DIgSILENT PowerFactory

Technical Reference Documentation

Static Generator
ElmGenstat
 DIgSILENT GmbH

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72810 - Gomaringen
Germany

T: +49 7072 9168 0

F: +49 7072 9168 88

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[email protected]
Version: 2016
Edition: 1

Copyright © 2016, DIgSILENT GmbH. Copyright of this document belongs to DIgSILENT GmbH.
No part of this document may be reproduced, copied, or transmitted in any form, by any means
electronic or mechanical, without the prior written permission of DIgSILENT GmbH.

Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 1

Contents

Contents

1 General Description 4

2 Basic Data 4

2.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2.2 Zero/Negative Sequence Model / Neutral Conductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

3 Load-Flow Analysis 6

3.1 Local Controller Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3.1.1 Const. V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3.1.2 Voltage Q-Droop control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3.1.3 Voltage Iq-Droop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3.1.4 Const. Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3.1.5 Q(P)-Characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3.1.6 Q(V)-Characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3.1.7 cosphi(P)-Characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

3.2 Static Generator as Slack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3.3 External Station Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3.4 Primary frequency bias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3.5 Reactive Power Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

3.5.1 Applying Mvar Limits Curve from Operational Library . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

3.6 Active Power Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

3.7 Automatic Dispatch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

4 Short-Circuit Calculations 16

4.1 VDEC/IEC Short-Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

4.1.1 No Short-Circuit Contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

4.1.2 Static Converter-Fed Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

4.1.3 Individual Max. Fault Contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

4.2 Complete Short-Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

4.2.1 Complete with load flow initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

4.2.2 Complete without load flow initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 2

Contents

4.3 ANSI Short-Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

4.4 IEC 61361 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

5 Harmonics 25

6 RMS Simulation 26

6.1 Current source model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

6.2 Voltage source model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

6.3 Constant impedance model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

6.4 Constant power model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

7 EMT Simulation 30

7.1 Current source models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

7.1.1 Current source model (current controlled voltage source) . . . . . . . . . 30

7.1.2 Current source model when iin a is connected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

7.2 Voltage Source Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

8 Input/Output Definition of Dynamic Models 33

8.1 Stability Model (RMS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

8.1.1 Current Source Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

8.1.2 Voltage Source Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

8.1.3 Constant Impedance Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

8.1.4 Constant Power Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

8.2 EMT-Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

8.2.1 Current Source Model (Current Controlled Voltage Source) . . . . . . . . 35

8.2.2 Current Source Model when iin a is connected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

8.2.3 Voltage Source Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

List of Figures 36

List of Tables 38

Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 3

2 Basic Data

1 General Description

The ElmGenstat is an easy-to-use model of any kind of three- or single-phase static generator.
Applications are:

• Photovoltaic Generators
• Fuel Cells

• Storage devices
• HVDC Terminals
• Reactive Power Compensators

• Wind Generators

Wind generators, which are connected through a full-size converter to the grid, can also be
modelled as static generators, because the behaviour of the plant (from the view of the grid
side) is determined by the converter.

Note: There is a dedicated photovoltaic element (ElmPvsys) available in PowerFactory. This

element can calculate its active power for the load flow via the geographic location, date,
time and used technique (tracking, material..).

2 Basic Data

The Basic Data page is split up into the General input tab and the tab for the Zero Sequence/Neutral
Conductor data.

2.1 General

On the general tab the connection technology (3Ph, 3Ph-E, 1Ph Ph-E, 1Ph Ph-N) can be se-
lected. The options shown on the second tab depend on the technology selection.

The number of parallel machines can be entered, as well as the MVA rating of a single generator.
In general, the total MW and Mvar outputs of the static generator will be the dispatch of a single
generator multiplied by the number of parallel machines. In the specific case of the Wind
Generator category, the output will additionally be affected by the Wind Generation Scaling
Factor of the zone to which it belongs.

2.2 Zero/Negative Sequence Model / Neutral Conductor

The input options for the neutral connection as well as for the zero sequence impedance are
depending on the selected technology on the General tab.

For the technologies 3Ph-E, 1Ph Ph-E, 1Ph Ph-N it is possible to select how the neutral con-
ductor should be connected. The options are:

Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 4

2 Basic Data

• None

• At terminal (ABC-N)
• Separate terminal

The zero sequence is only considered for the technology 3Ph-E. For all other technology options
the zero-sequence current is set to zero.

Input Parameter:

• r0: Zero-sequence Resistance in p.u.

• x0: Zero-sequence Reactance in p.u.

