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CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the Study

Pursuant to the provisions of Section 59 of Republic Act No.

9003, otherwise known as the “Philippine Ecological Solid Waste

Management Act of 2000,” and by virtue of Executive Order No.

192, Series of 1987, the Department of Environment and Natural

Resources hereby adopts and promulgates the following rules and

regulations. Implementing Rules and Regulations of Republic Act

9003, schools need to strengthen the integration of ecological solid

waste management and resource conservation and recovery topics

into the academic curricula of formal and non-formal education in

order to promote environmental awareness and action among the

citizenry(http://emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/DAO-

2001-34.pdf).

This law requires to effectively manage their solid wastes.

Solid waste refers tothe useless and unwanted products in the solid

state derived from the activities of and discarded by society. It is

produced either by - product of production processes or arise form

the domestic or commercial sector when objects or materials are

discarded after use.

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In an average person; solid waste is usually being said as the

following terms; a) Garbage: the term given principally to food

waste, but may include other degradable organic wastes.b)

Rubbish: consists of combustible and non-combustible solid waste,

excluding food wastes.c) Refuse: the collective term for solid

wastes, includes both garbage and rubbish.d) Litter: odds and

ends, bits of paper, discarded wrappings, bottles etc. Left lying

around in public places (http://www.smartranger.net

/index.cfm?menuid=3).

Solid-waste management, on the other hand, is the

collecting, treating, and disposing of solid material that is discarded

because it has served its purpose or is no longer useful. Improper

disposal of municipal solid waste can create unsanitary conditions,

and these conditions in turn can lead to pollution of

the environment and to outbreaks of vector-borne disease—that is,

diseases spread by rodents and insects. The tasks of solid-waste

management present complex technical challenges. They also pose

a wide variety of administrative, economic, and social problems

that must be managed and solved. (https://www.britannica.

com/technology/solid-waste-management ).
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Problems persist in school despite numerous efforts to

implement a policy on solid waste policy. This study described the

impact of pupils and teacher’s involvement in problem identification

and action planning to implement a school policy on solid waste

management (SWM) (Parocha, et al).

Solid waste refers to the thrown away food waste and its

plastic, paper or other materials used for packaging, as well as

school operation waste which are mostly papers. Solid waste,

materials which are presumed to be useless, undesirable and

unwanted substances in the solid state produced from the activities

of and discarded by people (Desa, 2012)as cited by Mita A

Parocha, Ernesto Esguerra Jr. and Celeste G. Hular; comes from

everywhere, including schools. With most Philippine schools where

food are bought or brought from homes and not supplied, and

especially those that are heavily populated by pupils who consume

food and refreshment products packed and bottled of plastic and

paper materials are likely to have trash collection in volume at

direct proportionality to population. At a rapid pace it creates

predominantly serious problems for the schools and its safe

disposal is now a challenge because wastes continuously increase

at a steady rapid pace.

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Previous studies have identified awareness, attitude and

involvement (Coad, 2005) as factors closely related with practices

to manage waste properly. As cited by Mita A Parocha, Ernesto

Esguerra Jr. and Celeste G. Hular, Freudah (2002) identified

several factors impeding the effective and efficient solid waste

management including wrong attitudes and perceptions of the

people about sanitation issues contributed to SWM problems. He

recommended that more education should be provided to sensitize

the people on the need to keep the surrounding clean.

Arora and Agarwal (2011) agreed with Freudah (2002) and

pointed out that the environmental attitude of young people

appears to be crucial as they ultimately play a direct role in

providing solutions to impending environmental problems. To

maintain long-term program support, the public needs to know

clearly what kind of behavior is desired and why. Moreover,

involving people in the how is and why programs is of waste

management education must be consistent to stimulate interest in

how waste management decisions are made.

The study of Arora and Agarwal (2011) supported the

importance to develop skills, awareness and attitude while Esa, et

al. (2012) highlighted the importance to gauge the awareness of

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the public with regards to waste management. Similarly, Vivek et

al (2013) posited that giving social awareness may improve the

practices of waste management. These two studies agreed with

Schubeler (1996) to influence attitude through public information

campaign and education measures.

Literature Background

Solid waste management is a term that is used to refer to

the process of collecting and treating solid wastes. It also offers

solutions for recycling items that do not belong to garbage or

trash. As long as people have been living in settlements and

residential areas, garbage or solid waste has been an issue. Waste

management is all about how solid waste can be changed and used

as a valuable resource. Solid waste management should be

embraced by each and every household including the business

owners across the world. Industrialization has brought a lot of good

things and bad things as well. One of the negative effects of

industrialization is the creation of solid waste. (https://

www.conserve-energy-future.com/sources-effects-methods-of-

solid-waste-management.php).

Solid waste refers to the range of garbage arising from

animal and human activities that are discarded as unwanted and

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useless. Solid waste is generated from industrial, residential and

commercial activities in a given area, and may be handled in a

variety of ways.

As such, landfills are typically classified as

sanitary, municipal, construction and demolition or industrial waste

sites. Waste can be categorized based on material, such as plastic,

paper, glass, metal, and organic waste. Categorization may also be

based on hazard potential, including radioactive, flammable,

infectious, toxic, or non-toxic. Categories may also pertain to the

origin of waste, such as industrial, domestic, commercial,

institutional or construction and demolition.

Regardless of the origin, content or hazard potential, solid

waste must be managed systematically to ensure environmental

best practices. As solid waste management is a critical aspect of

environmental hygiene, it needs to be incorporated

into environmental planning.

Further, Solid Waste Management is defined as the discipline

associated with control of generation, storage, collection, transport

or transfer, processing and disposal of solid waste materials in a

way that best addresses the range of public health, conservation,

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economics, aesthetic, engineering and other environmental

considerations.

In its scope, solid waste management includes planning,

administrative, financial, engineering and legal functions. Solutions

might include complex inter-disciplinary relations among fields

such as public health, city and regional planning, political science,

geography, sociology, economics, communication and

conservation, demography, engineering and material sciences.

Solid waste management practices can differ for residential

and industrial producers, for urban and rural areas, and for

developed and developing nations. The administration of non-

hazardous waste in metropolitan areas is the job of local

government authorities. On the other hand, the management of

hazardous waste materials is typically the job of the generator,

subject to local, national and even international

authorities.(https://www.thebalance.com/an-introduction-to-solid-

waste-management-2878102)

Solid waste management is the discipline associated with the

control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport,

processing, and disposal of solid wastes in a manner that is in

accord with the best principles of public health, economics,

 8

engineering, conservation, aesthetics, and other environmental

considerations, and that is also responsive to public

attitudes.(http://emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/DAO-

2001-34.pdf).

The Resource Conservation Recovery Act(RCRA) states that

"solid waste" means any garbage or refuse, sludge from a

wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air

pollution control facility and other discarded material, resulting

from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural operations,

and from community activities. Nearly everything we do leaves

behind some kind of waste.

Every school has a legal duty to ensure that an efficient

school waste management system is in place, aiming to reduce,

reuse and recycle. Increasingly, schools are being viewed as role

models for eco-friendly waste management and this somewhat

daunting responsibility must be addressed appropriately by every

school.

Solid waste management is embodied in RA 9003 or the

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000. This law provides

the legal framework for the country in systematic, comprehensive

and ecological solid waste management program that shall ensure

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protection of public health and the environment´ (Environmental

Management Bureau-DENR, 2009). In the country, the local

government units (LGUs) hold the primary responsibility for the

effective and efficient solid waste management. Despite this law,

however, poor solid waste management in the Philippines is still

prevalent since open and controlled dumps are being used in the

country.

C.K Wasike (2015) emphasizes that hygiene and sanitation is

core to any hospitality industry world over. Any lapses in the

practice will always witness hundreds of thousands of people suffer

from food poisoning, water borne infections and other health

threats to both staff and guests at the hospitality industries. The

Hospitality industry has a role to play to maintain standards and at

the same time influence the country’s policies with a view to

safeguard the ecosystem and water towers.

T.C Nzeadibe (2011) pointed out in his article “Development

Impact of Advocacy Initiatives in Solid Waste Management” that

solid waste management (SWM) in many low- and middle-income

countries is sometimes driven by the informal sector.

Unfortunately, contributions of the sector to SWM are not

acknowledged in many developing countries. This situation often

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arises from inadequate awareness and lack of advocacy for these

development contributions.

Improvements in civil infrastructure are required to become a

world leading economy according to S. Kumar (2017). Developing

high-quality infrastructure that meets the needs of the people and

protects the environment is fundamental to achieving effective

economic growth. Waste management infrastructure has an

important role in delivering sustainable development. Rapid

population growth will lead to depletion of natural resources.

