. FC or comp

Compares two files or sets of files and displays the differences between
them.

FC [/A] [/C] [/L] [/LBn] [/N] [/T] [/W] [/nnnn] [drive1:][path1]filename1

[drive2:][path2]filename2

FC /B [drive1:][path1]filename1 [drive2:][path2]filename2

/A Displays only first and last lines for each set of differences.

/B Performs a binary comparison.

/C Disregards the case of letters.

/L Compares files as ASCII text.

/LBn Sets the maximum consecutive mismatches to the specified

number of lines.

/N Displays the line numbers on an ASCII comparison.

/T Does not expand tabs to spaces.

/W Compresses white space (tabs and spaces) for comparison.

/nnnn Specifies the number of consecutive lines that must match after a
mismatch.

[drive1:][path1] filename1 Specifies the first file or set of files to compare.

[drive2:][path2] filename2 Specifies the second file or set of files to

compare. [citation needed]

.
7. FDISK

Manipulates hard disk partition tables. The name derives from IBM's
habit of calling hard drives fixed disks. When run from the command line,
it displays a menu of various partitioning operations:

1. Create DOS partition or Logical DOS Drive

2. Set active partition

3. Delete partition or Logical DOS Drive

4. Display partition information

5. Change current fixed disk drive (only available if the computer has more
than one hard drive)

FDISK /MBR installs a standard master boot record on the hard drive.

FDISK /MBR #: where # is other partition on system. Completes above

command on indicated partition.

eg: "C:\FDISK /MBR D:" would install boot record on D:\ partition.

8. FIND

A filter to find lines in the input data stream that contain or don't contain a
specified string and send these to the output data stream.

Find may also be used as a pipe.

Syntax:

C:\>find "keyword" < ''input filename'' > ''output filename''

Searches for a text string in a file or files.

 FIND [/V] [/C] [/N] [/I] "string" [[drive:][path]filename[ ...]]

/V Displays all lines NOT containing the specified string.

/C Displays only the count of lines containing the string.

/N Displays line numbers with the displayed lines.

/I Ignores the case of characters when searching for the string.

"string" Specifies the text string to find.

[drive:][path]filename Specifies a file or files to search.

9. Format

Delete all the files on the disk and reformat it for MS-DOS

In most cases, this should only be used on floppy drives or other

removable media. This command can potentially erase everything on a
computer's hard disk.

/autotest and /backup are undocumented features. Both will format the
drive without a confirmation prompt.

Syntax:

C:\>format [options] drive

C:\>FORMAT drive: [/V[:label]] [/Q] [/F:size] [/B | /S] [/C]

10. Help

Gives help about DOS.

MS-DOS
 Help 'command' would give help on a specific command. By itself, it lists
the contents of DOSHELP.HLP. Help for a specific command invokes
the command with the /? Option.

11. More

Pages through the output so that you can view more than one screen of
text.

command | more

12. Move

Moves files or renames directories.

Syntax:

C:\>move filename newname

C:\>move drive letter:\older drive letter:\newdir

Example of usage:

C:\>move c:\old c:\new

13. Print

Adds a file in the print queue.

Options:

 /D device: Specifies the name of the print devices. Default value is LPT1
 /P filename : Add files in the print queue
 /T : Removes all files from the print queue
 /C filename : Removes a file from the print queue
 This command was introduced in MS-DOS version 2. Before that there
was no built-in support for background printing files. The user would
usually use the copy command to copy files to LPT1.

14. Scandisk

Disk diagnostic utility. Scandisk was a replacement for the chkdsk utility,
starting with later versions of MS-DOS. Their primary advantage over
chkdsk is that it is more reliable and has the ability to run a surface scan
which finds and marks bad clusters on the disk. Chkdsk had surface scan
and bad cluster detection functionality included, and was used again on
Windows NT based operating systems.

15. Sort

A filter to sort lines in the input data stream and send them to the output
data stream.

C:\>sort < input filename > output filename

16. Undelete

Restores file previously deleted with del. By default all recoverable files in
the working directory are restored. The options are used to change this
behavior. If the MS-DOS mirror TSR program is used, then deletion
tracking files are created and can be used by undelete.

Syntax:

C:\>undelete [filespec] [/list|/all][/dos|/dt]

 17. Xcopy

Copy entire directory trees.

Xcopy is a powerful version of the copy command with additional features;

has the capability of moving files, directories, and even whole drives from
one location to another.

Syntax:

C:\>xcopy directory [destination-directory]

18. Load fix

Loads a program above the first 64K of memory, and runs the program.

Syntax:

C:\> loadfix [drive:] [path]file name

BATCH FILES

A batch files is an ASCII text file containing a list of DOS commands.

Each line in a batch file contains one DOS command plus any required
parameters. Using batch files simplify repetitive file management tasks and saves
a few keyboards.

Special DOS command apply to batch files which make tem interactive,
intelligent and capable of performing highly complex file management tasks.

Batch files can be given any valid DOS file name, but they always have an
extension. (BAT). To open a batch file you can simply enter the name of a batch
file at the DOS prompt. DOS open the file and executes the commands in it. To
create a batch file the syntax is:

COPY CON filename.BATCH

Microsoft Word

INTRODUCTION

Microsoft Word is a word processing software package. You can use it to type
letters, reports, and other documents. It gives you the ablilty to use your home
computer as well as your business computer for desktop publishing. This tutorial
teaches Microsoft Word 2007 basics. Although this tutorial was created for the
computer novice, because Microsoft Word 2007 is so different from previous
versions of Microsoft Word, even experienced users may find it useful. This
lesson will introduce you to the Word window. You use this window to interact
with Word.
The Microsoft Office Button

In the upper-left corner of the Word 2007 window is the Microsoft Office
button. When you click the button, a menu appears. You can use the menu to
create a new file, open an existing file, save a file, and perform many other tasks.

The Quick Access Toolbar

Next to the Microsoft Office button is the Quick Access toolbar. The Quick
Access toolbar provides you with access to commands you frequently use. By
default Save, Undo, and Redo appear on the Quick Access toolbar. You can use
Save to save your file, Undo to rollback an action you have taken, and Redo to
reapply an action you have rolled back.
The Title Bar

Next to the Quick Access toolbar is the Title bar. The Title bar displays the title
of the document on which you are currently working. Word names the first new
document you open Document1. As you open additional new documents, Word
names them sequentially. When you save your document, you assign the
document a new name.

The Ribbon

You use commands to tell Microsoft Word what to do. In Microsoft Word 2007,
you use the Ribbon to issue commands. The Ribbon is located near the top of
the screen, below the Quick Access toolbar. At the top of the Ribbon are several
tabs; clicking a tab displays several related command groups. Within each group
are related command buttons. You click buttons to issue commands or to access
menus and dialog boxes. You may also find a dialog box launcher in the bottom-
right corner of a group. Clicking the dialog box launcher gives you access to
additional commands via a dialog box.

The Ruler

The ruler is found below the Ribbon.

You can use the ruler to change the format of your document quickly. If your
ruler is not visible, follow the steps listed here:

1. Click the View tab to choose it.

2. Click the check box next to Ruler in the Show/Hide group. The ruler
appears below the Ribbon.

The Text Area

Just below the ruler is a large area called the text area. You type your document
in the text area. The blinking vertical line in the upper-left corner of the text area
is the cursor. It marks the insertion point. As you type, your text displays at the
cursor location. The horizontal line next to the cursor marks the end of the
document.
 The Vertical and Horizontal and Vertical Scroll Bars

The vertical and horizontal scroll bars enable you to move up, down, and across
your window simply by dragging the icon located on the scroll bar. The vertical
scroll bar is located along the right side of the screen. The horizontal scroll bar is
located just above the status bar. To move up and down your document, click
and drag the vertical scroll bar up and down. To move back and forth across
your document, click and drag the horizontal scroll bar back and forth. You
won't see a horizontal scroll bar if the width of your document fits on your
screen.

RULER

It shows the margins and the tab settings for the selected paragraphs. The ruler
bar shows the area available for typing the document. We can drag ions for margins
and tabs to change these settings directly with a mouse. There are two type of rulers
{a} Horizontal Ruler {b} vertical Ruler. The horizontal ruler is used to change
settings of margins, tabs, column width and indents. You can also set the left and
right margins of pages. The vertical ruler bar is used to change the settings of
margins and row heights. You can adjust the top and bottom margins of the pages
and height of rows in tables.
TEMPLATE

In MS-WORD, a template determines the basic layout of the document

and contains document settings such as styles, menu‘s page payout, fonts,
graphical pictures like logos etc. In MS-WORD, documents are usually based on
Normal Template (normal. Dot). The Normal template can be used for creating
any type of document. On creating a new template, MS-WORD automatically
puts all text and other definitions like page setup, styles etc. stored in the template
into the new document you like to create.

WIZARDS

In addition to the templates, some wizards are also shown in the New
dialog box. The wizards are useful for creating a number of documents letters,
memos, memorandum etc. While creating a document using wizard we get a
series of dialog boxes one after the other with some questions asked in it. After
answering these questions from the list of choices already available the next dialog
box appears and so the process continues until finally we reach the last dialog box
and then click Finish button.

