Additional

Mathematics

Formulae List
Form 5

(prepared by:BEHPC)

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 01 Progressions

Arithmetic Progression Geometric Progression

1. Common Difference 1. Common Ratio

d =Tn −Tn −1 Tn
r=
Tn −1

2. The nth term 2. The nth term

Tn =a +(n −1)d
Tn = ar n −1

3. Sum of the first n terms 3. Sum of the first n terms

n
Sn =
2
[ 2a + (n −1)d ]
Sn =
(
a r n −1 ) , r ≠1 for r > 1
r −1
or
n
Sn = [ a +l]
2
Sn =
(
a 1−rn ) , r ≠ 1, for r < 1
where l = last term 1− r

4. Sum to infinity:

a
S∞ = , r <1
1− r

If Sn is given as a function of n, then use:

Tn = Sn −S n−1

First term, a = T1 = S1

Second term, T2 = S 2 − S1

Sum of the terms from mth term to nth term:)

Sum = S n − S m−1

(For example –The sum from 3rd term to 7th term, Sum = S7 − S2 )

2
 02 Linear Law
1. Drawing lines of best fit
Line of best fit has 2 characteristics:
it passes through as many points as possible, Recall:
the number of points which are not on the (1) Equation of a straight line if two points
line of best fit are equally distributed on the are given:
both sides of the line.

(2) Equation of a straight line if m and c

are given:

Steps to draw a line of best fit:

Construct a table consisting the given
variables.
Plot a graph of Y against X , using the
scale specified AND draw a line of best 3. To reduce non­linear functions 
fit.
Calculate the gradient, m, and get the Y- to linear form
intercept, c, from the graph.
Re-write the original equation given and
Tips:
reduce it to linear form.
Compare with values of m and c obtained,
(1) The equation must have one constant
find the values of the unknowns required.
(without x and y).
(2) Y cannot have constant, but can have x
and y.
(3) X cannot have y., but can have x and
2. Equations of lines of best fit constant.
A set of two variables are related non
linearly can be converted to a linear
equation. The line of best fit can be written
in the form

where
X and Y are in terms of x and/or y
m is the gradient,
c is the Y-intercept
The graph of can be used to find the values
of constants of the non-linear equation and
others information relating the two variables.

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The table shows some of examples of non-linear equations can be reduced to the linear form:

Non-linear equation Linear equation Y X m c

y y
= px + q x p q
2 x x
y = px + qx
y q y 1
= +p q p
x2 x x2 x
xy = px 2 + q xy x2 p q
q
y = px + y q y 1
x = +p q p
x x2 x x2
y x = px + q y x x p q
q
y= p x+ y q y 1
x = +p q p
x x x x
p q 1 q 1 1 1 q 1
= +1 = +
y x y px p y x p p
x 1 1 1 1
y= = p  ÷+ q p q
p + qx y x y x
9 3 3q 3 3q
y= ( x + q)2 y =  ÷x + y x
p2  p p p p
y = pq x log10 y = x log10 q + log10 p log10 y x log10 q log10 p
y = px q log10 y = q log10 x + log10 p log10 y log10 x q log10 p
y = pq x +1 log10 y = ( x + 1)log10 q + log10 p log10 y x +1 log10 q log10 p

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 03 Integration

Integration is the inverse process of differentiation.

If , then where c = constant.

Indefinite integrals:(Refer to the examples below after note 6)

(a)

(b)

(c)

3. Definite integrals

The laws of definite integrals:

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

4. Finding Equation Of A Curve From Its Gradient Function:

Differentiati
on
The equation Gradient function
of the curve

Integration

y = ∫ f ' ( x) dx

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5. Integration As The Summation Of Areas:

Area bounded by the curve y=

Area bounded by the curve x = f(y),
f(x),the lines x = a, x = b and the
the lines y = a, y = b and the y-axis.
x-axis

b
A = ∫ xdy
b a

A = ∫ ydx
a

Area of the region between a

curve y = f(x) and a straight line
y = g(x)

b b
A= ∫ f ( x)dx − ∫ g ( x)dx
a a

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6. Integration As The Summation Of Volumes

The volume of the solid generated

The volume of the solid generated
when the region enclosed by the
when the region enclosed by the
curve y = f(x), the x-axis, the line
curve x = f(y), the y-axis, the line y
x = a and the line x = b is revolved
= a and the line y = b is revolved
through 360° about the x-axis is
through 360 ° about the y-axis is
given by
given by

b b
V x = ∫ π y dx2 V y = ∫ π x 2 dy
a a

Refer to Note 3:

Example:
Example:

Example:
∫ (u ± v)dx = ∫ udx ±∫ vdx
u and v are functions in x
1 x −4
∫ x5 ∫
−5
dx = x dx = +c
−4 Example:
∫ 3x + 2 xdx = ∫ 3x dx + ∫ 2 xdx
2 2
1.
Example: 3x3 2 x 2 3 x3 2 x 2
= + +c = + +c
3 2 3 2
= x3 + x 2 + c

Example:
2 2 −5 2 x −4
∫ 3x5 dx = ∫3 x dx = ( )+c
3 −4
2 x −4 x −4
= ( )+c = +c
7 3 −4 −6
Example: Example:

Example:

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04 Vectors

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Vector is a quantity that has both magnitude and direction.
Scalar is a quantity that has magnitude only.
A vector can be presented by a line segment with an arrow, known as a
directed line segment.

Negative vector of has the same magnitude as but its direction is opposite
to .

A zero vector ia a vector whose magnitude is zero. It is denoted by .

Two vectors are equal if both the vectors have the same magnitude and
direction.
When a vector is multiplied by a scalar , the product is . Its magnitude is
times the magnitude of the vector .
The vector is parallel to the vector if and only if , where is a constant.
If the vectors and are not parallel and , then and .
Addition of vectors

Triangle Law Parallelogram Law

The subtraction of the vector from the vector is written as . This operation
can be considered as the addition of the vector with the negative vector of ,
i.e. .

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 Column vector:

A unit vector is a vector whose magnitude is one unit.

The magnitude of the vector can be calculated using the Pythagoras’
Theorem.

(i) To show is parallel to ,

To show A, B and C are collinear,
To find the ratio of AB :BC

uuurUseuuur
AB = k BC

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 05 Trigonometric Functions

Positive and Negative Angles
Positive angles are angles measure in an
anticlockwise rotate from the positive x-axis
Complementary Angle
about the origin, O.
sin θ = cos(90° − θ )
Negative angles are angles measured in a cosθ = sin(90° − θ )
clockwise rotation from the positive x-axis about tan θ = cot(90° − θ )
the origin O. cot θ = tan(90° − θ )
secθ = cosec(90° − θ )
cosecθ = sec(90° − θ )

Negative Angle
sin(−θ ) = − sin θ
cos(−θ ) = cos θ
tan(−θ ) = − tan θ

Six   Trigonometric   Functions   of   Any  Positive/Negative sign at different quadrant

Angle

S A
Just remember
the positive
y x y T C ratio!!!
sin θ = cosθ = tan θ =
r r x

sin θ 1 cos θ sin x cos x

tan θ = cot θ = =
cosθ tan θ sin θ

1 1
sec θ = cosecθ =
cosθ sin θ
tan x cot x
1

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sec x cot x

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Value of Special Angle 30o and 60o

θ 0o 90o 180o 270o 360o

cos θ 1 0 -1 0 1

1 3 1
sin 30° = cos30° = tan 30° =
2 2 3

3 1
sin 60° = cos 60° = tan 60° = 3
2 2

Value of Special Angle 45o θ 0o 90o 180o 270o 360o

tan θ 0 ∞ 0 ∞ 0

Alternative Way:
θ 0o 30o 45o 60o 90o
0 1 2 3 4
sin θ
2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3
0 1
1 1 2 2 2
sin 45° = cos 45° = tan 45°=1
2 2 4 3 2 1 0
cosθ
2 2 2 2 2
3 2 1
1 0
2 2 2
Value of Special Angle 0o, 90o, 180o, 270o, 360o.
1
tan θ 0 1 3 ∞
3

Steps to solve simple trigonometric equation:

(1) Determine the range of values of the required
angles.
(2) Find a basic angle by using calculator.
θ 0o 90o 180o 270o 360o (3) Determine the quadrants the angle should be.
sin θ 0 1 0 -1 0 (4) Determine the values of angles in those
quadrants.

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 Graphs   of   The   Functions   of   Sine, 
Cosine and Tangent

Graph of.y = sin x

x 0o 90o 180o 270o 360o

sin 0 1 0 -1 0

Graph of.y = cos x

x 0o 90o 180o 270o 360o

cos x 1 0 -1 0 1

Graph of.y = tan x

x 0o 90o 180o 270o 360o

tan x 0 ∞ 0 ∞ 0

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 cos 2 A =2 cos 2 A −1 or

cos 2 A =1 −2 sin 2 A
Basic Trigonometric Identities:
2 tan A
tan 2 A =
1 − tan 2 A
sin 2 x +cos 2 x =1

tan 2 x +1 =sec 2 x

cot 2 x +1 =cosec 2 x
Half Angle Formulae:
A A
sin A = 2sin cos
2 2

A A
cos A = cos 2 − sin 2 or
2 2

A
cos A = 2 cos 2 −1 or
2

A
cos A = 1 − 2 sin 2
2

Compound AnglesFormulae:
For right angled triangle, use:
sin( A ±B) =sin A cos B ±cos A sin B

cos( A ±B ) =cos A cos B msin A sin B

tan A ± tan B
tan( A ± B) =
1 mtan A tan B

Double Angle Formulae:

sin 2 A =2 sin A cos A

cos 2 A =cos 2 A −sin 2 A or

A
2 tan
tan A = 2
2 A
1 − tan
2

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 06 Permutations and Combinations
The number of permutations of n
different objects, taken r at a time is
Multiplication Principle / Rule given by :