Resources can be recovered from wastes using existing

technologies and effective recycling tradition.

AL Castillo (2013) said that the reduction, reuse and

recycling system, and ultimate disposal in environmentally sanitary

landfill in the Philippines, unfortunately, could still be considered as

not effective and efficient in attaining a clean environment and in

decreasing the country’s GHG emissions and its effects to local and

global climate change . This is manifested by the low compliance of

LGUs to Republic Act 9003 and rampant littering and unhealthy

practice of burning wastes in some open dumps and areas. Hence,

we believe that the key to effective solid waste management in the

Philippines is firstly the political will of the LGUs to innovatively

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comply with RA 9003, through mobilization and participation of

community, private and informal waste sectors towards minimizing

solid waste and uplifting the economic status of the vulnerable

groups of waste pickers, buyers and scavengers.

E.C Bernardo (2008) said that the human activities are the

main cause of the calamity in our country. Ignorance of people

brought large amount of garbage to our place. Proper waste

management is not just doings of government for us but we are

also assigned to do it inside and outside our place for our safety.

Each and every one of us must have sense of responsibility in

terms of garbage disposal to prevent any disaster that might come.

S. Cointreau (2006) posited that solid waste management

(SWM) has become an issue of increasing global concern as urban

populations continue to rise and consumption patterns change. The

health and environmental implications associated with SWM are

mounting in urgency, particularly in the context of developing

countries. While systems analyses largely targeting well-defined,

engineered systems have been used to help SWM agencies in

industrialized countries since the 1960s, collection and removal

dominate the SWM sector in developing countries. This review

contrasts the history and current paradigms of SWM practices and

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policies in industrialized countries with the current challenges and

complexities faced in developing country SWM. In industrialized

countries, public health, environment, resource scarcity, climate

change, and public awareness and participation have acted as SWM

drivers towards the current paradigm of integrated SWM. However,

urbanization, inequality, and economic growth; cultural and socio-

economic aspects; policy, governance, and institutional issues; and

international influences have complicated SWM in developing

countries. This has limited the applicability of approaches that were

successful along the SWM development trajectories of

industrialized countries. This review demonstrates the importance

of founding new SWM approaches for developing country contexts

in post-normal science and complex, adaptive systems thinking.

N. Ejaz, N. Akhtar, H. Nisar & U. Ali Naeem (2010) in their

published book “Environmental Impacts Of Improper Solid Waste

Management In Developing Countries: A Case Study Of Rawalpindi

City” said that solid waste damps are seriously spoiling the

environmental conditions in developing countries. Negative

environmental impacts from improper solid waste dumping can be

easily observed everywhere in the developing world. In Pakistan,

due to a lack of proper planning and funding, the solid waste

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management scenario is becoming worse day by day. To highlight

the main causes of improper solid waste management in

developing countries, Rawalpindi city is selected as a case study.

This city is facing miserable solid waste management crises due to

rapid industrialization, urbanization and insufficient funding.

Improper solid waste dumps are spreading different diseases in the

study area. It is investigated during the research that due to rapid

growth in population, increments in solid waste generation rate,

management deficiencies, lack of legislative implementation and

funding, the solid waste management systems of Rawalpindi are

not working effectively.

The major causes for the inefficient municipal solid waste

management systems in Rawalpindi are the unintended invasion of

the city, severe weather conditions, lack of social

awareness/community involvement, improper resources including

improper equipment and lack of funds. An inefficient municipal

solid waste management system may create serious negative

environmental impacts like infectious diseases, land and water

pollution, obstruction of drains and loss of biodiversity.

SM Kassim (2006) stated that solid waste management has

only been a social responsibility of the corporate world or one of

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the services to be provided by the municipality and a non-priority

for national governments. However, in Mumbai, the improperly

managed wastes generate 22,000 tons of toxic pollutants like

particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrous and sulfur oxides in

addition to 10,000 grams of carcinogenic dioxins and furans every

year. These numbers are only for the city of Mumbai. This is the

case in cities all across the developing world. There are numerous

examples where groundwater is polluted by heavy metals and

organic contaminants due to solid waste landfills.

Baltazar (2001) stated that solid waste management

expenditure of above $ 1 billion per year competes with education,

poverty, security and other sustainable initiatives in New York City.

Fossil fuels for above 500,000 truck trips covering hundreds of

miles are required to transport NYC’s waste to landfills outside the

city and state. Similarly, New Delhi spends more than half of its

entire municipal budget on solid waste management, while it is

desperate for investments and maintenance of roads, buildings,

and other infrastructure.

Solid waste management is not just a corporate social

responsibility or a non-priority service anymore. Improper waste

management is a public health and environmental crisis, economic

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loss, operational inefficiency and political and public awareness

failure. Integrated solid waste management can be a nation

building exercise for healthier and wealthier communities.

Therefore, it needs global attention to arrive at solutions which

span across such a wide range of issues.

Smith (2001) emphasized that community participation has a

direct effect on efficient solid waste management plan. The

municipal authorities have failed to mobilize the community and

educate citizens on the basics of handling waste and proper way of

storing it in their own bins at the household, shop and institutional

level and then disposing it in the communal storage points declared

by the authorities. In the absence of basic waste infrastructure for

collection of waste from source, citizens are prone to dumping

waste on the streets, open spaces, drains, and water bodies in the

vicinity creating unhygienic environment. Citizens assume that

waste thrown in the streets would be picked up by the municipality

through street sweeping.

Unregulated dumping of trash puts the environment in grave

condition. Waste products and stored trash either contain toxic

chemicals or eventually emit toxic substances once mixed with

other disposed components. Aside from harmful emissions, without

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proper waste management services, toxic components can seep

into soil and water resources. This can potentially pollute food and

water sources of people. Unregulated waste dumping not only

compromises environmental health, but also affects public health.

Throughout the years, several institutions and individuals have

resorted to burning of garbage for immediate and more convenient

disposal. Burning, though, emits greenhouses gases affecting the

ozone layer and eventually contributing largely to global warming.

Bascara (2000) said that waste management services use

liners to filter toxic chemicals to avoid leaking of wastes into the

ground. This type of environmental services also efficiently stores

methane and utilizes it to prevent damaging emissions. There

are many ways you can partake in proper waste disposal. You can

employ professional waste management services and engage in

your personal waste management practice. There are many

companies offering solutions on segregating and recycling different

types of waste products. As cliche as it sounds, segregation,

recycling and reuse of waste materials still counts as an effective

methods in minimizing and addressing waste problems. You should

always separate reusable products from those disposable

components. Separate biodegradable from the non-biodegradable.

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You should pick out materials you can use such as plastic, paper,

rubber and other similar items. You should also try to look for

materials you can include in composting. If you do not need

compost, you can always sell these waste products to farmers and

other business owners. You can sell plastics, tin cans, bottles and

similar products to junk shops and recycling plants. Reuse follows a

similar idea for recycling. You should make use of materials that

are still functional.

People need to know about the importance of proper waste

management to help induce action. The better you are aware of

the value and benefits of good waste practice, the easier and more

efficient the desired behavior can be adapted. Improper and illegal

waste disposal has caused problems for the environment and the

health of individuals. Proper waste management services apply to

both rural and urban areas. Because of the risk and impact of

accumulated waste and toxins, it has also become essential to

educate people about proper waste disposal. Just like other

pressing matters in society, individuals need constant reminder

about the value of waste management services to encourage action

and sustainability.
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Green Mantra Technologies, a Canadian company, has found

a way not only to recycle plastic but to “upcycle” it into other more

valuable and useful materials. An example of this would be turning

plastics into waxes and lubricants that are far more valuable then

for example a plastic water bottle or a grocery bag. They in fact

are currently producing an estimated 5,000 tons per year of

ingredients that are used in roofing shingles and packaging glue.

Their chief executive also says they do not plan on stopping just

there and are looking for other ways to upcycle plastic waste

material.

People need more waste management companies to come up

with new ways to re-invent plastic material. ReDeTec is just one

company that has come up with a great and unique way - they are

doing their part in reusing plastic material. They essentially use

recycled plastic for their 3D printers and can make different models

for their clients. A normal roll of plastic film used for 3D printer’s

can be upwards of $30. They use a device that is able to be

programed to grind and melt waste before it is extruded into a film

that is then ready to be used for their printers. Not only have they

found themselves a cost-efficient way of producing business, they

are also helping the environment at the same time.