The Status Bar

The Status bar appears at the very bottom of your window and provides such
information as the current page and the number of words in your document. You
can change what displays on the Status bar by right-clicking on the Status bar and
selecting the options you want from the Customize Status Bar menu. You click a
menu item to select it. You click it again to deselect it. A check mark next to an
item means it is selected.
�Understanding Document Views

In Word 2007, you can display your document in one of five views: Draft, Web
Layout, Print Layout, Full Screen Reading, or Online Layout.

Draft View
Draft view is the most frequently used view. You use Draft view to quickly
edit your document.

Web Layout
Web Layout view enables you to see your document as it would appear in
a browser such as Internet Explorer.

Print Layout
The Print Layout view shows the document as it will look when it is
printed.
Reading Layout
Reading Layout view formats your screen to make reading your document
more comfortable.

Outline View
Outline view displays the document in outline form. You can display
headings without the text. If you move a heading, the accompanying text
moves with it.

You should use Draft view for these lessons. Before moving ahead, make sure
you are in Draft view:

1. Click the View tab.

2. Click Draft in the Document Views group. When the Draft option is
selected it appears in a contrasting color.

To view nonprinting characters:

1. Choose the Home tab.
2. Click the Show/Hide button in the Paragraph group . The Show/Hide
button appears in a contrasting color, when it is selected.

1. Click the Microsoft Office button. A menu appears.

2. Click Exit Word, which you can find in the bottom-right corner.

3. You are prompted: "Do you want to save changes to Document1?" To save
your changes, click Yes. Otherwise, click No. If you click Yes, the Save As
dialog box appears.
 4. Move to the correct folder.
5. Name your file by typing Lesson One.doc in the File Name field.
6. Click Save. Word saves your file.

Close and Save—Windows XP

1. Click the Microsoft Office button. A menu appears.

2. Click Exit Word, which is in the bottom-right corner.
3. You will be prompted: "Do you want to save changes to Document1?" To
save your changes, click Yes. Otherwise, click No. If you click Yes, the
Save As dialog box appears.
4. Specify the correct folder in the Save In box.
5. Name your file by typing Lesson One.doc in the File Name field.
6. Click Save. Word saves your file

Open a File

When you do not have time to complete your work or when you finish your
work, you can save and close your file. After saving a file, you can later open it to
revise or finish it. You learned how to save a file in Lesson 2. In the exercise
that follows, you learn how to open the file you saved.

1. Open Word 2007.

2. Click the Microsoft Office button. A menu appears.
3. Click Open. The Open dialog box appears.
4. Use the Look In field to move to the folder in which you saved the file.
The file is named Lesson Two.docx.
5. Click Lesson Two.docx.
6. Click Open. The file you created during the previous lesson appears.
Cut and Paste

You can use Word's Cut feature to remove information from a document. The
you can use the Paste feature to place the information you cut anywhere in the
same or another document. In other words, you can move information from
one place in a document to another place in the same or different document by
using the Cut and Paste features. The Office Clipboard is a storage area. When
you cut, Word stores the data you cut on the Clipboard. You can paste the
Information that is stored on the Clipboard as often as you

like.

1. Type the following:

I want to move. I am content where I am.
2. Select "I want to move. "
3. Right-click. The Mini toolbar and a context menu appear.
4. Click Cut on the menu. Your text should now read:
"I am content where I am."

Paste
 1. Place the cursor after the period in the sentence
"I am content where I am."
2. Press the spacebar to leave a space.
3. Right-click. A Mini toolbar and a context menu appear.
4. Click Paste. Your text should now read:
"I am content where I am. I want to move."

Alternate Method—Cut with Keys

1. Type the following:

I want to move. I am content where I am.
2. Select "I want to move."
3. Press Ctrl+x.
4. Your text should now read:
" I am content where I am."

Alternate Method—Paste with Keys

1. Place the cursor after the period in the sentence: "I am content where I
am."
2. Press the spacebar to leave a space.
3. Press Ctrl+v.
4. Your text should now read:
"I am content where I am. I want to move."

1. Type the following:

You will want to copy me. One of me is all you need.
2. Select "You will want to copy me."
3. Choose the Home tab.
4. Click the Copy button in the Clipboard group. Word copies the data
you selected to the Clipboard.

Alternate Method—Paste with a Context Menu

1. Place the cursor after the period in the sentence: "One of me is all you
need."
2. Press the spacebar to leave a space.
3. Right-click. A context menu appears.
4. Click Paste. Word pastes the information on the Clipboard into the
document.
Alternate Method—Copy with Keys

1. Type the following:

You will want to copy me. One of me is all you need.
2. Select "You will want to copy me. "
3. Press Ctrl+c. Word copies the information you selected to the Clipboard.

Alternate Method—Paste with Keys

1. Place the cursor after the period in the sentence "One of me is all you
need."
2. Press the spacebar to leave a space.
3. Press Ctrl+v.
4. Your text should now read:
"You will want to copy me. One of me is all you need. You will want to
copy me."

Show Office Clipboard When Shows the Clipboard when you press
Ctrl+c Pressed Twice Ctrl+c twice.

Collect Without Showing Copies to the Clipboard without

Office Clipboard displaying the Clipboard pane.

Show Office Clipboard Icon on Displays the Clipboard icon on your

Taskbar system taskbar.

Show Status Near Taskbar Displays the number of items copied

When Copying on the taskbar when copying.
 1. Place the cursor at the point at which you want to insert your text.
2. Choose the Home tab.
3. Click the Clipboard dialog box launcher to open the Clipboard.
4. Click the item on the clipboard you want to insert into your document.
Word pastes the Clipboard item into your document at the insertion point.

Create AutoText

Cut and Copy both store information on the Clipboard. Information you store
on the Clipboard is eventually lost. If you want to store information permanently
for reuse, use AutoText. AutoText permanently stores information for future
use.
1. Type the following:
AutoText information is stored permanently.
2. Select "AutoText information is stored permanently."
3. Choose the Insert tab.
4. Click Quick Parts in the Text group. A menu appears.
5. Click Save Selection to Quick Part Gallery. The Create New Building
Block dialog box appears.

6. Microsoft Word suggests a name. Change the name by typing AT in the

Name field.
7. Click OK. The dialog box closes.
8. Click anywhere in the text area to remove the highlighting.
9. Place the cursor between the period in the sentence you just typed and the
paragraph marker (¶).
10. Press the spacebar to leave a blank space.
11. Type AT.
 12. Press F3. Your text should now read:
"AutoText information is stored permanently. AutoText information is
stored permanently."

Note: Whenever you need the text, simply type the name (AT) and then press
F3.

Use Spell Check

Word checks your spelling and grammar as you type. Spelling errors display with
a red wavy line under the word. Grammar errors display with a green wavy line
under the error. In Word 2007, you can use the Review tab's Spelling &
Grammar button to initiate a spell and grammar check of your document.

1. Type the following exactly as shown. Include all errors.

Open thr door for Mayrala. She is a teacher from the town of Ridgemont.
2. Select: "Open thr door for Mayrala. She is a teacher from the town of
Ridgemont."
3. Choose the Review tab.
4. Click the Spelling & Grammar button. The Spelling and Grammar dialog
box appears.
6. "The" is misspelled, so it is highlighted on the screen and noted in the Not
in Dictionary box. Word suggests correct spellings. These suggestions are
found in the Suggestions box.
7. Click "the" in the Suggestions box.
8. Click Change.
Note: If the word is misspelled in several places, click Change All to
correct all misspellings.
9. The name "Mayrala" is not in the dictionary, but it is correct. Click Ignore
Once to leave "Mayrala" in the document with its current spelling.
Note: If a word appears in several places in the document, click Ignore All
so you are not prompted to correct the spelling for each occurrence.
10. "Ridgemont" is not found in the dictionary. If you frequently use a word
not found in the dictionary, you might want to add that word to the
dictionary by clicking the Add to Dictionary button. Word will then
recognize the word the next time it appears. Click Add to Dictionary.
11. The following should appear on your screen: "Word finished checking the
selection. Do you want to continue checking the remainder of the
document?"
12. Click No. If you wanted Word to spell-check the entire document, you
would have clicked Yes.
Find and Replace

If you need to find a particular word or phrase in your document, you can use
the Find command. This command is especially useful when you are working
with large files. If you want to search the entire document, simply execute the
Find command. If you want to limit your search to a selected area, select that
area and then execute the Find command.

After you find the word or phrase you are searching for, you can replace it with
new text by executing the Replace command.

1. Type the following:

Monica is from Easton. She lives on the east side of town. Her daughter
attends Eastern High School.
2. Select: "Monica is from Easton. She lives on the east side of town. Her
daughter attends Eastern High School."
3. Choose the Home tab.
4. Click Find in the Editing group. A menu appears.