If an operation can be carried out in r ways and

another operation can be carried out in s
ways, then the number of ways to carry out A permutation of n different objects,
both the operations consecutively is r ×s, i.e. taken r at a time, is an arrangement of a
rs. set of r objects chosen from n objects.
The rs multiplication principle can be expanded The order of the objects in the chosen set
to three or more operations. If the numbers of is taken into consideration.
ways for the occurrence of events A, B and C
are r, s and p respectively, the number of The number of permutations of n
ways for the occurrence of all the three different objects, taken all at a time, is :
events consecutively is r × s × p, i.e. rsp.

Note: (i)

(ii)

(iii)

Permutations

The number of permutations of n different

objects is n!, where

n!, is read as n factorial.

Combinations

Permutation of n Different Objects, 
Taken r at a Time

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The number of combinations of r
objects chosen from n different
objects is given by :

A combination of r bjects chosen

from n different objects is a selection
of a set of r objects chosen from n
objects. The order of the objects in the
chosen set is not taken into
consideration.

Note: (i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

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 07 Probability
1. The probability for the occurrence of an event A in the sample space S is
number of outcomes of event A
P ( A) =
number of outcomes of sample space S

n( A)
P( A) =
n( S )

2. (a) The range of values of a probability is 0 ≤ P ( A) ≤ 1 .

(b) If P(A) = 1, event A is sure to occur.
(c) If P(A) = 0, event A will not occur.

3. The complement of an event A is denoted by A and the probability of a complementary event is

given by

P ( A) = 1 − P ( A)

4. The probability for the occurrence of events A or B or both is

P( A ∪B ) = P ( A) +P ( B ) −P ( A ∩B )

5.

If the events A and B are mutually exclusive, then A ∩ B = ∅ and P( A ∩ B ) = 0 . Thus,

P( A ∪B ) = P ( A) +P ( B )

6. The probability of the combination of two independent events, A and B, if the occurrence or non-
occurrence of one event does not affect of the other is given by
P( A ∩B ) =P ( A) ×P ( B )

7. The concept of the probability of two independent events can be expanded to three or more
independent events. If A, B and C are three independent events, the probability for the occurrence
of events A, B and C is

P ( A ∩B ∩C ) =P ( A) ×P ( B ) ×P (C )

8. A tree diagram can be constructed to show all the possible outcomes of an experiment.

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 08 Probability Distributions

PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTIONS NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS

1. A random variable that has finite and Continuous random variable is a variable
countable values is known as a discrete that can take any infinite value in a
random variable. certain range.
2. For a Binomial Distribution, the probability A normal distribution is a probability
of obtaining r numbers of successes out of distribution of continuous random
n experiments is given by variables (only quantities that can be
measured).The distribution is denoted by
where = mean and = variance.
where
P = probability A normal distribution with =0 and = 1 is
X = discrete random variable known as a standard normal distribution
r = number of success (0, 1, 2, 3, …,n) and is denoted by N (0,1).
n = number of trials
p = probability of success in an experiment A normal random variable, X, can be
(0 < p <1) converted into standard normal random
q = probability of failure in an experiment variable by using .
( )
3. A binomial probability distribution can be Z= standard score or z-score
plotted as a graph. X= value of a normal random
4. Determine the mean, variance and standard variable
deviation of binomial distribution µ= mean of a normal
distribution
If X is a binomial discrete random variable σ = standard deviation of a
such that X~B (n, p), then normal distribution

Mean of X,

Variance of X,

Standard deviation of X,

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Normal Distribution
1. A continuous random variable, X, is normally distributed if the graph of its probability function
has the following properties.

• Its curve has a bell shape and it is symmetrical at the line x = µ.

• Its curve has a maximum value at x = µ.
• The area enclosed by the normal curve and the x-axis is 1.