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It is no surprise that garbage has become a serious worldly

issue and what is concerning is what this means for the future

environment. It is a well known theory, and a likely one at that,

that by 2050 the ocean will actually contain more plastic in it than

fish. We need now more than ever to educate people on what they

can do to limit their waste and do their part to help rebuild the

environment. Take India for example. India, with a population of

1.32 billion, produces an estimated 60 million tons of waste alone

each day. On top of that, about 45 million tons of this waste is

dumped daily without being treated first. If this continues then

they will eventually need a garbage dump the size of a huge city.

Most importantly, one should figure out alternative ways to

using paper and paper products. There are many ways we can find

alternatives to paper. Instead of our daily Tim Hortons coffee we

can bring our own travel mug which they will be more than happy

to fill up all the same. More and more companies are also

encouraging their employees to use up scrap paper when jotting

down notes and such instead of using a brand-new sheet of paper.

Also, many companies are including notes at the end of their email

signatures that act as a friendly reminder to think of the

environment and not print out emails. Secondly, in addition to

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limiting our use of paper we should also consider finding

alternatives to plastic. The amount of plastic water bottles alone

that are discarded each day is terrifying. Ditch the plastic bottles

and easily make the switch to stainless steel water bottles. Instead

of using and paying for plastic grocery bags, bring and reuse cloth

bags. When you stop and think about it, there are countless ways

in which we can cut out plastic.

At a recent community-of-the-whole meeting, Simcoe’s

council expressed interest in conducting a standardized garbage

container pilot program. The council’s arguments for this is that it

would increase waste diversion. The county already has a waste

management bylaw however many residents choose not to stick to

it. According to the bylaw, the limits for garbage containers are

identified to a maximum weight of 20 kilograms and a maximum

volume of 80 litres.

Modernization and progress has had its share of

disadvantages and one of the main aspects of concern is the

pollution it is causing to the earth – be it land, air, and water. With

increase in the global population and the rising demand for food

and other essentials, there has been a rise in the amount of waste

being generated daily by each household. This waste is ultimately

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thrown into municipal waste collection centres from where it is

collected by the area municipalities to be further thrown into the

landfills and dumps. However, either due to resource crunch or

inefficient infrastructure, not all of this waste gets collected and

transported to the final dumpsites. If at this stage the

management and disposal is improperly done, it can cause serious

impacts on health and problems to the surrounding environment.

Waste that is not properly managed, especially excreta and

other liquid and solid waste from households and the community,

are a serious health hazard and lead to the spread of infectious

diseases. Unattended waste lying around attracts flies, rats, and

other creatures that in turn spread disease. Normally it is the wet

waste that decomposes and releases a bad odour. This leads to

unhygienic conditions and thereby to a rise in the health problems.

The plague outbreak in Surat is a good example of a city suffering

due to the callous attitude of the local body in maintaining

cleanliness in the city. Plastic waste is another cause for ill health.

Thus excessive solid waste that is generated should be controlled

by taking certain preventive measures.

The group at risk from the unscientific disposal of solid waste

include – the population in areas where there is no proper waste

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disposal method, especially the pre-school children; waste

workers; and workers in facilities producing toxic and infectious

material. Other high-risk group includes population living close to a

waste dump and those, whose water supply has become

contaminated either due to waste dumping or leakage from landfill

sites. Uncollected solid waste also increases risk of injury, and

infection. In particular, organic domestic waste poses a serious

threat, since they ferment, creating conditions favourable to the

survival and growth of microbial pathogens. Direct handling of solid

waste can result in various types of infectious and chronic diseases

with the waste workers and the rag pickers being the most

vulnerable.

Exposure to hazardous waste can affect human health,

children being more vulnerable to these pollutants. In fact, direct

exposure can lead to diseases through chemical exposure as the

release of chemical waste into the environment leads to chemical

poisoning. Many studies have been carried out in various parts of

the world to establish a connection between health and hazardous

waste. Waste from agriculture and industries can also cause

serious health risks. Other than this, co-disposal of industrial

hazardous waste with municipal waste can expose people to

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chemical and radioactive hazards. Uncollected solid waste can also

obstruct storm water runoff, resulting in the forming of stagnant

water bodies that become the breeding ground of disease. Waste

dumped near a water source also causes contamination of the

water body or the ground water source. Direct dumping of

untreated waste in rivers, seas, and lakes results in the

accumulation of toxic substances in the food chain through the

plants and animals that feed on it.

Disposing of waste has huge environmental impacts and can

cause serious problems. In the UK much is buried in landfill sites –

holes in the ground, sometimes old quarries, sometimes specially

dug. Some waste will eventually rot, but not all, and in the process

it may smell or generate methane gas, which is explosive and

contributes to the greenhouse effect. Leachate produced as waste

decomposes may cause pollution. Badly-managed landfill sites may

attract vermin or cause litter.

E-waste which could also be in a form of solid waste is a

serious environmental problem, from toxic chemicals and heavy

metals leaching into soils in landfills, to the pollution to air and

water supplies caused through improper recycling techniques in

developing countries. While we know e-waste is harmful to human

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health, particularly to those working directly with it in e-waste

dumps, new research sheds light on exactly how it impacts us.

Science Daily brings our attention to a new study published in

Environmental Research Letters that took air samples from from

Taizhou of Zhejiang province in China -- one of the largest

dismantling areas in the country that uses 60,000 people to

dismantle over two million tons of e-waste annually -- and explored

how the chemicals found in that air affects human lungs.

The researchers in Harvard conducted in 2005 found out that

e-waste pollution in the air causes inflammation and stress that

lead to heart disease, DNA damage and possibly even cancer. After

exposing the cultured lung cells to the organic-soluble and water-

soluble constituents of the samples, the researchers tested for the

level of Interleukin-8 (IL-8), a key mediator of inflammatory

response, and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), chemically reactive

molecules that can cause extensive damage in excess. The samples

were also tested for the expression of the gene -- a tumor

suppressor gene that produces a protein to help counteract cell

damage. If there is evidence of this gene being expressed it can be

seen as a marker that cell damage is taking place. The results

showed that the samples of pollutants caused significant increases

 25

in both IL-8 and ROS levels -- indicators of an inflammatory

response and oxidative stress respectively. Significant increases

were also observed in the levels of the p53 protein with the risk of

organic-soluble pollutants being much higher than water-soluble

pollutants.

We are well aware of the fact that e-waste dumps are a

massive problem for the environment, for the people working

within them, and for the people living nearby these dumps. By

instituting regulations for how e-waste is handled in the recycling

stream, many of these health issues could be mitigated. Yet the

possibility of better recycling practices is slim. A report last year

showed that India will see a 500% increase in e-waste being

imported for processing, and China and South Africa will see a

400% increase from 2007 levels over the next 10 years.

Health-care waste management in India is receiving greater

attention due to recent regulations (the Biomedical Wastes

(Management & Handling) Rules, 2000). The prevailing situation is

analysed covering various issues like quantities and proportion of

different constituents of wastes, handling, treatment and disposal

methods in various health-care units (HCUs). The waste generation

rate ranges between 0·5 and 2·0 kg bed−1day−1. It is estimated

 26

that annually about 0·33 million tonnes of waste are generated in

India. The solid waste from the hospitals consists of bandages,

linen and other infectious waste (30–35%), plastics (7–10%),

disposable syringes (0·3–0·5%), glass (3–5%) and other general

wastes including food (40–45%). In general, the wastes are

collected in a mixed form, transported and disposed of along with

municipal solid wastes.

At many places, authorities are failing to install appropriate

systems for a variety of reasons, such as non-availability of

appropriate technologies, inadequate financial resources and

absence of professional training on waste management. Hazards

associated with health-care waste management and shortcomings

in the existing system are identified. The rules for management

and handling of biomedical wastes are summarized, giving the

categories of different wastes, suggested storage containers

including color-coding and treatment options. Existing and

proposed systems of health-care waste management are

described. A waste-management plan for health-care

establishments is also proposed, which includes institutional

arrangements, appropriate technologies, operational plans,

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financial management and the drawing up of appropriate staff

training programs(https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=10671).

Segregation as per Solid Waste (Management and Handling)

Rules 2000 is now compulsory. Segregation in simple language

means separation of waste into DRY AND WET, so that it is easier

to handle it later. Recycling is important, but separating hazardous

and non-hazardous wastes is vital. Hazardous waste requires

special handling, and hazardous waste in non-hazardous containers

can cause serious problems. Since special handling tends to be

more expensive, you don’t want to waste money by disposing of

non-hazardous waste in hazardous waste containers.

The Healthy Environments for Children Alliance (HECA)

promotes a number of simple, low-cost, effective and sustainable

measures to combat the environmental risks to our children. n

2001, an estimated 685,000 children under the age of 15 were

killed by unintentional injuries including those resulting from road

traffic accidents, falls, burns and cases of drownings. Worldwide

approximately 20% of deaths due to such injuries occur in children

under 15 years old and they are among the ten leading causes of

death for this age group.