5. Click the Find option on the menu. The Find and Replace dialog box
appears.
 6. Type east in the Find What field.
7. Click Find Next.
Note that the "East" in Easton is highlighted.
8. Click Find Next again.
Note that "east" is highlighted.
9. Click Find Next again.
Note that the "East" in Eastern is highlighted.
10. Click Find Next. The following message should appear: "Word has
finished searching the selection. Do you want to search the remainder of
the document?"
11. Click No.
12. Click Cancel.

Alternate Method—Find with Keys

1. Select: "Monica is from Easton. She lives on the east side of town. Her
daughter attends Eastern High School."
2. Press Ctrl+f.
3. Follow steps 6 through 12 in the preceding section.
Use Replace with the Ribbon

1. Select "Monica is from Easton. She lives on the east side of town. Her
daughter attends Eastern High School."
2. Choose the Home tab.
3. Click Replace in the Editing group. The Find and Replace dialog box
appears.

4. Type east in the Find What box.

5. Type west in the Replace With box.
6. Click Find Next. The East in Easton is highlighted.
7. Click Replace. Word replaces the "East" in "Easton" with "West" and then
highlights the word "east."
8. Click Replace. Word replaces the word "east" with "west" and then
highlights the word "Eastern."
9. Click Close. Do not replace the "East" in "Eastern" with "West."
 10. Your text should now read,
"Monica is from Weston. She lives on the west side of town. Her daughter
attends Eastern High School."

Alternate Method—Replace with Keys

1. Select "Monica is from Easton. She lives on the west side of town. Her
daughter attends Western High School."
2. Press Ctrl+h.
3. Follow steps 4 through 11 in the preceding section.

Change the Font Size

A font is a set of characters (text) represented in a single typeface. Each character

within a font is created by using the same basic style. In Microsoft Word, you can
change the size of your font. The following exercise illustrates changing the font
size.

1. Type the following:

I can be any size you want me to be.
2. Select "I can be any size you want me to be."
3. Choose the Home tab.
4. In the Font group, click the down arrow next to the Font Size box. A
menu of font sizes appears.
5. Move your cursor over the menu of font sizes. As you do, Word 2007
provides a live preview of the effect of applying each font size.
6. Click 36 to select it as your font size.

1. Type the following:

Grow Shrink
2. Select "Grow"
3. Choose the Home tab.
4. Click the Grow Font button several times. You font becomes larger.
5. Select Shrink.
6. Click the Shrink Font button several times. Your font becomes smaller.
Change the Font

In Microsoft Word, you can change the font (the "family" of type you use for your
text). This feature is illustrated in the following exercise:

1. Type the following: Changing fonts

2. Select "Changing fonts."
3. Choose the Home tab.
4. Click the down arrow next to the Font field. A menu of fonts appears.
5. Move the cursor over the list of fonts. Word 2007 provides a live preview
of what the font will look like if you select it.
6. Click the font name to select the font you want.

1. Select "Changing fonts."

2. Right-click. The Mini toolbar and a menu appears.
3. Move to the Mini toolbar.
4. Click the down arrow next to the Font field. A menu of fonts appears.
5. Click the name of the font you want.
Save Your File

This is the end of Lesson 3. You can save your file and close Word. See Lesson
2 to learn how to save and close.

Open a Blank Document

To begin a new Word project, you start by opening a new document.To begin
this lesson, open a blank document in Microsoft Word.

1. Open Word 2007.

2. Click the Microsoft Office button. A menu appears.
3. Click New. The New Document dialog box appears.
 4. Click Blank Document.
5. Click Create. A new blank document opens.

Change Line Spacing

Line spacing sets the amount of space between lines within a paragraph. The
spacing for each line is set to accommodate the largest font on that line. If the
lines include smaller fonts, there will appear to be extra space between lines
where the smaller fonts are located. At 1.5, the line spacing is set to one-and-a-
half times the single-space amount. At 2.0, the line spacing is set to two times the
single-space amount (double space).
 1. Place your cursor anywhere in the first paragraph of the sample text you
created in Exercise 2.
2. Choose the Home tab.
3. Click the Line Spacing button in the Paragraph group. A menu of
options appears.
4. Click 2.0 to double-space the first paragraph.

Create a First-Line Indent

Some people and organizations delineate the start of a new paragraph by

indenting the first line. If you want to indent the first line of your paragraphs, you
can use the Paragraph dialog box to set the amount by which you want to indent.
In the Special Field of the Paragraph dialog box, you tell Word you want to
indent the first line by choosing First Line from the menu options. In the By
field, you tell Word the amount, in inches by which you want to indent.
 1. Place your cursor anywhere within the first paragraph of the sample text
you created in Exercise 2.
2. Choose the Home tab.
3. In the Paragraphs group, click the launcher. The Paragraph dialog box
appears.

4. Choose the Indents and Spacing tab.

5. Click to open the drop-down menu on the Special field.
6. Click First Line.
7. Enter 0.5" in the By field.
8. Click OK. The first line of your paragraph is now indented half an inch.

Indent Paragraphs

Indentation allows you to indent your paragraph from the left and/or right
margin. You may find this necessary when you are quoting a large block of text.
The following exercise shows you how to indent a paragraph 1 inch from each
side.
 1. Place your cursor anywhere in the second paragraph of the sample text
you created in Exercise 2.
2. Choose the Page Layout tab.
3. Type 1" in the Indent Left field or use the up or down arrows to set the
field value to 1".
4. Type 1" in the Indent Right field or use the up or down arrows to set the
field value to 1". Your paragraph is now indented one inch from both the
left and right margins

Align Paragraphs

Microsoft Word gives you a choice of several types of alignments. Left-aligned

text is flush with the left margin of your document and is the default setting.
Right-aligned text is flush with the right margin of your document, centered text is
centered between the left and right margins, and Justified text is flush with both
the left and right margins.
Alternate Method—Right-Justify with Keys

1. Select the paragraphs you created.

2. Press Ctrl+r. The paragraph is now right-aligned.

Alternate Method—Left-Justify with Keys

1. Select the paragraphs you created.

2. Press Ctrl+l. The paragraph is now left-aligned.

Alternate Method—Center with Keys

1. Select the paragraphs you created.

2. Press Ctrl+e. The paragraph is now centered.

Alternate Method—Justify with Keys

1. Select the paragraphs you created.

2. Press Ctrl+j. The paragraph is now justified.

Create a Hanging Indent

The hanging indent feature indents each line except the first line by the amount
specified in the By field,

1. Type the following:

Hanging Indent: The hanging indent feature indents the first line by the
amount specified in the Left field. Subsequent lines are indented by the
amount specified in the Left field plus the amount specified in the By field.
2. Select the paragraph you just typed.
3. Choose the Home tab.
4. Click the launcher in the Paragraph group. The Paragraph dialog box
appears.
 5. Choose the Indents and Spacing tab.
6. In the Special field, click to open the pull-down menu.
7. Click Hanging.
8. In the By box, type 2".
9. Click OK.
10. Place the cursor after the colon following "Hanging Indent."
11. Press the Tab key. Notice that the indentation changes.

Choose a Style Set

When working with Word, you can use styles to quickly format your documents.
A style is a set of formats consisting of such things as fonts, font colors, font sizes,
and paragraph formats. Word 2007 supplies you with predesigned style sets that
contain styles for titles, subtitles, quotes, headings, lists and more. The sections
that follow all show you how to work with styles. The exercises are based on a file
you must download. Right click here to download the file. Click Save Target As
from the menu that appears, and save the linked file to a directory on your
computer. Then open the file.
 1. Choose the Home tab.
2. Click Change Styles in the Styles group. A menu appears.
3. Click Style Set. A menu appears. You can choose from any of the styles
listed on the menu.
4. Click Simple. Word 2007 reformats all of the paragraphs into the Simple
style by applying the Normal format to each paragraph.

Apply a Style

You can see of all the styles available to you in the style set by clicking the
launcher in the Styles group and opening the Styles pane. You can leave the
Styles pane open and available for use by docking it. To dock the Styles pane,
click the top of the pane and drag it to the left or right edge of the Word window.

You do not need to select an entire paragraph to apply a style. If the cursor is
anywhere in the paragraph, when you click on the style, Word formats the entire
paragraph.
Apply the Title Style

1. Choose the Home tab.

2. Click the launcher in the Styles Group. The Styles pane appears. You can
drag it to the side of the Word window to dock it. To close the Styles
pane, click the Close button in the upper right corner of the pane .
3. Click anywhere in the paragraph "Single-Parent Family—Career Help."
4. Click Title in the Styles pane. Word 2007 applies the Title style to the
paragraph.

Headings and subheadings mark major topics within your document. With
Word 2007, you can easily format the headings and subheadings in your
document.