The negative sequence is only considered for technologies 3Ph and 3Ph-E. For all other technol-
ogy options is the negative-sequence current set to zero. The input parameters for the negative
sequence impedance is located on the Load Flow/Advanced page. The default value is 99999
p.u. (i.e. negative sequence current equal to 0).

Input Parameter:

• r2: Negative-sequence Resistance in p.u.

• x2: Negative-sequence Reactance in p.u.

Figure 2.1: Negative-Sequence Model for 3Ph and 3Ph-E technology

Figure 2.2: Zero-Sequence Model for technology 3Ph-E

Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 5

3 Load-Flow Analysis

3 Load-Flow Analysis

The dispatch of the static generator can be entered directly as active and reactive power or by
changing the input mode as combination of two parameters P, Q, S or cos(phi).

The active power can be limited as described in Section 3.6.

3.1 Local Controller Options

The local controller can be set to one of the following different modes (which are described in
the following sub-chapters):

• Const. V

• Voltage Q-Droop
• Voltage Iq-Droop
• Const. Q
• Q(P)-Characteristic

• Q(V)-Characteristic
• cosphi(P)-Characteristic

3.1.1 Const. V

This option corresponds to a PV bus type and its block diagram is shown in Figure 3.1 (second
option P,U) where P and U are controlled.

Voltage control is done locally, i.e. the reactive power output of the generator is controlled to
achieve the specified local voltage at its terminal. The dispatched active power output is kept
constant. The reactive power will be increased or decreased till either the voltage set point or
the reactive power limit (if the option Consider Reactive Power Limits in the Load Flow command
is enabled) is reached.

When this option is selected, the voltage set-point box is enabled and its value must be entered.

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3 Load-Flow Analysis

Figure 3.1: Local Controller - Options

3.1.2 Voltage Q-Droop control

Figures 3.1 and 3.2 describe the possibilities for this option. Figure 3.1 includes the alternative
to control U and droop function.

The droop control corresponds to a proportional control. This means the amount of reactive
power is calculated in proportion to the deviation from the voltage set-point entered in the ele-
ment. The droop control can be used if several voltage controlling machines are placed close
together.

dusetpoint

+ dudroop Q
usetpoint + Qdroop
-
u
Figure 3.2: Voltage Q-Droop Control

When set to voltage q-droop control, a droop value can be entered. The voltage at the local
busbar is then controlled according to the equations below. The equation is shown graphically
in Figure 3.3. It can be inferred that a droop value of 1% and a voltage deviation of 0.01 p.u.
result in an additional reactive power of 100% of the nominal apparent power of the generator.
Similarly, a droop value of 2% and the same voltage deviation of 0.01 p.u. result in an additional
reactive power of 50% of the nominal apparent power of the generator.

u = usetpoint − ∆udroop (1)

Q − Qsetpoint
∆udroop = (2)
Qdroop
Snom · 100
Qdroop = (3)
ddroop

Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 7

3 Load-Flow Analysis

where:

• u is the actual voltage value at the terminal

• usetpoint is the specified voltage setpoint of the static generator
• ∆udroop is the voltage deviation
• dusetpoint is the voltage deviation coming from the static generator, by default is zero and
is only calculated when the Voltage Setpoint Adaptation method is used
• Q is the actual reactive power output of the static generator
• Qsetpoint is the specified dispatch reactive power of the static generator
• Qdroop is the additional reactive power for 1% voltage deviation
• Snom is the nominal apparent power
• ddroop is the droop value specified in percentage

Figure 3.3: Voltage Q-Droop Control

3.1.3 Voltage Iq-Droop

The block diagram for this option is shown in Figure 3.4. The Voltage Iq-Droop control corre-
sponds to a reactive current controller, in which the reactive current is calculated in proportion
to the deviation from the voltage set point entered in the element.

dusetpoint

+ dudroop Iq
usetpoint + Kdroop
-
u
Figure 3.4: Voltage Iq-Droop Control

The voltage reactive current droop in p.u. is based on the nominal active current of the machine
and calculated as follows:

Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 8

3 Load-Flow Analysis

u = usetpoint + dusetpoint − ∆udroop (4)

Iq − Iqsetpoint
∆udroop = (5)
Kdroop · Ipnom
100
Kdroop = (6)
ddroop

with the reactive current setpoint:

qgini · ngnum
Iqsetpoint = √ (7)
3 · Unom

and with the nominal active current:

sgn · ngnum · cosn

Ipnom = √ (8)
3 · Unom

Where:

• u is the actual voltage value at the terminal

• usetpoint is the specified voltage setpoint of the static generator

• ∆udroop is the voltage deviation
• dusetpoint is the voltage deviation coming from the static generator, by default is zero and
is only calculated when the Voltage Setpoint Adaptation method is used

• Iq is the reactive current output of the machine in kA

• Iqsetpoint is the reactive current setpoint of the machine in kA
• Kdroop is the gain
• ddroop is the droop value specified in percentage

• qgini is the reactive power setpoint in MVA

• ngnum is the number of parallel machines
• Unom is the nominal voltage of the corresponding connected busbar in kV

• Ipnom is the nominal active current in kA

• sgn is the nominal apparent power in MVA
• cosn is the rated power factor

Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 9

3 Load-Flow Analysis

Figure 3.5: Voltage Iq-Droop Control

The dispatched reactive current is calculated by using the nominal voltage of the connected
busbar instead of the rated voltage of the machine.