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Solid Waste generally comes from the residential and

commercial areas, for example houses, vegetable markets, hotels,

marriage palaces, hospitals, institutions, etc. The public should be

made aware by arranging awareness camps that the waste should

not be spread on streets, roads, nalis, etc. People should be made

aware of the fact that if the waste is properly disposed off from the

house then the environmental will not get polluted. Many severe

diseases can spread by improper disposal of SW. There should be

environmental engineers and public health engineers for the SW

management in addition to Health Officers related to community

medicines. Qualified engineers will work to overcome the

drawbacks of this system. There should be trained collectors who

know all the details that required for collecting SW from door to

door and from streets, roads, etc. There should be literacy classes

in which they learn how the SW can lead to various problems and

diseases and how these problems are reduced.

There should be health check up camps of community waste

collectors. The number of engineers and other staff members

should be adequate according to the population of the area,

provision of bins, containers, rickshaw and trolleys and trucks.

Their number should be sufficient and the government. should take

 29

care that the number of these equipments and material of the

containers should be okay. Proper finances and system to system

coordination is an important factor.

Health education is major part of the control programme of

these diseases. Environmental awareness, i.e. impact of various

environmental factors on human beings, is yet another important

factor that must be addressed. The health worker and doctors

should tell people about the common diseases against which care

should be taken. Preventive measures should be told to people and

they should be told to covers all the eatables. Boiled water should

be used for drinking purposes. Hand should be washed before

eating anything. Ammunition schedule should be followed by the

people. People should be made aware of population control. Basic

contraception methods should be told to the people. Doctors and

environmentalists should arrange awareness camps.

N. Ejaz, N. Akhtar, H. Nisar & U. Ali (2016) said that solid

waste damps are seriously spoiling the environmental conditions in

developing countries. Negative environmental impacts from

improper solid waste dumping can be easily observed everywhere

in the developing world. In Pakistan, due to a lack of proper

planning and funding, the solid waste management scenario is

 30

becoming worse day by day. To highlight the main causes of

improper solid waste management in developing countries,

Rawalpindi city is selected as a case study. This city is facing

miserable solid waste management crises due to rapid

industrialization, urbanization and insufficient funding. Improper

solid waste dumps are spreading different diseases in the study

area. It is investigated during the research that due to rapid

growth in population, increments in solid waste generation rate,

management deficiencies, lack of legislative implementation and

funding, the solid waste management systems of Rawalpindi are

not working effectively. The major causes for the inefficient

municipal solid waste management systems in Rawalpindi are the

unintended invasion of the city, severe weather conditions, lack of

social awareness/community involvement, improper resources

including improper equipment and lack of funds. An inefficient

municipal solid waste management system may create serious

negative environmental impacts like infectious diseases, land and

water pollution, obstruction of drains and loss of biodiversity.

Keywords: solid waste management, Rawalpindi City,

environmental impacts, land pollution.

 31

C. Sanchez (2016) on her article “Environmental Benefits of

Waste Management” stated that in the recent years, modern

society has become more responsible when it comes to waste

management. Irresponsible disposal of waste or not considering

the convenience of other people or the environment is a punishable

act. Therefore, businesses and households should be aware and

cautious of the environmental policies when it comes to waste

disposal and management. Waste disposal has emerged into an

industry and is more than just removing waste. The organic waste

is segregated from non-recyclable and inorganic waste. This has

allowed cities to make use of organic waste to create compost for

public areas. There are even some cities that package and sell the

compost to make money. These items can be reprocessed and

recycled and will be used in producing new products. This method

has helped reduce further consumption of natural resources and at

the same time lowers the ultimate needs for waste disposal.

Besides the environmental benefits of waste management, it

is also beneficial to health as well. In the past, burning waste in the

landfill or in the backyard was a common practice. But according to

health agencies, when garbage and plastics are being burned, they

produce particulate matter that are solid compounds and are

 32

suspended in the air. Exposure to this can increase the risks of

developing heart disease, respiratory disease, asthma and

emphysema. Proper disposal of waste or waste management

relocates waste to areas where they can be left, incinerated or

disposed of in a safe manner. Removing waste from public areas

helps reduce risks to overall health, decreases exposure to

biohazards and reduces infestation of pest.

There is another advantage of proper waste management

that not so many people are aware about and it is in the form of

waste energy. Waste energy is basically a derivative of some

techniques of waste management. Although incineration releases

large amounts of carbon dioxide as well as other pollutants,

modern advances have been available to capture the energy being

produced in incineration and utilize it to generate electricity. The

end result is an intricate method of reusing items to reduce the

need of future waste. Though this is done on small scale by

factories, it is a great start and is a huge benefit of waste

management and disposal.

Lucas (2001) believed that progress, advancement, and

modernization of the world have imposed a myriad of

disadvantages. One of the greatest concerns of it is the pollution,

 33

whether it is on air. Land or water. Moreover, the increasing global

population creates greater demand for food, clothing and other

commodities hence, households and communities tend to produce

tons of waste. Waste collection center will collect these wastes and

eventually throw them in the landfill. However, these sites are

gradually piling up, and some of our waste was not collected and

transported properly. These problems cause severe impacts to our

surrounding and health. Fortunately, people are becoming aware of

how to protect the environment.

William (2004) stated that waste management is now being

strictly regulated in most countries, and they have several laws

governing the generation, collection, recycling, transporting and

complete disposal of waste. If wastes are not handled accordingly,

it can cause health hazards and may spread infectious diseases. It

could attract rats, flies and other vermin and would excrete

leachate and other liquid chemicals. As the wet waste decomposes,

it also releases a harmful odor that eventually leads to unhygienic

conditions and health problems. Thus, we should implement and

follow good waste management so we can avoid all these problems

and diseases.
 34

Perhaps, the ultimate advantage of proper waste

management is keeping our surroundings fresh and clean. We go

disease-free and hazard-free. We are also able to eliminate the

causes of pollution and reduce the effect of greenhouse gases

including carbon monoxide and methane. Likewise, we are curbing

the incinerations and depth of our landfills which also cut down its

harmful factors to us and our environment. We are also helping in

the conservation of fossil fuels and other non-renewable energy

resources. You see, waste management has so much to offer to

humankind. Thus, we should give it the utmost importance and

diligence. Proper ways of handling and managing our wastes

should be undertaken to make sure that we are protecting not only

the planet Earth but our health as well. Through waste disposal, we

can reduce health hazards and prevent the spread of diseases.

It is important to learn the basics of recycling so that the

waste that does end up in landfills can be disposed of properly.

Plastics, metals, papers and certain types of glass can all be

recycled at your local recycling center. If one takes the time to

send these items to recyclable locations, the items can be reused

and returned to consumers. They will not end up as trash or

hurting the environment. If recyclables are placed into the ground

 35

they can potentially contaminate the surrounding soil. The Western

Courier shares with readers that as plastic water bottles break

down they can release DEHA, a type of carcinogen that can cause

reproductive problems, liver issues and weight loss. This type of

chemical can leach into the soil and cause contamination that can

reach plant and animal life as well as water sources. Newspapers

or paper that contains ink can be toxic to the soil as well. If the

garbage is dumped or not contained properly in a landfill it will

contaminate the surrounding ground.

V. Misra (2014) stated in her article “Hazardous waste,

impact on health and environment for development of better waste

management strategies for the future” that industry has become

an essential part of modern society, and waste production is an

inevitable outcome of the developmental activities. A material

becomes waste when it is discarded without expecting to be

compensated for its inherent value. These wastes may pose a

potential hazard to the human health or the environment (soil, air,

water) when improperly treated, stored, transported or disposed of

or managed. Currently in India even though hazardous wastes,

emanations and effluents are regulated, solid wastes often are

disposed of indiscriminately posing health and environmental risk.

 36

In view of this, management of hazardous wastes including

their disposal in environment friendly and economically viable way

is very important and therefore suggestions are made for

developing better strategies. Out of the various categories of the

wastes, solid waste contributes a major share towards

environmental degradation. The present paper outlines the nature

of the wastes, waste generating industries, waste characterization,

health and environmental implications of wastes management

practices, steps towards planning, design and development of

models for effective hazardous waste management, treatment,

approaches and regulations for disposal of hazardous waste.

Appraisal of the whole situation with reference to Indian scenario is

attempted so that a better cost-effective strategies for waste

management be evolved in future.