Apply Headings

1. Click anywhere in the paragraph "The Nature of Single Parenthood."

2. In the Style box, click Heading 1. Word reformats the paragraph.
3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 in the following paragraphs:

 Types of Single Parents

  Career Development Needs of Single Parents
 Career Development Programs

Apply Subheadings

1. Click anywhere in the paragraph "Displaced Homemakers"

2. In the Style box, click Heading 2. Word reformats the paragraph.
3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 for the following paragraphs:

 Displaced Homemakers
 Adolescent Mothers
 Single Fathers
 High School Dropout Prevention
 Established Education Sites

Alternate Method -- Apply Styles with the Ribbon

You can also choose styles by selecting the option you want from the Styles group
on the Ribbon. First you must place your cursor in the paragraph to which you
want to apply the style. Then you click the More button in the Styles group to see
all of the styles in the currently selected set. As you roll your cursor over each of
the styles listed, Word 2007 provides you with a live preview of how the style will
appear when applied.

1. Select the paragraphs "Emotional Support" through "Parenthood

Education" (they are probably on page two).
2. Click the More button in the Styles group.
3. Locate and click the List Paragraph style. Word applies the List Paragraph
style to the paragraphs you selected.

Change Style Sets

Once you have applied styles, changing to another style set is easy. You simply
open the Style Set gallery. As you move your cursor down the menu, Word 2007
provides you with a live preview of the effect of applying the style set. To choose
a style set, you click it.

1. Click Change Styles in the Styles group. A menu appears.

 2. Click Style Set. A menu appears. As you move your cursor down the
menu Word 2007 provides you with a live preview of the effect of applying
the Style set to your document.
3. Click Formal. Word 2007 reformats all of the paragraphs into the Formal
style applying the appropriate format to each paragraph

Adding Bullets and Numbers, Undoing and Redoing, Setting Page Layouts and
Printing Documents

If you have lists of data, you may want to bullet or number them. When using
Microsoft Word, bulleting and numbering are easy. The first part of this lesson
teaches you to bullet and number.

After you have completed your document, you may want to share it with others.
One way to share your document is to print and distribute it. However, before
you print you may want to add page numbers and tell Word such things as the
page orientation, the paper size, and the margin setting you want to use. In this
lesson you will learn how to layout and how to print your documents.

Add Bullets and Numbers

In Microsoft Word, you can easily create bulleted or numbered lists of items.
Several bulleting and numbering styles are available, as shown in the examples.
You can select the one you wish to use.
EXAMPLES: Numbering

EXAMPLES: Bulleting
Bullets

1. Type the following list as shown:

Apple
Orange
Grape
Mango
Cherry
2. Select the words you just typed.
3. Choose the Home tab.
4. In the Paragraph group, click the down arrow next to the Bullets button
. The Bullet Library appears.
5. Click to select the type of bullet you want to use. Word adds bullets to
your list.
Note: As you move your cursor over the various bullet styles, Word
displays the bullet style onscreen.

To remove the bulleting:

1. Select the list again.

2. Choose the Home tab.
3. In the Paragraph group, click the down arrow next to the Bullets icon. The
Bullet dialog box appears.
4. Click None. Word removes the bullets from your list.
Numbers

1. Type the following list as shown:

Apple
Orange
Grape
Mango
Cherry
2. Select the words you just typed.
3. Choose the Home tab.
4. In the Paragraph group, click the down arrow next to the Numbering
button . The Numbering Library appears.
5. Click to select the type of numbering you want to use. Word numbers
your list.
Note: As you move your cursor over the various number styles, Word
displays the number style onscreen.
To remove the numbering:

1. Select the list again.

2. Choose the Home tab.
3. In the Paragraph group, click the down arrow next yo the Numbering icon.
The Number dialog box appears.
4. Click None. Word removes the numbering from your list.

Undo and Redo

You can quickly reverse most commands you execute by using Undo. If you then
change your mind again, and want to reapply a command, you can use Redo.

Undo and Redo

1. Type Undo example.

2. Click the Undo button on the Quick Access menu. The typing disappears.
3. Click the Redo button on the Quick Access menu. The typing reappears.
4. Select "Undo example."
5. Press Ctrl+b to bold. Word bolds the text.
6. Press Ctrl+i. Word italicizes the text.
7. Press Ctrl+u Word underlines the text.
8. Click the down arrow next to the Undo icon. You will see the actions you
performed listed. To undo the underline, click Underline; to undo the
underline and italic, click Underline Italic; to undo the underline, italic,
and bold click Bold etc.
9. To redo, click the Redo icon several times.
Set the Orientation

Before you print your document, you may want to change the orientation of your
pages. There are two orientations you can use: portrait and landscape. Paper,
such as paper sized 8 1/2 by 11, is longer on one edge than it is on the other. If
you print in Portrait, the shortest edge of the paper becomes the top of the page.
Portrait is the default option. If you print Landscape, the longest edge of the
paper becomes the top of the page.

Portrait

Landscape

The exercises that follow use a file named SamplePrint.docx. Right click here to
download the file. Click Save Target As from the menu that appears, and save
the linked file to a directory on your computer. Then open the file.

Set the Orientation

1. Choose the Page Layout tab.

2. Click Orientation in the Page Setup group. A menu appears.
3. Click Portrait. Word sets your page orientation to Portrait.
Set the Page Size

Paper comes in a variety of sizes. Most business correspondence uses 8 1/2 by 11

paper which is the default page size in Word. If you are not using 8 1/2 by 11
paper, you can use the Size option in the Page Setup group of the Page Layout
tab to change the Size setting.

Set the Page Size

1. Choose the Page Layout tab.

2. Click Size in the Page Setup group. A menu appears.
3. Click Letter 8.5 x 11in. Word sets your page size.
Set the Margins

Margins define the amount of white space that appears at the top, bottom, left,
and right edges of your document. The Margin option in the Page Setup group of
the Page Layout tab provides several standard margin sizes from which you can
choose.

Set the Margins

1. Choose the Page Layout tab.

2. Click Margins in the Page Setup group. A menu appears.
3. Click Moderate. Word sets your margins to the Moderate settings.
Add Page Numbers

Page numbers help you keep your document organized and enable readers to
find information quickly. You can add page numbers to the top, bottom, or
margins of your pages, and you can choose where the numbers appear. For
example, numbers can appear at the top of the page, on the left, right, or center
of the page. Word also offers several number styles from which you can choose.

1. Choose the Insert tab.

2. Click the Page Number button in the Header & Footer group. A menu
appears.
3. Click Bottom of Page.
4. Click the right-side option.

Insert Page Breaks

As you learned in Lesson 1, you can display your document in any of five views:
Draft, Web Layout, Print Layout, Full Screen Reading, or Online Layout. In
Print Layout view you see your document as it will appear when you print it. You
can clearly see where each page ends and a new page begins.

As you review your document, you may find that you want to change the point at
which a new page begins. You do this by inserting a page break. For example, if a
page heading appears on one page and the first paragraph under the heading
appears on the next page, you may want to inser a page break before the heading
to keep the heading and the first paragraph together.

1. Choose the View tab.

2. Click Print Layout in the Document Views group. Your document changes
to the Print Layout view.

Insert Page Breaks

1. Place your cursor before the D in "Displaced Homemakers"

2. Choose the Insert tab.
3. Click Page Break. Word places a page break in your document.
 4. To delete a page break, you select the page break and then press the
Delete key.

Preview and Print Documents

When you have your margins, tabs, and so on the way you want them, you are
ready to print. In Word, You can preview your document before you print. In
the Preview mode, you can review each page, view multiple pages at the same
time, zoom in on a page, and access the Size, Orientation, and Margin options.

If you press the Zoom button while you are in Preview mode, the Zoom dialog
box appears. In the Zoom dialog box you can set the sizes of the pages that
display as well as the number of pages that display.

When you are ready to print, you use the Print dialog box. In the Print Range
area, choose All to print every page of your document, choose Current Page to
print the page you are currently on, or choose Pages to enter the specific pages
you want to print. Type the pages you want to print in the Pages field. Separate
individual pages with commas (1,3, 13); specify a range by using a dash (4-9).

Print Preview

1. Click the Microsoft Office button. A menu appears.

2. Highlight the Print option. The Preview and Print the Document menu
appears.
3. Click Print Preview. The Preview window appears, with your document in
the window.
4. Click One Page to view one page at a time. Click Two Pages to view two
pages at a time.
5. To view your document in normal size, click 100%.
6. Click the Zoom Button. The Zoom dialog box appears.
7. Select an option and then click OK. Perform this task for each option and
note the results.
Microsoft Excel

Introduction

Microsoft Excel is an electronic spreadsheet. You can use it to organize

your data into rows and columns. You can also use it to perform
mathematical calculations quickly. This tutorial teaches Microsoft Excel
basics. Although knowledge of how to navigate in a Windows environment
is helpful, this tutorial was created for the computer novice.

This lesson will introduce you to the Excel window. You use the window
to interact with Excel. To begin this lesson, start Microsoft Excel 2007.
The Microsoft Excel window appears and your screen looks similar to the
one shown here.
The Microsoft Office Button

In the upper-left corner of the Excel 2007 window is the Microsoft Office
button. When you click the button, a menu appears. You can use the
menu to create a new file, open an existing file, save a file, and perform
many other tasks.