09 Motion Along a Straight Line

9.1 Displacement
1. (a) Positive displacement means that the particle is at the right-hand side of O.
(b) Negative displacement means that the particle is at the left-hand side of O.
(c) Zero displacement means that the particle is at O.
2. Total distance travelled in the first n seconds is the total distance travelled by a particle from time
t = 0 to t = n.
3. Distance travelled during the nth second is the distance travelled by the particle from time t = (n
– 1) to t = n.
Thus, Distance travelled during the nth second = Sn − Sn−1

9.2 Velocity
1. Instantaneous velocity, v, is the rate of change of displacement, s, with respect to time, t and it is
ds
given by v=
dt

2. (a) When a particle moves to the right, it has a positive velocity.

(b) When a particle moves to the left, it has a negative velocity.
(c) When a particle is instantaneously at rest, it has a zero velocity.
3. The displacement of particle is a maximum (to the right or to the left of the fixed point O) when
its velocity is zero.

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4. A particle reverses its direction when it comes to instantaneous rest, i.e. v = 0.

5. Displacement, s, is given by the integration of the instantaneous velocity, v, with respect to time,
t, i.e.

n
6. Distance travelled during the nth second = ∫ v dt
n −1
7. The displacement of particle is a maximum (to the right or to the left of the fixed point O) when
its velocity is zero.
8. A particle reverses its direction when it comes to instantaneous rest, i.e. v = 0.

9.3 Acceleration
1. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
dv d 2 s
a= =
dt dt 2

v = ∫ a dt

2. (a) Positive acceleration means that the velocity is increasing with respect to time.
(b) Negative acceleration or deceleration means that the velocity is decreasing with respect to
time.
(c) Zero acceleration means that the velocity is a constant (uniform velocity).
3. The velocity of a particle is a maximum when its acceleration is zero.
4. The following conclusion can be made.

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 d 2s
a= 2
dt
ds dv
v= a=
dt
dt
s v a

s = ∫ v dt v = ∫ a dt

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Important tips:

Initial displacement / initial velocity / initial acceleration ⇒

(a) at the right-hand side of O ⇒
(b) 4 m to the right of O ⇒
(a) at the left-hand side of O ⇒
(b) 4 m to the left of O ⇒
when the particle moves to the right ⇒
when the particle moves to the left ⇒
when the particle is instantaneously at rest ⇒
when particle reverses its direction ⇒
when the particle returns to O ⇒
maximum displacement of the particle ⇒ or
maximum velocity of the particle ⇒ or
velocity is increasing / positive acceleration ⇒
velocity is decreasing / negative acceleration ⇒
uniform velocity(velocity is a constant) / zero acceleration ⇒
when particle M and particle N meet ⇒

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 10 Linear Programming
1. Linear programming is a method of solving problems involving two variables that can be
represented by a mathematical model by using inequalities as constraints.
2.
For ≥ or ≤ , use solid line ().

For > or <, use dashed line (----).

3. Just remember how to shade the regions which are greater than:

(a) y≥0 (b) x≥0

y y

x x
O O

(c) y ≥ b (b = y-intercept) (d) x≥a (a = x-intercept)

y
y x= a

b y =b
x
x a
O
O

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 (e) y ≥ mx + c (m = positive value) (f) y ≥ mx + c (m = negative value)
(Eg: y ≥ 2 x + 1 ) (Eg: y ≥ −2 x + 1 )
y y
y = mx + c
y = mx + c

x x
O O

4. A constraint is an inequality that represents a condition that must be satisfied in order for a
problem to be solved.

Constraint Inequality
1. y is more than x y>x
2. y is less than x y<x
3. y is not more than x y≤x
4. y is not less than x y≥x
5. y is at least k times of x y ≥ kx
6. y is at most k times of x y ≤ kx
The total x and y is not more than x+ y ≤k
7.
k
8. The smallest value of y is k y≥k
9. The greatest value of y is k y≤k
10. x exceeds two times of y at least k x − 2y ≥ k
y
11. The ratio of y to x is k or more ≥k
x

5. Important keywords:

not less than

at least
smallest value
minimum value
≥

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 not more than
at most
greatest value
≤
maximum value

6. Steps to solve a linear programming problem through graphical method:

Step 1: Determine the two variables, x and y.
Step 2: From the given constraints, interpret the problem and form inequalities that satisfy all
the constraints.
Step 3: Draw the straight lines for each inequality.
Step 4: Determine the region which satisfies all the inequalities.
Step 5: Form the optimal function k = ax + by .
Step 6: By using a ruler and set square, slide the line towards the region to find the maximum
or minimum point based the function.
Step 7: Determine the optimal value (maximum or minimum value).

TO MY BELOVED STUDENTS!!!

“GOOD LUCK & ALL THE BEST “

IN YOUR SPM EXAMINATION

WISHING YOU THE VERY BEST IN EVERYTHING AND MAY ALL THE NICEST
THINGS YOU WISH FOR ALWAYS COME TO YOU.

BEST WISHES,
PN BEH

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