3.1.4 Const. Q

This option corresponds to a PQ bus type and its block diagram is shown in Figure 3.1 (first
option P,cos(phi)) where P, cos(phi), U and droop are controlled.

With this type of control, the user can specify active and reactive power outputs at which the
static generator will be operated. The way to specify these values will depend on the Input Mode
selected for the dispatch.

The voltage and droop value boxes are disabled for the Power Factor control option. Psum and
Qsum will be controlled in unbalanced load flow.

3.1.5 Q(P)-Characteristic

The Q(P) characteristic is a reactive power control and follows a user-specified characteristic as
shown in Figure 3.6:

Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 10

3 Load-Flow Analysis

Figure 3.6: Q(P)-Characteristic

The local controller acts as a reactive power controller in which the reactive power setpoint is
adapted according to the active power output of the machine.

The Q(P)-Curve is specified using the element “Q(P)-Curve” (IntQpcurve).

3.1.6 Q(V)-Characteristic

The Q(V) characteristic is a reactive power control and follows a specified characteristic as
shown in Figure 3.7. Umin and Umax correspond to the lower and upper voltage deadband
limit.

Figure 3.7: Q(V)-Characteristic

The local controller acts as a reactive power controller with a variable setpoint. While the refer-
ence voltage is within the deadband, the entered reactive power setpoint is kept. If the reference

Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 11

3 Load-Flow Analysis

voltage leaves the deadband, the reactive power setpoint is adapted according to the droop en-
tered by the user and the voltage deviation from the respective end of the deadband.

3.1.7 cosphi(P)-Characteristic

The cosphi(P) characteristic is a power factor control and follows a specified characteristic as
shown in Figure 3.8 and Figure 3.9. The local controller acts as a power factor controller, where
the power factor is determined from the characteristic for the input active power flow.

The user needs to define the characteristic with two limits. The overexcited limit is defined with
the parameters p over and pf over, and the under-excited limit is defined with the parameters
p under and pf under. PowerFactory detects which type of curve to use, according to the values
pf over and pf under.

Figure 3.8: cosphi(P)-Characteristic: pf over <pf under

Figure 3.9: cosphi(P)-Characteristic: pf over >pf under

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3 Load-Flow Analysis

3.2 Static Generator as Slack

The static generator can be configured as a Reference Machine. This option is only available if
a three phase technology (either 3Ph or 3Ph-E) is selected in the Basic Data page.

3.3 External Station Controller

The static generator can also be part of a station controller. In such a case, the external station
controller has priority over the local voltage controller of the static generator. The reactive power
set point of the single static generator will be considered as offset.

The way the station controller dispatches the static generators depends on the settings of the
station controller. See technical reference of the station controller for more details.

3.4 Primary frequency bias

Shortly following a disturbance, the governors of the units participating in primary control will
increase/decrease their turbine power and drive the frequency close to its nominal value. The
change in the generator power is proportional to the frequency deviation and is shared among
participating units according to the gain (Kpf ) of their primary controllers, this is depicted in
Figure 3.10. If the Active Power Control According to Primary Control option is selected in
PowerFactory ’s Load Flow command, the power balance is established by all generators having
a primary controller gain (parameter Prim. Frequency Bias from the Load Flow tab of the static
generator), according to the corresponding frequency droop. This parameter is only available if
a three phase technology (either 3Ph or 3Ph-E) static generator is selected.

Figure 3.10: Primary Frequency Bias

The actual dispatched real power of the generator is calculated as:

P = Pdispatch + ∆P (9)
∆P = ∆f · Kpf (10)

where:

Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 13

3 Load-Flow Analysis

• ∆P is the change in generator output

• ∆f is the change in frequency

• Kpf is the primary frequency bias parameter of the generator

3.5 Reactive Power Limits

The reactive power limits can be either specified as constant limits or via a capability curve. In
both cases the reactive power output will be limited if the option Consider Reactive Power Limits
on the Load Flow command is activated.