The Quick Access Toolbar

Next to the Microsoft Office button is the Quick Access toolbar. The
Quick Access toolbar gives you with access to commands you frequently
use. By default, Save, Undo, and Redo appear on the Quick Access
toolbar. You can use Save to save your file, Undo to roll back an action
you have taken, and Redo to reapply an action you have rolled back.
The Title Bar

Next to the Quick Access toolbar is the Title bar. On the Title bar,
Microsoft Excel displays the name of the workbook you are currently
using. At the top of the Excel window, you should see "Microsoft Excel -
Book1" or a similar name.

The Ribbon

You use commands to tell Microsoft Excel what to do. In Microsoft Excel
2007, you use the Ribbon to issue commands. The Ribbon is located near
the top of the Excel window, below the Quick Access toolbar. At the top
of the Ribbon are several tabs; clicking a tab displays several related
command groups. Within each group are related command buttons. You
click buttons to issue commands or to access menus and dialog boxes. You
may also find a dialog box launcher in the bottom-right corner of a group.
When you click the dialog box launcher, a dialog box makes additional
commands available.
Worksheets

Microsoft Excel consists of worksheets. Each worksheet contains columns

and rows. The columns are lettered A to Z and then continuing with AA,
AB, AC and so on; the rows are numbered 1 to 1,048,576. The number of
columns and rows you can have in a worksheet is limited by your
computer memory and your system resources.

The combination of a column coordinate and a row coordinate make up a

cell address. For example, the cell located in the upper-left corner of the
worksheet is cell A1, meaning column A, row 1. Cell E10 is located under
column E on row 10. You enter your data into the cells on the worksheet.

The Formula Bar

Formula Bar

If the Formula bar is turned on, the cell address of the cell you are in
displays in the Name box which is located on the left side of the Formula
bar. Cell entries display on the right side of the Formula bar. If you do not
see the Formula bar in your window, perform the following steps:
 1. Choose the View tab.
2. Click Formula Bar in the Show/Hide group. The Formula bar
appears.

Note: The current cell address displays on the left side of the Formula bar.

The Status Bar

The Status bar appears at the very bottom of the Excel window and
provides such information as the sum, average, minimum, and maximum
value of selected numbers. You can change what displays on the Status bar
by right-clicking on the Status bar and selecting the options you want from
the Customize Status Bar menu. You click a menu item to select it. You
click it again to deselect it. A check mark next to an item means the item is
selected.
Move Around a Worksheet

By using the arrow keys, you can move around your worksheet. You can
use the down arrow key to move downward one cell at a time. You can use
the up arrow key to move upward one cell at a time. You can use the Tab
key to move across the page to the right, one cell at a time. You can hold
down the Shift key and then press the Tab key to move to the left, one cell
at a time. You can use the right and left arrow keys to move right or left
one cell at a time. The Page Up and Page Down keys move up and down
one page at a time. If you hold down the Ctrl key and then press the
Home key, you move to the beginning of the worksheet.

Select Cells

If you wish to perform a function on a group of cells, you must first select
those cells by highlighting them. The exercises that follow teach you how
to select.

To select cells A1 to E1:

1. Go to cell A1.
2. Press the F8 key. This anchors the cursor.
 3. Note that "Extend Selection" appears on the Status bar in the lower-
left corner of the window. You are in the Extend mode.
4. Click in cell E7. Excel highlights cells A1 to E7.
5. Press Esc and click anywhere on the worksheet to clear the
highlighting.

Enter Data

1. Place the cursor in cell A1.

2. Type John Jordan. Do not press Enter at this time.

Delete Data

The Backspace key erases one character at a time.

1. Press the Backspace key until Jordan is erased.

2. Press Enter. The name "John" appears in cell A1.
Edit a Cell

After you enter data into a cell, you can edit the data by pressing F2 while
you are in the cell you wish to edit.

Change "John" to "Jones."

1. Move to cell A1.

2. Press F2.
3. Use the Backspace key to delete the "n" and the "h."
4. Type nes.
5. Press Enter.

Change a Cell Entry

Typing in a cell replaces the old cell entry with the new information you
type.

1. Move the cursor to cell A1.

2. Type Cathy.
3. Press Enter. The name "Cathy" replaces "Johnson."
Wrap Text

When you type text that is too long to fit in the cell, the text overlaps the
next cell. If you do not want it to overlap the next cell, you can wrap the
text.

1. Move to cell A2.

2. Type Text too long to fit.
3. Press Enter.
 4. Return to cell A2.
5. Choose the Home tab.
6. Click the Wrap Text button . Excel wraps the text in the cell.

Delete a Cell Entry

To delete an entry in a cell or a group of cells, you place the cursor in the
cell or select the group of cells and press Delete.

1. Select cells A1 to A2.

2. Press the Delete key.

Save a File

This is the end of Lesson1. To save your file:

1. Click the Office button. A menu appears.

2. Click Save. The Save As dialog box appears.
3. Go to the directory in which you want to save your file.
4. Type Lesson1 in the File Name field.
5. Click Save. Excel saves your file.
Entering Excel Formulas and Formatting Data

Perform Mathematical Calculations

In Microsoft Excel, you can enter numbers and mathematical formulas

into cells. Whether you enter a number or a formula, you can reference
the cell when you perform mathematical calculations such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication, or division. When entering a mathematical
formula, precede the formula with an equal sign. Use the following to
indicate the type of calculation you wish to perform:

+ Addition

- Subtraction

* Multiplication

/ Division

^ Exponential
Addition

1. Type Add in cell A1.

2. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell.
3. Type 1 in cell A2.
4. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell.
5. Type 1 in cell A3.
6. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell.
7. Type =A2+A3 in cell A4.
8. Click the check mark on the Formula bar. Excel adds cell A1 to cell
A2 and displays the result in cell A4. The formula displays on the
Formula bar.
Subtraction

1. Press F5. The Go To dialog box appears.

2. Type B1 in the Reference field.
3. Press Enter. Excel moves to cell B1.

4. Type Subtract.
5. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell.
6. Type 6 in cell B2.
7. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell.
8. Type 3 in cell B3.
9. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell.
 10. Type =B2-B3 in cell B4.
11. Click the check mark on the Formula bar. Excel subtracts cell B3
from cell B2 and the result displays in cell B4. The formula displays
on the Formula bar.

Multiplication

1. Hold down the Ctrl key while you press "g" (Ctrl+g). The Go To
dialog box appears.
2. Type C1 in the Reference field.
3. Press Enter. Excel moves to cell C1
4. Type Multiply.
5. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell.
6. Type 2 in cell C2.
7. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell.
8. Type 3 in cell C3.
9. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell.
10. Type =C2*C3 in cell C4.
11. Click the check mark on the Formula bar. Excel multiplies C1 by
cell C2 and displays the result in cell C3. The formula displays on
the Formula bar.

Division

1. Press F5.
2. Type D1 in the Reference field.
3. Press Enter. Excel moves to cell D1.
4. Type Divide.
5. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell.
6. Type 6 in cell D2.
7. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell.
8. Type 3 in cell D3.
9. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell.
10. Type =D2/D3 in cell D4.
11. Click the check mark on the Formula bar. Excel divides cell D2 by
cell D3 and displays the result in cell D4. The formula displays on
the Formula bar.
AutoSum

You can use the AutoSum button on the Home tab to automatically
add a column or row of numbers. When you press the AutoSum button
, Excel selects the numbers it thinks you want to add. If you then click
the check mark on the Formula bar or press the Enter key, Excel adds the
numbers. If Excel's guess as to which numbers you want to add is wrong,
you can select the cells you want.

1. Go to cell F1.
2. Type 3.
3. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell.
4. Type 3.
5. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell.
6. Type 3.
7. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell to cell F4.
8. Choose the Home tab.
9. Click the AutoSum button in the Editing group. Excel selects
cells F1 through F3 and enters a formula in cell F4.
 10. Press Enter. Excel adds cells F1 through F3 and displays the result
in cell F4.

Copy, Cut, Paste, and Cell Addressing

In Excel, you can copy data from one area of a worksheet and place the
data you copied anywhere in the same or another worksheet. In other
words, after you type information into a worksheet, if you want to place the
same information somewhere else, you do not have to retype the
information. You simple copy it and then paste it in the new location.

You can use Excel's Cut feature to remove information from a

worksheet. Then you can use the Paste feature to place the information
you cut anywhere in the same or another worksheet. In other words,
you can move information from one place in a worksheet to another place
in the same or different worksheet by using the Cut and Paste features.

Microsoft Excel records cell addresses in formulas in three different ways,

called absolute, relative, and mixed. The way a formula is recorded is
important when you copy it. With relative cell addressing, when you copy
a formula from one area of the worksheet to another, Excel records the
position of the cell relative to the cell that originally contained the formula.
With absolute cell addressing, when you copy a formula from one area of
the worksheet to another, Excel references the same cells, no matter where
you copy the formula. You can use mixed cell addressing to keep the row
constant while the column changes, or vice versa. The following exercises
demonstrate.
 1. Move to cell A9.
2. Type 1. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell.
3. Type 1. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell.
4. Type 1. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell.
5. Move to cell B9.
6. Type 2. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell.
7. Type 2. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell.
8. Type 2. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell.