It is important to note that the definition of solid waste is not

limited to wastes that are physically solid. Many solid wastes are

liquid, semi-solid, or contained gaseous material. A solid waste is

any material that is discarded by being: abandoned if it is disposed

of, burned, incinerated, or sham recycled.

Some materials pose such a threat to human health and the

environment that they are always considered solid wastes; these

 37

materials are considered to be inherently waste-like. Examples of

inherently waste-like materials include certain dioxin-containing

wastes.Military munitions are all ammunition products and

components produced for or used by the U.S. Department of

Defense (DOD) or U.S. Armed Services for national defense and

security. Unused or defective munitions are solid wastes

when:abandoned (i.e., disposed of, burned, incinerated) or treated

prior to disposal;rendered no recyclable or nonusable through

deterioration; ordeclared a waste by an authorized military official.

Used (i.e., fired or detonated) munitions may also be solid wastes

if collected for storage, recycling, treatment, or disposal.

A material is recycled if it is used or reused (e.g., as an

ingredient in a process), reclaimed, or used in certain ways (used

in or on the land in a manner constituting disposal, burned for

energy recovery, or accumulated speculatively). Specific exclusions

to the definition of solid waste are listed in the Code of Federal

Regulations (CFR) at 40 CFR section 261.4(a). Many of these

exclusion are related to

recycling.(https://www.epa.gov/hw/criteria-definition-solid-waste-

and-solid-and-hazardous-waste-exclusions)
 38

On July 24, 2000 the Philippine Congress enacted RA 9003 or

the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act, a law that provides for

an ecological SWM program. This act mandated the Department of

Education (DepEd) and other concerned government agencies to

incorporate solid waste management in the school system at all

levels.

To address the growing problem on SWM, not only in schools

but also in communities, the DepEd issued memorandum no. 33 s,

2001, providing for the monitoring of school implementation of

ecological SWM. In this memorandum, schools must get involved

on zero waste management as this will complement the

government’s national green agenda, particularly in producing and

reducing trash. Similarly in 2000, the Republic Act No. 9003

provided for an ecological SWM program was made into law. Again

in 2011, in response to the growing problem in SWM, the

environmentalists urged the DepEd to push the country’s public

and private elementary and secondary schools to engage in waste

prevention (Villanueva, 2011).

The role of educating people (Li, Gao and Wu, 2011) and

raising their awareness (Sabiti, E. and Katangole, C., 2011) and

involvement are crucial in mitigating problems on SWM.

 39

Consequently, to solve existing problems on solid waste in schools,

the schools must utilize teaching-learning process using the

approaches and strategies that work best in teaching knowledge,

skills and attitudes. Since the task of teaching the pupil is a domain

for instruction, this paper assumes that using instruction tested

strategies and approaches to solve the problem will work positively

to infuse knowledge, skills, and attitudes geared towards SWM.

A person learns best when they are personally involved in

the learning experience and a person’s commitment to learning is

highest when they are free to set their own learning objectives and

are able to actively pursue them within a given framework (Jeffs

and Smith 2005, Richardson and Wolfie 2001 and Young 2006).

Utilizing also a collaborative approach to solve a problem is

beneficial because it can provide ownership and decision.

Moreover, Zimmeran (2006) believed that by providing

oppurtunuties for collaboration and participation in decision

making, people can also develop a supportive culture for change.

Therefore, keeping the pupils directly involved in problem

solving will increase their awareness, practice proper waste

disposal, wastes segregation and reduction of waste through

materials recovery, demonstrate the right attitude and create

 40

meaningful and lasting learning through practice. Following this

premise, the early movement and participation of pupils could

immensely help solve the problems on SWM specifically the

problems on increased amount of waste and non-segregation. In

addition, collaborating with them in some decision making process

will help develop a supportive culture for SWM. Collective effort of

the community on SWM and addressing the problem using teaching

learning approaches could yield better result. Although elementary

pupils are often seen as those that need to be driven by an adult

such as teacher, Fletcher (2003) stated that the students need to

become directly involved with the decision making process in

schools. Hence, learning is seen as dynamic process, which leads

to action and to be meaningful, learning needs to be tested in

reality (Young, 2006).

In the study of Ana GR et al (2011), it was found out that

inappropriate solid waste management practices in schools in less-

developed countries, particularly in major urban communities,

constitute one of the major factors leading to declining

environmental health conditions. The objective of the authors'

descriptive, cross-sectional study was to assess solid waste

management problems in selected urban schools in Ibadan,

 41

Nigeria. Eight secondary schools with average pupil populations not

less than 500 per school were selected randomly.

Four hundred questionnaires (50 per school) were

administered. In addition, an observational checklist was used to

assess the physical environment. Paper and plastics were the most

frequently generated wastes. Common methods of solid waste

disposal reported were use of dustbins for collection and open

burning. Major problems perceived with current refuse disposal

methods by the study students were odors, pest infestation, and

spillages. Littering and spillages of solid waste were also common

features reported. Data suggested inadequate waste management

facilities and practices in study schools. The lack of refuse bins may

have contributed to waste spillages and the burning practices.

Odors may have arisen from both the decay of overstored organic

waste rich in moisture and emissions from refuse burning. This

scenario poses a community environmental health nuisance and

may compromise school environmental quality.

According to the British Council Schools Online , solid waste

management has become a major environmental issue. Effective

solid waste management systems are needed to ensure better

human health and safety. It includes collection, transport,

 42

processing or disposal of waste materials. Some of the key issues

involved in solid waste management are growth in population,

increasing garbage generation, improper waste collection system

and segregation of waste at source. In order to make the students

aware of the critical issue and also to prevent wasting things in

school, we selected solid waste management as one of the

activities under the ISA project

(https://schoolsonline.britishcouncil.org/blogs/kavibharathi/solid-

waste-management).

Solid waste management is a polite term for garbage

management. As long as humans have been living in settled

communities, solid waste or garbage has been an issue and

modern societies generate far more solid waste than early humans

ever did. Solid waste management is a system for handling all of

this garbage and includes municipal waste collections, recycling

progress, dump and incineration.

In order to create awareness about prevention, minimization,

reuse, recycling, energy recovery and disposal of garbage a project

‘Solid waste Management’was taken up for the students of Kavi

Bharathi Vidyalaya aged 12-13 years.

 43

Initial past of the project had the students doing research

work on the initiatives taken by the governments of U.K, U.S and

China regarding solid waste management. The data collected was

presented in the form of power point presentations and charts.

They also wrote articles, and reports and delivered speech about

solid waste management. They learnt cost recovery by selling the

recyclable materials they collected in the school. They also did art

work using the reusable materials such as pen stand, wall hanging,

jewelry, flower vase.

A compost pit was made to manage the solid waste

generated in school. The students learnt about segregation of

biodegradable & non-biodegradable waste. Different coloured

waste bins for organic and inorganic waste were also kept to make

these activities effective an Eco Club was formed in school. The

impact of this project was so great that most of the students were

inspired to do solid waste management in their home front too.

The topic of environmental protection has attained highest

importance in this era globally but the practices of basic concepts

waste disposal are often neglected. People around the globe are

aware of the impact of improper waste disposal practices, but the

negative attitude of implementation gives rise to chaotic situations.

 44

This study was conducted to obtain baseline information

about waste management practices among school children in

Kerala. This cross sectional study was conducted using a well

designed and validated questionnaire. Out of one thousand

students of a high school and higher secondary school from

Thrissur City in Kerala, 300 were randomly selected. The data

analyzed using student t-test showed, high school students are

more aware about household waste management than the higher

secondary school students.

It is evident from this study that there is significant

difference between awareness and practice. The study reveals the

necessity of giving mass awareness to the impact of waste disposal

practices from the beginning of school education. Committed

environmental education will inculcate a proper and appropriate

environmental culture in the students. As the study revealed

awareness of e-waste disposal is lacking there is an urgent need to

rectify this gap in knowledge and practice

(https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269520226_Awareness

_Attitude_and_Practice_of_School_Students_towards_Household_

Waste_Management).
 45

People are born from the earth, they return to the earth and

they sustain by the earth. Hence the environment in which they

live is very important and it directly affects their lives. It is said

that man is the product of his environment. Environmental problem

is a global concern. It has no boundary. Around the world; efforts

are being made to make people aware about environmental

protection.

One of the main causes of environmental degradation is

improper management in the disposal of solid waste. It is a major

cause of pollution and outbreak of diseases in many parts of the

world. There is no permanent solution for environmental

problems, only thing we can reduce and control waste generation

by proper awareness and practice. Proper management of the

waste generated is most important in this matter. Waste

management is a science that addresses the logistics,

environmental impact, social responsibility and cost of an

organizations’ waste disposal.