In addition to typing a formula as you did in Lesson 1, you can also enter
formulas by using Point mode. When you are in Point mode, you can
enter a formula either by clicking on a cell or by using the arrow keys.

1. Move to cell A12.

2. Type =.
3. Use the up arrow key to move to cell A9.
4. Type +.
5. Use the up arrow key to move to cell A10.
6. Type +.
7. Use the up arrow key to move to cell A11.
8. Click the check mark on the Formula bar. Look at the Formula bar.
Note that the formula you entered is displayed there.

Copy with the Ribbon

To copy the formula you just entered, follow these steps:

1. You should be in cell A12.
2. Choose the Home tab.
3. Click the Copy button in the Clipboard group. Excel copies the
formula in cell A12.

4. Press the right arrow key once to move to cell B12.

5. Click the Paste button in the Clipboard group. Excel pastes the
formula in cell A12 into cell B12.
 6. Press the Esc key to exit the Copy mode.

Compare the formula in cell A12 with the formula in cell B12 (while in the
respective cell, look at the Formula bar). The formulas are the same
except that the formula in cell A12 sums the entries in column A and the
formula in cell B12 sums the entries in column B. The formula was copied
in a relative fashion.

Before proceeding with the next part of the exercise, you must copy the
information in cells A7 to B9 to cells C7 to D9. This time you will copy by
using the Mini toolbar.

Absolute Cell Addressing

You make a cell address an absolute cell address by placing a dollar sign in
front of the row and column identifiers. You can do this automatically by
using the F4 key. To illustrate:

1. Move to cell C12.

2. Type =.
3. Click cell C9.
4. Press F4. Dollar signs appear before the C and the 9.
5. Type +.
6. Click cell C10.
7. Press F4. Dollar signs appear before the C and the 10.
8. Type +.
9. Click cell C11.
10. Press F4. Dollar signs appear before the C and the 11.
11. Click the check mark on the formula bar. Excel records the formula
in cell C12.
Copy and Paste with Keyboard Shortcuts

Keyboard shortcuts are key combinations that enable you to perform tasks
by using the keyboard. Generally, you press and hold down a key while
pressing a letter. For example, Ctrl+c means you should press and hold
down the Ctrl key while pressing "c." This tutorial notates key combinations
as follows:

Press Ctrl+c.

Now copy the formula from C12 to D12. This time, copy by using
keyboard shortcuts.

1. Move to cell C12.

2. Hold down the Ctrl key while you press "c" (Ctrl+c). Excel copies
the contents of cell C12.
3. Press the right arrow once. Excel moves to D12.
4. Hold down the Ctrl key while you press "v" (Ctrl+v). Excel pastes the
contents of cell C12 into cell D12.
5. Press Esc to exit the Copy mode.

Compare the formula in cell C12 with the formula in cell D12 (while in
the respective cell, look at the Formula bar). The formulas are exactly the
same. Excel copied the formula from cell C12 to cell D12. Excel copied
the formula in an absolute fashion. Both formulas sum column C.

Mixed Cell Addressing

You use mixed cell addressing to reference a cell when you want to copy
part of it absolute and part relative. For example, the row can be absolute
and the column relative. You can use the F4 key to create a mixed cell
reference.

1. Move to cell E1.

2. Type =.
3. Press the up arrow key once.
4. Press F4.
5. Press F4 again. Note that the column is relative and the row is
absolute.
6. Press F4 again. Note that the column is absolute and the row is
relative.
7. Press Esc.

Cut and Paste

You can move data from one area of a worksheet to another.

 1. Select cells D9 to D12
2. Choose the Home tab.
3. Click the Cut button.
4. Move to cell G1.

5. Click the Paste button . Excel moves the contents of cells D9 to

D12 to cells G1 to G4.

The keyboard shortcut for Cut is Ctrl+x. The steps for cutting and pasting
with a keyboard shortcut are:

1. Select the cells you want to cut and paste.

2. Press Ctrl+x.
3. Move to the upper-left corner of the block of cells into which you
want to paste.
4. Press Ctrl+v. Excel cuts and pastes the cells you selected.
Insert and Delete Columns and Rows

You can insert and delete columns and rows. When you delete a column,
you delete everything in the column from the top of the worksheet to the
bottom of the worksheet. When you delete a row, you delete the entire
row from left to right. Inserting a column or row inserts a completely new
column or row.

To delete columns F and G:

1. Click the column F indicator and drag to column G.

2. Click the down arrow next to Delete in the Cells group. A menu
appears.
3. Click Delete Sheet Columns. Excel deletes the columns you
selected.
4. Click anywhere on the worksheet to remove your selection.

To delete rows 7 through 12:

 1. Click the row 7 indicator and drag to row 12.
2. Click the down arrow next to Delete in the Cells group. A menu
appears.
3. Click Delete Sheet Rows. Excel deletes the rows you selected.
4. Click anywhere on the worksheet to remove your selection.

To insert a column:

1. Click on A to select column A.

2. Click the down arrow next to Insert in the Cells group. A menu
appears.
3. Click Insert Sheet Columns. Excel inserts a new column.
4. Click anywhere on the worksheet to remove your selection.

To insert rows:

1. Click on 1 and then drag down to 2 to select rows 1 and 2.

2. Click the down arrow next to Insert in the Cells group. A menu
appears.
3. Click Insert Sheet Rows. Excel inserts two new rows.
4. Click anywhere on the worksheet to remove your selection.

Your worksheet should look like the one shown here.

Creating Charts

In Microsoft Excel, you can represent numbers in a chart. On the Insert

tab, you can choose from a variety of chart types, including column, line,
pie, bar, area, and scatter. The basic procedure for creating a chart is the
same no matter what type of chart you choose. As you change your data,
your chart will automatically update.

Create a Chart

You select a chart type by choosing an option from the Insert tab's Chart
group. After you choose a chart type, such as column, line, or bar, you
choose a chart sub-type. For example, after you choose Column Chart,
you can choose to have your chart represented as a two-dimensional chart,
a three-dimensional chart, a cylinder chart, a cone chart, or a pyramid
chart. There are further sub-types within each of these categories. As you
roll your mouse pointer over each option, Excel supplies a brief
description of each chart sub-type.

To create the column chart shown above, start by creating the worksheet
below exactly as shown.

After you have created the worksheet, you are ready to create your chart.

1. Select cells A3 to D6. You must select all the cells containing the
data you want in your chart. You should also include the data labels.
2. Choose the Insert tab.
3. Click the Column button in the Charts group. A list of column chart
sub-types types appears.
 4. Click the Clustered Column chart sub-type. Excel creates a
Clustered Column chart and the Chart Tools context tabs appear.

Apply a Chart Layout

Context tabs are tabs that only appear when you need them. Called Chart
Tools, there are three chart context tabs: Design, Layout, and Format. The
tabs become available when you create a new chart or when you click on a
chart. You can use these tabs to customize your chart.

You can determine what your chart displays by choosing a layout. For
example, the layout you choose determines whether your chart displays a
title, where the title displays, whether your chart has a legend, where the
legend displays, whether the chart has axis labels and so on. Excel provides
several layouts from which you can choose.

1. Click your chart. The Chart Tools become available.

2. Choose the Design tab.
3. Click the Quick Layout button in the Chart Layout group. A list of
chart layouts appears.
4. Click Layout 5. Excel applies the layout to your chart.
Add Labels

When you apply a layout, Excel may create areas where you can insert
labels. You use labels to give your chart a title or to label your axes. When
you applied layout 5, Excel created label areas for a title and for the
vertical axis.

Before After

1. Select Chart Title. Click on Chart Title and then place your cursor
before the C in Chart and hold down the Shift key while you use the
right arrow key to highlight the words Chart Title.
2. Type Toy Sales. Excel adds your title.
3. Select Axis Title. Click on Axis Title. Place your cursor before the
A in Axis. Hold down the Shift key while you use the right arrow
key to highlight the words Axis Title.
4. Type Sales. Excel labels the axis.
5. Click anywhere on the chart to end your entry.

Switch Data

If you want to change what displays in your chart, you can switch from row
data to column data and vice versa.

Before After
 1. Click your chart. The Chart Tools become available.
2. Choose the Design tab.
3. Click the Switch Row/Column button in the Data group. Excel
changes the data in your chart.

Change the Style of a Chart

A style is a set of formatting options. You can use a style to change the
color and format of your chart. Excel 2007 has several predefined styles
that you can use. They are numbered from left to right, starting with 1,
which is located in the upper-left corner.

1. Click your chart. The Chart Tools become available.

2. Choose the Design tab.
3. Click the More button in the Chart Styles group. The chart styles
appear.
 4. Click Style 42. Excel applies the style to your chart.

Change the Size and Position of a Chart

When you click a chart, handles appear on the right and left sides, the top
and bottom, and the corners of the chart. You can drag the handles on the
top and bottom of the chart to increase or decrease the height of the chart.
You can drag the handles on the left and right sides to increase or decrease
the width of the chart. You can drag the handles on the corners to increase
or decrease the size of the chart proportionally. You can change the
position of a chart by clicking on an unused area of the chart and dragging.
 1. Use the handles to adjust the size of your chart.
2. Click an unused portion of the chart and drag to position the chart
beside the data.

Move a Chart to a Chart Sheet

By default, when you create a chart, Excel embeds the chart in the active
worksheet. However, you can move a chart to another worksheet or to a
chart sheet. A chart sheet is a sheet dedicated to a particular chart. By
default Excel names each chart sheet sequentially, starting with Chart1.
You can change the name.
 1. Click your chart. The Chart Tools become available.
2. Choose the Design tab.

3.

4. Click the Move Chart button in the Location group. The Move
Chart dialog box appears.

Change the Chart Type

Any change you can make to a chart that is embedded in a worksheet, you
can also make to a chart sheet. For example, you can change the chart type
from a column chart to a bar chart.

Change the Chart Type

1. Click your chart. The Chart Tools become available.
2. Choose the Design tab.
3. Click Change Chart Type in the Type group. The Chart Type
dialog box appears.
4. Click Bar.
5. Click Clustered Horizontal Cylinder.
6. Click OK. Excel changes your chart type.
 Microsoft PowerPoint

INTRODUCTION

PowerPoint is a presentation software package. With PowerPoint, you can easily

create slide shows. Trainers and other presenters use slide shows to illustrate
their presentations.

This lesson introduces you to the PowerPoint window. You use the window to
interact with the software. To begin, open PowerPoint 2007. The window
appears and your screen looks similar to the one shown here.
The Microsoft Office Button

In the upper-left corner is the Microsoft Office button. When you click the
button, a menu appears. You can use the menu to create a new file, open an
existing file, save a file, and perform many other tasks.

The Quick Access Toolbar

Next to the Microsoft Office button is the Quick Access toolbar. The Quick
Access toolbar provides you with access to commands you frequently use. By
default, Save, Undo, and Redo appear on the Quick Access toolbar. You use
Save to save your file, Undo to rollback an action you have taken, and Redo to
reapply an action you have rolled back.

The Title Bar

The Title bar is located at the top in the center of the PowerPoint window. The
Title bar displays the name of the presentation on which you are currently
working. By default, PowerPoint names presentations sequentially, starting with
Presentation1. When you save your file, you can change the name of your
presentation.

The Ribbon

1 Tabs
2 Command Group
 3 Command Buttons
4 Launcher

You use commands to tell PowerPoint what to do. In PowerPoint 2007, you use
the Ribbon to issue commands. The Ribbon is located near the top of the
PowerPoint window, below the Quick Access toolbar. At the top of the Ribbon
are several tabs; clicking a tab displays several related command groups. Within
each group are related command buttons. You click buttons to issue commands
or to access menus and dialog boxes. You may also find a dialog box launcher in
the bottom-right corner of a group. When you click the dialog box launcher, a
dialog box makes additional commands available.

Rulers

Rulers are vertical and horizontal guides. You use them to determine where you
want to place an object. If the rulers do not display in your PowerPoint window:

1. Click the View tab.

2. Click Ruler in the Show/Hide group. The rulers appear.

Slides, Placeholders, and Notes

 1 Slide
2 Placeholders
3 Notes

Slides appear in the center of the window. You create your presentation on
slides.

Placeholders hold the objects in your slide. You can use placeholders to hold
text, clip art, charts, and more.

You can use the notes area to creates notes to yourself. You can refer to these
notes as you give your presentation.

Status Bar, Tabs, View Buttons, and More

Status Bar6 Vertical & Horizontal

1
Splitter Bars
2 Outline Tab 7 Minimize Button
3 Slides Tab 8 Maximize/Restore
Button
 4 View Buttons 9 Close Button
5 Zoom

The Status bar generally appears at the bottom of the window. The Status bar
displays the number of the slide that is currently displayed, the total number of
slides, and the name of the design template in use or the name of the
background.

The Outline tab displays the text contained in your presentation. The Slides tab
displays a thumbnail of all your slides. You click the thumbnail to view the slide
in the Slide pane.

The View buttons appear near the bottom of the screen. You use the View
buttons to change between Normal view, Slider Sorter view, and the Slide Show
view.

Normal View
Normal view splits your screen into three major sections: the Outline and
Slides tabs, the Slide pane, and the Notes area. The Outline and Slides
tabs are on the left side of your window. They enable you to shift between
two different ways of viewing your slides. The Slides tab shows thumbnails
of your slides. The Outline tab shows the text on your slides. The Slide
pane is located in the center of your window. The Slide pane shows a large
view of the slide on which you are currently working. The Notes area
appears below the Slide pane. You can type notes to yourself on the Notes
area.

Slide Sorter View

Slide Sorter view shows thumbnails of all your slides. In Slide Sorter view,
you can easily add, delete, or change their order of your slides.

Slide Show
Use the Slide Show view when you want to view your slides, as they will
look in your final presentation. When in Slide Show view:
Esc Returns you to the view you were using
previously.

Left- Moves you to the next slide or animation

clicking effect. When you reach the last slide, you
 automatically return to your previous view.

Right- Opens a pop-up menu. You can use this menu

clicking to navigate the slides, add speaker notes, select
a pointer, and mark your presentation.

Zoom allows you to zoom in and zoom out on the window.

Zooming in makes the window larger so you focus in on an object. Zooming out
makes the window smaller so you can see the entire window.

You can click and drag the vertical and horizontal splitter bars to change the size
of your panes.

You use the Minimize button to remove a window from view. While a
window is minimized, its title appears on the taskbar. You click the Maximize
button to cause a window to fill the screen. After you maximize a window,
clicking the Restore button returns the window to its former smaller size. You
click the Close button to exit the window and close the program.

Animations, Transitions, Spell Check, Outline Tab, Slides Tab, Sorter View, and
Printing

Animations control how objects move onto, off of, and around your slides.
Transitions control how your presentation moves from one slide to the next. This
lesson teaches you how to create animations and transitions. It also teaches how
to spell-check your document, how to use the Outline and Slides tabs, how to use
Sorter view, and how to print.

Add Animations
You can animate the objects on your PowerPoint slides. PowerPoint provides
four types of animations: Entrance, Emphasis, Exit, and Motion Paths. An
Entrance animation determines the manner in which an object appears on a
slide; for example, an object can move onto a slide. An Emphasis animation does
something to draw attention to an object; for example, the object can become
larger. An Exit animation determines the manner in which an object leaves a
slide; for example, an object can move off a slide. A Motion Paths animation
determines how an object moves around a slide; for example, an object can move
from left to right.

After you add an animation, you can use the Custom Animation pane to modify
it by choosing an effect. Choosing an effect enables you to define what starts the
animation, its properties (such the direction from which an object moves onto the
slide), and control the speed of the animation. In addition, you can have an
animation start when you click the mouse, start along with the previous
animation, or start at a specified time after the previous animation.

If the Auto Preview box is checked on the Custom Animation pane, PowerPoint
provides you with preview of your animation after you create it and each time you
modify it. You can also use the Play button on the Custom Animation
pane to preview an animation.

To choose an effect:

1. Select the object you want to animate.

2. Choose the Animations tab.
3. Click the Custom Animation button . The Custom
Animation pane appears.
4. Click the Add Effect button . A menu appears.
5. Choose the type of effect you want. A submenu appears.
6. Click the effect you want. PowerPoint applies the effect.

To modify an effect:

1. Click the down arrow next to the Start field on the Custom Animations
pane and then select the start method you want.
2. Click the down arrow next to the Property field on the Custom Animations
pane and the select the property you want. The Property field might be
labeled Direction, Size, or some other property.
 3. Click the down arrow next to the Speed field on the Custom Animations
pane and then select the speed you want to apply to your animation.

To preview the animation, click the Play button on the Custom

Animations pane.

Add an Animation to a Slide

1. Click Slide 2 on the Slides tab.

2. Select "Start saving early."
3. Choose the Animations tab.
4. Click the Custom Animation button . The Custom
Animation pane appears.
5. Click the Add Effect button . A menu appears.
6. Choose Entrance. A submenu appears.
7. Click Fly In. PowerPoint applies the effect. If the Auto preview box is
checked, PowerPoint automatically provides you with a preview of the
animation.
Modify the Effect

1. Click the down arrow next to the Start field and then select After Previous.
2. Click the down arrow next to the Direction field and then select From
Bottom.
3. Click the down arrow next to the Speed field and then select Medium.