Solid Waste Management (SWM) has 3 basic components

namely coll-ection, transportation and disposal. Comprehensive

solid waste management incorporates a diverse range of activiti-es

including reduction, recycling, segregation, modificati-on,

 46

treatment and disposal which have varying levels of

sophistication (Zagozewski et al, 2011). The objective of SWM is

to reduce the quantity of solid waste disposed off on land by

recovery of materials and energy from solid waste in a cost

effective and environmental friendly manner (MF, 2009).

It is estimated that 1, 60000 MT (Metric Tonne) of munici-

pal solid waste is generated daily in India. According to the 2001

census, per capita waste generation in India is 0.5 Kg/day (Vinod &

Venugopal, 2010). Waste management activities generate

potential environmental benefits if man-aged properly (Gentil et al,

2009). There has been hardly any effort in the past to create

community awareness, eith-er about the likely perils due to poor

waste management or the simple steps that every citizen can

take. This could have helped in reducing waste generation

and promote effective waste management. But this scenario has

chang-ed. Nowadays more and more people are taking interest in

environmental issues, as they have started to experience the

ill-effects of ecological issues.

Now environmental education is welcomed by all categories

of people. It is an attempt to reorient education so that

environmental competence is restored as one of its basic aims

 47

along with person-al and social competence (Shobeiri et al, 2007).

Environmental problems are many. It is mounting high with

new problems like disposal of e-waste. E-waste is a collective

terminology for the entire stream of electronic equipment such as

TV, refrigerators, telephones, air conditioners, computers, mobile

phones etc. that has reached its End of Life (EOL) for its current

user.

Such devices are generally considered toxic when

disassembled or incinerated and are typically targeted for

hazardous disposal or are slated for necessary recovery and reuse

(MF, 2009). Hygiene starts from home. Our household waste

accounts for major amount of solid rubbish. Some are reusable and

others non-reusable.

All these constitute megatons of municipal wastes. If it is

not properly disposed off, the consequences are dangerous

(Yadav & Mishra, 2004). So there is an urgent need to streamline

and sensitize young minds to the environmental problems and

concerns. It is the education which makes human beings

knowledgeable to environment and problems related to it.

Students must have awareness about environmental problems so

that they can play their role very effectively in proper waste
 48

management (Tartiu, 2011). Hence this study was an attempt to

know how far the school students are aware and practicing proper

waste management.

(https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269520226_Awareness

_Attitude_and_Practice_of_School_Students_towards_Household_

Waste_Management ) .

The above theories and literatures were reviewed and

considered in this study to guide the researcher in the formulation

of the research problem and in the analysis and interpretation of

data.
 49

THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem

The main purpose of this study was to determine the

violations committed by the students against the solid waste

management policies at the Patronage of Mary Development

School, Poblacion, Boljoon, Cebu during the months of December

2017- January 2018.Findings served as bases for some

recommendations.

Specifically, this study answered the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the violators in terms of:

1.1 age;

1.2 sex; and

1.3 grade level?

2. What are the typed violations committed by the students with

reference to:

2.1 Indiscriminate throwing of waste, and

2.2 Non segregation of waste?

3. What are the reasons of the violators for non-compliance of

solid waste management disposal and segregation; with

reference to:

3.1 Not aware of the policy;

 50

3.2 In a hurry; and

3.3 Just testing the rules?

4. Is there a significant relationship between the profile of the students

and the violations they committed?

Statement of the Null Hypothesis

There is no significant relationship between the profile of the

students and violations they committed.

Significance of the Study

The school community is at the helps in promoting solid

waste management. School heads are then expected to bring

about the atmosphere of harmony and unity that promotes

achievement. With this important information taken into

consideration, the researcher hopes that this study will prove

useful to the following:

Students - In this study the students will be provided

with new information and knowledge about their own

weaknesses in the compliance with the Schools Solid Waste

Management Policies.

School Administrators – As leaders in school programs,

they may find in this study features or aspects that evaluate

their strengths and weaknesses and in turn help them in

 51

improving the implementation of the Solid Waste

Management Policies.

Non-Teaching Personnel at the Patronage of Mary

School–They will benefit whatever will be the innovations in

solid waste management at the Patronage of Mary

Development School.

PMDS Teachers – Teachers are the immediate

beneficiaries of this study. This will serve as evaluative

mechanism in which the teachers are given the opportunities

to effectively implement the School Solid Waste Management

Policies.

The Researchers – The relevant information acquired

from the study will help the researchers devise or create a

comprehensive solid waste management plan to improve

policing and enforcing School Solid Waste Management

policies.

Future Researchers –The future researchers will

make use of the information and findings from this study to

continue further researches and establish new theories in

different aspects in relation to solid waste management.

 52

Research Methodology

Design

This study employed the descriptive research method with

the use of observation and survey questionnaires as the

instruments in collecting data in the violations committed by the

students on Solid Waste Management Policy. Quantitative data

such as the respondents profile, common violations, reason for

violation on policies in solid waste management quality were

analyzed and interpreted. Interviews were conducted to generate

data on common violations. This also verified and clarified the

answers that were given by the respondents. This served as the

support information in data analysis and interpretation.

Environment

This study was conducted in the Patronage of Mary

Development School. The Patronage of Mary Development School

is 100 meters from the main road and 300 meters from the

Municipal Hall and Parish Church. PMDS has two buildings all

located on Medida St. Extension, Poblacion, Boljoon, Cebu. The

first building is a two-storey edifice which houses the library,

guidance office, computer room, TLE room, Science laboratory and

 53

Administrative office. The second building is a three-storey

structure, with the first and second floors just completed in June

2012. Currently, it has 8 rooms that houses the classrooms for

pre-school and elementary pupils. PMDS has a spacious ground for

play, sports activities and flag ceremonies, waiting area for

guardians and canteen which sells nutritious snacks.

Subjects

Junior and Senior High School Students who violated the

rules and policies on waste disposal and segregation were the

subjects of this study. Students who were caught in the act of

throwing indiscriminately their wastes and those who failed to

throw the solid waste in the assigned trash were included in their

study. Their profile on age, sex and grade level were taken first set

of quantitative data. This was followed the determination specific

violations and reasons why the violators failed to follow the solid

waste rules.

Research Procedure

The researchers study about the solid waste management

particularly in policing and enforcement. The researcher enforce

the rules and regulations on Solid waste management. Everyday

 54

violators were asked to answer the survey form to set data

necessary for this study. In December 2017 to January 2018 the

researcher collect the data by letting the violators answers the

survey form and after the researcher gathered all the data they

create a table having frequency and percentage.

Treatment of data

The quantitative data were processed and analyzed using the

weighted mean. Frequency distribution and percentage (F/n*100).

Definition of Terms

To avoid misinterpretations of certain word or group of

words in this study, some relevant terms are defined and explained

according to their appropriate usage in the manuscript:

School –Based Solid Waste Management Policies-means the

rules and regulations enforced in the school that have something to

do with disposal and segregation of solid wastes.

Solid waste management -is a term that is used to refer to the

process of collecting and treating solid wastes at the Patronage of

Mary Development School.

 55

Solid Waste- refers to the paper, plastic, metal, glass and other

wastes thrown in discharged by the students at the Patronage of

Mary Development School.

Violations committed- are the deficiencies are non-compliance to

the Schools Solid Waste Management Policies in terms of disposal

and segregation.
 56

Chapter II

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This Chapter presents the, analyzes and interprets data as answers

to the research questions based in this study.

Table 1. Presents the profile of the research subjects on terms of

age, sex and grade level.

Table 1
Profile of the Subjects

n=47

AGE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

6-10 5 10.65
11-15 19 40.43
16-20 23 48.92
Sex Total 47 100
Male 30 63.83
Female 17 36.17
Grade Level Total 47 100
Elementary 8 17.03
Junior HS 17 36.17
Senior HS 22 46.80
Total 47 100

In terms of age, there are 5(10.65%) students who are

between 6 to10 years old. There are 19(40.43%) students who are

between 11 to 15 years old. Twenty three (48.92%) students are

between 16 to 20 years old.

 57

In terms of sex, there are 30(63.83%) students who are

males and 17(36.17%) are females.

In terms of grade level, there are 8(17.03%) students who

are in the elementary level. There are 17(36.17%) who are Junior

High School students, and there are 22(46.80%) Senior High

School students.

This means that majority of the students who violated the

solid waste disposal are between 11 to 15 years old and most of

them are males. Almost half of the students who violated the

proper solid waste disposal are senior high school students.

It can be implied that the older students did not observe the

school solid waste management policies. There is a need for these

students to be reoriented on the solid waste management

advocacy of the school so that they become compliant not only in

School but also at home. They need to constantly proctor the Solid

Waste Management Policies of the school as they are supposed to

be the role models of the younger students.

Arora and Agarwal (2011) agreed with Freudah (2002)

and pointed out that the environmental attitude of young people

appears to be crucial as they ultimately play a direct role in

 58

providing solutions to impending environmental problems. To

maintain long-term program support, the public needs to know

clearly what kind of behavior is desired and why. Moreover,

involving people in the how is and why programs is of waste

management education must be consistent to stimulate interest in

how waste management decisions are made.

The study of Arora and Agarwal (2011) supported the

importance to develop skills, awareness and attitude while Esa, et

al. (2012) highlighted the importance to gauge the awareness of

the public with regards to waste management. Similarly, Vivek et

al (2013) posited that giving social awareness may improve the

practices of waste management. These two studies agreed with

Schubeler (1996) to influence attitude through public information

campaign and education measures.

 59

Table 2, presents the Violations committed by the students at

the Patronage of Mary Development School during the months of

December 2017 to January 2018.

Table 2
Violations committed

n=47

Violations Frequency Percentage

1Indiscriminately
26 55.32
throwing
2.Non segregation 21 44.68
total 47 100

There are 26(55.32%) students who indiscriminately throwing solid

waste, while 21(44.68%) students did not segregate the solid

wastes properly.

This means that the students are not complying with rules of

the school in properly disposing the garbage. Non segregation is

also evident through throwing the waste in the receptacle not

assigned to the waste thrown.

Refuse produced by communities is called solid waste. It

includes garbage from households, companies, schools,

businesses, hospitals and laboratories. Tons of refuse which are

collected in urban centers are brought to dumpsites, while the

 60

uncollected wastes thrown elsewhere. This waste clogs drainage

canals and manholes and pollutes esteros and the natural water

system. Improper waste disposal causes diseases and pollution

that pose great dangers to health. One way to help solve this

problem is to be conscious of how you manage your waste.

Classify garbage as wet and dry. Wet garbage are: animal

feeds and organic compostable. Animal feeds are household wastes

such as vegetable leftovers or others that can be used as feeds for

animals, especially swine. Organic compostable are organic

materials that cannot be used a animal feeds but could be turned

into compost, such as rotting fruits and vegetables, peelings, twigs,

leaves, etc. Dry garbage may either be organic or inorganic, as

metals, rags, paper, cardboard, bottles, plastics, wood pieces,

glass, etc.

These may be sub classified as: Factory returnable. Items

that factories can recycle, such as broken glass and bottles,

plastics, paper cardboard, metals. etc. Arts and crafts materials.

Items which can be used in handicrafts, such as paper Mache,

trinkets, etc. Combustible materials. Wastes from wood and tree

branches and even leaves that can be used as fuel. Filling materials

(www.scientific-journals.co.uk).
 61

Segregation as per Solid Waste (Management and Handling)

Rules 2000 is now compulsory. Segregation in simple language

means separation of waste into DRY AND WET, so that it is easier

to handle it later. Recycling is important, but separating hazardous

and non-hazardous wastes is vital. Hazardous waste requires

special handling, and hazardous waste in non-hazardous containers

can cause serious problems. Since special handling tends to be

more expensive, you don’t want to waste money by disposing of

non-hazardous waste in hazardous waste containers.

Table 3. Presents the kind of waste been thrown by the subjects.

Table 3
Kind waste been thrown by the students.

n=47

Kind of waste
Frequency Percentage
thrown
1.paper 11 23.40
2.plastic 32 68.09
3.Others 4 8.51
total 47 100

There are 11(23.40%) who threw papers. There are 32(68.09%)

students who threw plastics and there are students 4(8.51%)

students who threw other waste like sticks, dry leaves and others.
 62

This means that most of the solid waste indiscriminately

thrown were plastic. It can be implied that the packaging and

wrappers of food, drinks and school supplies are made of plastic

products. That is why most of the solid waste were plastic.

Plastic Products is a leading plastics solutions provider in the

Philippines, serving the consumer, food, beverage and homewares

industries.(http://starplas.com.ph/)

In the study of Ana GR et al (2011), it was found out

that inappropriate solid waste management practices in schools in

less-developed countries, particularly in major urban communities,

constitute one of the major factors leading to declining

environmental health conditions. The objective of the authors'

descriptive, cross-sectional study was to assess solid waste

management problems in selected urban schools in Ibadan,

Nigeria. Eight secondary schools with average pupil populations not

less than 500 per school were selected randomly.

Four hundred questionnaires (50 per school) were

administered. In addition, an observational checklist was used to

assess the physical environment. Paper and plastics were the most

frequently generated wastes. Common methods of solid waste

 63

disposal reported were use of dustbins for collection and open

burning. Major problems perceived with current refuse disposal

methods by the study students were odors, pest infestation, and

spillages. Littering and spillages of solid waste were also common

features reported. Data suggested inadequate waste management

facilities and practices in study schools. The lack of refuse bins may

have contributed to waste spillages and the burning practices.

Odors may have arisen from both the decay of overstored organic

waste rich in moisture and emissions from refuse burning. This

scenario poses a community environmental health nuisance and

may compromise school environmental quality.

Table 4. Presents reasons why the students violated the Solid

Waste Management.

Table 4
Reasons why the subjects violated
n=47

Reasons Frequency Percentage

1.Not aware of the
20 42.55
policy
2.In a hurry 23 48.94
3.Just testing the
4 8.51
rules
Total 47 100
 64

There are 20(42.55%) students who claimed that they were

not aware of the policy the school solid waste disposal. There are

23(48.94%) students who are in a hurry. Four (8.51%) are just

testing the rules or intentionally violated the rules in solid waste

disposal.

This means that students may be aware of the school rules

or solid waste disposal but they were mostly in a hurry when they

indiscriminately or did not follow the policies on segregation.

Solid Waste Management Reducing waste at school instills a

culture of environmental responsibility in students. With some

creativity and a simple change of habit, schools can watch their

dumpster size (and waste bill) shrink.

(http://www.hamiltoncountyrecycles.org/schools/reducing_waste_at_

school)

Pursuant to the provisions of Section 59 of Republic Act No.

9003, otherwise known as the “Philippine Ecological Solid Waste

Management Act of 2000,” and by virtue of Executive Order No. 192,

Series of 1987, the Department of Environment and Natural

Resources hereby adopts and promulgates the following rules and

regulations. Implementing Rules and Regulations of Republic Act

 65

9003, schools need to strengthen the integration of ecological solid

waste management and resource conservation and recovery topics

into the academic curricula of formal and non-formal education in

order to promote environmental awareness and action among the

citizenry (http://emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/DAO-

2001-34.pdf).

This law requires to effectively manage their solid wastes. Solid

waste refers tothe useless and unwanted products in the solid state

derived from the activities of and discarded by society. It is produced

either by - product of production processes or arise form the domestic

or commercial sector when objects or materials are discarded after

use.

In an average person; solid waste is usually being said as the

following terms; a) Garbage: the term given principally to food waste,

but may include other degradable organic wastes.b) Rubbish: consists

of combustible and non-combustible solid waste, excluding food

wastes.c) Refuse: the collective term for solid wastes, includes both

garbage and rubbish.d) Litter: odds and ends, bits of paper, discarded

wrappings, bottles etc. Left lying around in public places

(http://www.smartranger.net/index.cfm?menuid=3).
 66

Table 5.1
Relationship between the Age of the Students
And their Violations

age
Violation
11-15 years old Total
s 6-10 years old 16-20 years old
2.7659 10.510 12.7234042
6 6 6
1
3 5 26
1 8
2.8891 2.1882
0.0198
8 9
2.2340 8.4893 10.2765957
4 6 4
1
2 5 21
2 4
0.0245 3.5770 2.7093
2 8 1
Grand 1 2
5 47
Total 9 3
Chi 0.0443 6.4662 11.4081793
4.8976
Square 2 6 1
Critical
value
Result: Ho:
@ 2 df
Significant Rejected
(0.05)
=5.991
Table 5 presents the relationship between age of student and

their violations. It can observed in the table that there is a

significant relationship between their age and the violations

committed. Therefore, the older the students they all the more that

they commit violations against Solid Waste Management Policies.

 67

Table 5.2
Relationship between the Sex of the Students
And their Violations

sex
Violations M F Total
16.5957 9.40426
1 15 11 26
0.16976 0.23149
13.4043 7.59574
2 15 6 21
0.18997 0.4244
Grand
30 17
Total 47
Chi Square 0.35973 0.65589 1.015620866
Result : Ho:
Critical value @ 1 df (0.05) = 3.841 Insignificant Accepted

Table 5.2 presents the relationship between the sex and their

violations. There is no significant relationship between the sex of

the students and their violations committed.