Add Another Animation

1. Select "Apply for financial aid."

2. Click the Add Effect button . A menu appears.
3. Choose Entrance. A submenu appears.
4. Click Fly In. PowerPoint applies the effect. If the Auto preview box is
checked, PowerPoint automatically provides you with a preview of the
animation.
Modify the Animation

1. Click the down arrow next to the Start field and then select After Previous.
The Apply for Financial Aid field appears in the center of the Custom
Animation pane.
2. Click the down arrow next to the Apply for Financial Aid field and then
click Timing. The Fly In dialog box appears.

3. Type 0.05 in the Delay text box.

4. Click OK.
 5. Click the down arrow next to the Direction field and then select From
Bottom.
6. Click the down arrow next to the Speed field and then select Medium. If
the Auto preview box is checked, PowerPoint automatically provides you
with a preview of the animation. You can click the Play button on
the Custom Animation pane at anytime to preview an animation.

Add Transitions

Transitions determine how your presentations move from one slide to the next.
For example, a slide can move up onto the screen and replace the previous slide.
PowerPoint provides several transition methods. You can add sound to a
transition and you can control its speed. You can apply a transition to selected
slides or to all of the slides in your presentation.

A transition can occur when the presenter clicks the mouse or after the amount
of time you specify.

To apply a transition to selected slides:

1. On the Slides tab, hold down the Ctrl key and then click the slides to
which you want to apply the transition.
2. Choose the Animations tab.
3. Click the More button in the Transition to this Slide group. A menu of
transitions appears.
4. Click the transition you want to apply. PowerPoint applies the transition.
As you roll your pointer over each transition, PowerPoint provides you
with a live preview of the transition.

To apply a transition to all slides:

1. Choose the Animations tab.

 2. Click the More button in the Transition to this Slide group. A menu of
transitions appears.
3. Click the transition you want to apply. As you roll your pointer over each
transition, PowerPoint provides you with a live preview of the transition.
4. Click the Apply to All button in the Transition to This Slide
group.

To add a sound to a transition:

1. Choose the Animations tab.

2. Click the down arrow next to the Transition Sound field and then click the
sound you want. As you roll your pointer over each sound, PowerPoint
plays the sound.

To set the speed of a transition:

1. Choose the Animations tab.

2. Click the down arrow next to the Transition Speed field and then click the
speed you want.

If you want the transition to occur after the presenter clicks the mouse, check the
On Mouse Click check box. If you want a transition to occur after a specified
period of time, check the Automatically After check box and then specify the
amount of time you want to elapse before the transition occurs. The On Mouse
Click check box and the Automatically After check box are both located on the
Animations tab in the Transition to This Slide group.

Add Transitions

1. Choose the Animations tab.

2. Click the More button in the Transition to this Slide group. A menu of
transitions appears.
 s

3. Click the Push Up transition. As you roll your pointer over each transition,
PowerPoint provides you with a live preview of the transition.

Add Sound and Set the Speed

1. Click the down arrow next to the Transition Sound field and then click
Click.
2. Click the down arrow next to the Transition Speed field and then click
Slow.

Advance Slide

1. Check the On Mouse Click check box.

2. Click the Automatically After check box.
3. Type 00:07 in the Automatically After text box.
 4. Click the Apply to All button . PowerPoint applies all of your
changes to all of the slides.
5. Click Slide 1 on the Slides tab.
6. Type 00:03 in the Automatically After text box. PowerPoint changes the
timing for Slide 1.

Spell Check

PowerPoint checks your spelling as you type and displays errors with a red wavy
line under the misspelled word. You can right-click and then select the correct
spelling from the list of offerings on the menu that appears or select Spelling to
open the Spelling dialog box. If you need to, you can initiate a spell check
anytime you like. To start a spell check, do one of the following:

 Press F7.
 Choose the Review tab and then click the Spelling button .

If the spell check finds a possible spelling error, the Spelling dialog box opens
with the spelling error highlighted. You can respond in several ways.

Response Procedure

Do not change spelling. Click Ignore.

Correct spelling. 1. Click the correct spelling in

the Suggestions box.
2. Click Change.

Add to dictionary. Click Add.

 Word is correct. Do not Click Ignore All.
change presentation.

Word is incorrect. Change Click Change All.

entire presentation.

Spell Check

1. Press F7
2. Correct any spelling errors PowerPoint finds. If PowerPoint does not find
any errors, the Spelling Check is Complete message box appears. Click
OK.

Use the Outline and Slides Tabs

By default, the Outline and Slides tabs are located on the left side of your
PowerPoint window. The Outline tab displays the text contained in your
presentation. The Slides tab displays a thumbnail of all your slides. You click the
thumbnail to view the slide in the Slide pane.

Use the Outline and Slides Tabs

 1. Choose the Slides tab to view thumbnails of your slides.

2. Choose the Outline tab to view the text of your presentation as an outline.

Use Slide Sorter View

After you have created your PowerPoint slides, you can move, cut, copy, paste,
duplicate, navigate, and view them in Sorter view. To view the slides in Sorter
view, do one of the following:

 Choose the View tab and then click the Slide Sorter button in the
Presentation Views group.
 Click the Slide Sorter button in the bottom-right corner of the
PowerPoint window.

Slide Sorter View

Task Procedure
Move to first slide. Use Ctrl+Home.
Move to last slide. Use Ctrl+End.
Move to next slide. Use the right arrow.
Slide Sorter View
Task Procedure
Move to previous slide. Use the left arrow.
Select a slide. Single-click the slide.
Open a slide in Normal view. Double-click the slide.
Select slides. Select a single slide:

1. Click the slide you want

to select.

Select multiple slides:

1. Hold down the Ctrl

key.
2. Click the slides you
want to select.

Delete a slide. 1. Select the slide or slides

you want to delete.
2. Press the Delete key.

1. Select the slide or slides

you want to delete.
2. Choose the Home tab
and then click the
Delete button .

Copy a slide. 1. Select the slide.

2. Choose the Home tab.
3. Click the Copy button
in the Clipboard
group.

1. Select the slide.

Slide Sorter View
Task Procedure
2. Press Ctrl+C.

Paste a slide. 1. Select the slide after

which you want the new
slide or slides to appear.
2. Choose the Home tab.
3. Click the Paste button
in the Clipboard
group.

1. Select the slide after

which you want
the new slide or slides
to appear.
2. Press Ctrl+V.

Cut a slide. 1. Select the slide or slides

you want to cut.
2. Choose the Home tab.
3. Click the Cut button
in the Clipboard group.

1. Select the slide or slides

you want to cut.
2. Press Ctrl+X.

Move a slide. 1. Select the slide (or

slides) you want to
move.
2. Drag it to the new
location.

Duplicate a slide. 1. Select the slide (or

 Slide Sorter View
Task Procedure
slides) you want
to duplicate.
2. Press Ctrl+D.

Use Slide Sorter View

1. Choose the View tab.

2. Click Slide Sorter in the Presentation Views group.
3. Double-click a slide to view it in Normal view.

Print

PowerPoint provides you with many printing options. You can print a large view
of your slides or you can print your slides as handouts with 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, or 9
slides per page. You can also print your Notes pages or the Outline view of your
slides.

To print:

1. Click the Microsoft Office button. A menu appears.

2. Choose Print.
3. Click Print Preview.
 4. Click the down arrow next to the Print What field in the Page Setup group
and then select what you would like to print. A preview appears onscreen.
5. Click the Print . The Print dialog box appears.
6. Click the down arrow next to the Color/Grayscale field to select whether
you want your slides to print in color, grayscale, or black and white. If you
are using a black and white printer, choose black and white. You will use
less ink or toner.
7. Click OK.

Print an Outline

1. Click the Microsoft Office button. A menu appears.

2. Choose Print.
3. Click Print Preview. The Print Preview tab appears.
4. Click the down arrow next to the Print What field in the Page Setup group
and then select Outline View.
5. Click the Print button . The Print dialog box appears.

6. Click the down arrow next to the Color/Grayscale field to select whether
you want your slides to print in color, grayscale, or black and white. If you
are using a black and white printer, choose black and white. You will use
less ink or toner.
 7. Set the other print settings.
8. Click OK. Your outline prints.

Print Your Slides

1. Click the Microsoft Office button. A menu appears.

2. Choose Print.
3. Click Print Preview. The Print Preview tab appears.
4. Click the down arrow next to the Print What field in the Page Setup group
and then select Slides.
5. Click the Print button . The Print dialog box appears.
6. Click the down arrow next to the Color/Grayscale field to select whether
you want your slides to print in color, grayscale, or black and white. If you
are using a black and white printer, choose black and white. You will use
less ink or toner.
7. Set the other print settings.
8. Click OK. Your slides print.

Print Your Slides as a Handout

1. Click the Microsoft Office button. A menu appears.

2. Choose Print.
3. Click Print Preview. The Print Preview tab appears.
4. Click the down arrow next to the Print What field in the Page Setup group
and then select Handouts (4 slides per page).
5. Click the Print button . The Print dialog box appears.
6. Click the down arrow next to the Color/Grayscale field to select whether
you want your slides to print in color, grayscale, or black and white. If you
are using a black and white printer, choose black and white. You will use
less ink or toner.
7. Set the other print settings.
8. Click OK. Your handouts print.