Therefore, regardless of their sex, they still commit violations

against Solid Waste Management Policies.

 68

Table 5.3
Relationship between the Grade-level of the Students
And their Violations
Grade level

Violation
s Elementary Junior High School Senior High School Total
4.4255 12.1702127
9.40426
3 7
1
5 4
1 7 26
0.0745 3.1056 1.9167
7 1 2
3.5744 9.82978723
7.59574
7 4
1
3 5
2 3 21
0.0923 3.8450 2.3730
3 4 8
Grand 1 2
8
Total 7 2 47
Chi 6.9506 4.2897 11.4073463
0.1669
Square 6 9 3
Result:
Critical Value @ 2 df Ho:
Significa
Rejected
(0.05) = 5.991 nt

Table 5.3 presents the relationship between the grade level

of the students and their violations.

 69

Chapter III

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

This Chapter presents the summary of findings, the conclusion and

recommendations.

Summary of Findings

It was found out that there were five students who violated

the garbage disposal and segregation policy who were between 6

to 10 years old. There were nineteen students who are between 11

to 15 years old. Twenty three students are between 16 to 20 years

old.

There are thirty students participated in this study who are

males and seventeen are females. There are eight students who

are in the elementary level. There were seventeen who are Junior

High School students, while twenty two were Senior High School

students.

There were twenty-six students who indiscriminately

threw solid waste, while twenty- one students did not segregate

the solid wastes properly. There were eleven who throw plastics

and there were four students who throw other wastes like sticks,

dry leaves and others. This means that most of the solid wastes
 70

indiscriminately thrown were made of plastics. It can be

summarized that the packaging and wrappers of food, drinks and

school supplies were made of plastic products.

It can observed in the table that there is a significant

relationship between their age and the violations committed.

Therefore, the older the students they all the more that they

commit violations against Solid Waste Management Policies.

There is no significant relationship between the sex of the

students and their violations committed.

Therefore, regardless of their sex, they still commit violations

against Solid Waste Management Policies.

There is a significant relationship between the Grade level of

the Students and the violations they committed.

Therefore, Most of the violators are the Senior High School

students.
 71

Conclusion

Based on the findings it is concluded that:

Majority of the students who were caught indiscriminately throwing

and did not observe segregation were older students, males and
belong to the senior high school level.
Most of the violators were caught throwing solid waste just
anywhere other than the garbage bin. Most wastes thrown were
made of plastics and violators explained that are aware of the solid
waste policy but they were just in hurry.

Recommendations

Based on the findings and conclusion the following are

recommended:

1. This research, especially its output,be disseminated to the

students and other concerned individuals so that they

become more aware of the solid waste management program

in school.

2. An orientation be regularly conducted especially to the senior

high school students for their awareness and compliance on

the school solid waste management policies.

3. Teachers should be at the forefront in implementing the solid

waste management of the school through integration of the

benefits of solid waste management in their subjects as well

as the ill effects of improper solid waste disposal.

 72

4. Student leaders should prioritize in their student

development program and advocacies the implementation of

solid waste management at the Patronage of Mary

Development School.

5. The replication of this study is highly recommended with

bigger samples and longer duration of the study.

6. The following titles are recommended for future research

endeavors:

6.1 Awareness and Compliance to School-Based Solid Waste

Management at Patronage of Mary Development School.

Perceptions of interval and External Stakeholders;

6.2 Survey on Waste Management Among Households in

Selected Barangays in Boljoon, Cebu; and

6.3 Compliance to Solid Waste Management Among

Residences of Poblacion, Boljoon, Cebu.

 73

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 76

APPENDIX A

TRANSMITTAL LETTER TO THE SCHOOL DIRECTOR

DR. ROUEL A. LONGINOS

School Director/ Principal
Patronage of Mary Development School
Poblacion, Boljoon, Cebu

Dear Sir:
Greetings!

The undersigned students of Patronage of Mary Development

School are conducting a research study on “Violations committed
by the students against school- based solid waste management”.
In relation to this, we request permission from your office that we
may be allowed to administer our questionnaire to the said
students.
Approval of this request is deeply appreciated.

Very Truly Yours ,

ARTURO N. SALEM JR

MARTIN L. DACANAY
Approved by:
ROUEL A. LONGINOS, Ed.D., Ph.D.
School Director/Principal
 77

APPENDIX B

TRANSMITTAL LETTER TO THE RESPONDENTS

January 23, 2018

Dear Respondents,

May I request your help as my respondents of my study

entitled “Violations committed by the students against school-
based solid waste management”, in school year 2016-2017.
On this regard, may I ask you to answer the herein
questionnaire. Please do not leave any item unanswered. Rest
assured that your answers shall be confidential.

Thank you for your support.

Respectfully yours,

ARTURO N. SALEM JR

MARTIN L. DACANAY
 78

Appendix C
Research Instrument
Research Instrument

Solid Waste Management

Policing and Enforcement

Profile of the Violator

Name(Optional)_________________________________________

Age:__________Sex:______________Year

Level:____________________

o Indiscriminate Throwing of Waste

o Non Segregation of Waste

o Kind/Type of Waste Thrown__________________________

*Reason why he/she violated

o Not Aware of the policy

o In a hurry

o Just testing the rules

o Others pls. specify

 79

Appendix D

Documentation

Before
 80

After
 81

ARTURO N. SALEM JR.

Address: North Granada Boljoon , Cebu

Contact No:09331527066
Email Address: [email protected]

PERSONAL DATA
Age : 17 years old
Date of Birth : February 01, 2000
Place of Birth : Makati Medical Center
Gender : Male
Nationality : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Civil Status : Single

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Senior High School : Patronage of Mary Development
School
Address : Boljoon, Cebu
Year : 2016 - present
Junior High School : Boljoon National High School
Address : Lower Becciril Boljoon , Cebu
Year : 2012-2016
Elementary : Granada Elementary School
Address :Granada Boljoon, Cebu
Year : 2012 – 2013z
SEMINARS AND TRAININGS ATTENDED

Seminar Date Place

Chinese Influence August 25,2016 PMDS
the Filipino Culture
Personal Development September 9, 2016 PMDS
And personal hygiene
Personal Relationship September 25, 2016 PMDS
and Emotional Intelligence
 82

Career Education and July 8, 2017 PMDS

Guidance Summit 2017
Rise Above Others- How to July 22, 2017 PMDS
Stand Out in an Interview
Delighting Customers: July 23, 2017 PMDS
The Basics of Costumer
Service Management
CHARACTER REFERENCES
JOSHUA TABORADA
Poblacion, Oslob, Cebu
SHS Teacher
[email protected]
EDGARDO CABASE
Lower Becerrill, Boljoon, Cebu
Guidance Counselor/Teacher
[email protected]
EMELYN ALTOMERA
Poblacon, Boljoon, Cebu
School Librarian/Teacher
[email protected]
 83

MARTIN L. DACANAY
Address: Poblacion, Boljoon, Cebu
Contact No:
Email Address: [email protected]

PERSONAL DATA
Age : 23 years old
Date of Birth : January 03, 1994
Place of Birth : Cebu City
Gender : Male
Nationality : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Civil Status : Single

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Senior High School : Patronage of Mary Development
School
Address : Boljoon, Cebu
Year : 2016 - present
Junior High School : Boljoon National High School
Address : Lower Becerril, Boljoon, Cebu
Year : 2012-2016
Elementary : Boljoon Central School
Address : Poblacion, Boljoon, Cebu
Year : 2012 – 2013
SEMINARS AND TRAININGS ATTENDED
Seminar Date Place
Chinese Influence August 25, 2016 PMDS
the Filipino Culture
Personal Development September 9, 2016 PMDS
and Mental Hygiene
Personal Relationship September 25, 2016 PMDS
and Emotional Intelligence
Career Education and July 8, 2017 PMDS
GuidanceSummit 2017
 84

Rise Above Others- How to July 22, 2017 PMDS

Stand Out in an Interview
Delighting Customers: July 23, 2017
PMDS
The Basics of Costumer
Service Management

CHARACTER REFERENCES

ARCHIEROMANO
Poblacion,Boljoon,Cebu
SHSTeacher
[email protected]
EDGARDOCABASE
LowerBecerril,Boljoon,Cebu
GuidanceCounselor/Teacher
[email protected]
EMELYNALTOMERA
Poblacon,Boljoon,Cebu
SchoolLibrarian/Teacher
[email protected]