The given limits can be further scaled via the Scaling Factor (min.)/(max.) input parameters.
These scaling values are used if the option Consider Reactive Power Limits Scaling Factor in
the Basic Options of the Load Flow calculation dialog is activated.

Minimum/maximum constant limits

These values are used if no capability curve is selected. The input is available as absolute
values cQ min and cQ max or as per unit values (q min, q max). In the case of the mini-
mum/maximum limits, these are originally set equal to the minimum and maximum value of the
nominal apparent power.

Note: The reactive power limits are treated as operational data and will be saved to the opera-
tion scenario if active.

Capability Curve objects (IntQlim)

The capability curve allows the consideration of distinct voltage dependent minimum / maximum
values of the reactive power at different levels of active power injection. Capability curves are
stored inside the Mvar Limits Curves folder in the Operational Library.

How to create a new capability curve object is explained in the help of PowerFactory .

3.5.1 Applying Mvar Limits Curve from Operational Library

To apply an existing generator capability curve to a generator:

• Locate the “Reactive Power Limit” section in the Load Flow page of the static generator
dialog.
• Press next to “Capability Curve”.
• Choose “Select. . . ” to look for a suitable curve in the “Mvar Limit Curves” folder in the
“Operational library” folder.

3.6 Active Power Limits

There are two ways to set a limit for the active power. If one of the two limits is exceeded during
a Load Flow calculation a warning massage will be displayed in the output window. The active
power will be limited if the option Consider Active Power Limits is activated in the Load Flow
command on the Active Power Control page.

Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 14

3 Load-Flow Analysis

The Active Power Operational Limits are the minimum and maximum MW output limits of the
generator from an operational perspective. The default value is 9999 MW.

The Active Power: Rating is the maximum active power output of the generator. The default
value is calculated by multiplying the generator nameplate MVA rating by the power factor and
the rating factor.

3.7 Automatic Dispatch

The three phase static generator can be part of a virtual power plant (ElmBmu) which can
manage the active power dispatch. For this a virtual power plant (ElmBmu) has to be selected
on the Automatic Dispatch tab and the Generator Dispatch has to be set to Dispatchable.

Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 15

4 Short-Circuit Calculations

4 Short-Circuit Calculations

4.1 VDEC/IEC Short-Circuit

Single phase static generators will be ignored for the VDE/IEC Short-Circuit calculation. There
are three different possibilities to consider a static generator with three phase technology in the
VDE/IEC Short-Circuit calculation:

• No Short-Circuit Contribution (according to the standard)

• Static Converter-Fed Drive
• Individual Max. Fault Contribution

4.1.1 No Short-Circuit Contribution

According to the standard in VDEC/IEC Short-Circuit calculations, the static generators are
normally disregarded.

4.1.2 Static Converter-Fed Drive

With the option Static Converter-Fed Drive activated the static generator behaves during the
VDE/IEC Short-Circuit calculation like a static converter-fed drive according to the IEC 60909
(VDE 0102). The static converter-fed drives are considered for three-phase short-circuits only.
The equivalent model is shown in Figure 4.1.

The impedance is calculated as follows:

1 UrM 1 U2
ZM = ·√ = · rM (11)
ILR /IrM 3IrM ILR /IrM SrM

with:
ILR /IrM = 3 (12)
RM /XM = 0.1 with XM = 0.995ZM (13)

where:

• UrM is the rated voltage

• Irm is the rated current
• SrM is the rated apparent power

The Index ’rM’ specifies the rating of the static generator transformer on the network side, or the
rating of the static generator if no transformer is present.

ZM
X1 = p (14)
1 − (RM /XM )2
R1 = RM /XM · X1 (15)

Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 16

4 Short-Circuit Calculations

Figure 4.1: Equivalent Generator Model for Static Converter-Fed Drive Option

4.1.3 Individual Max. Fault Contribution

If neither No Short-Circuit Contribution nor Static Converter-Fed Drive is enabled, then the user
can input the Maximum Short-Circuit Contribution. In this case the static generator is considered
like a synchronous generator.

Figure 4.2: Equivalent Generator Model, Positive sequence circuit diagram

The impedance is calculated as follows:

c
x1 = p max (16)
Sk00 · 1 + (R/X 00 )2
r1 = R/X 00 · x1 (17)

where:

• cmax is the voltage factor c

Note that cmax in the calculation of x1 is needed because the current is calculated with x1 and
cmax ∗ u. The factor cmax will cancel down. So that finally the subtransient short-circuit apparent
power is equal to the entered value.

The model is considered for the symmetrical short-circuit breaking current Ib like an external
grid:
Ib = Ik = Ik 00 (18)

For the steady-state short-circuit current Ik is the same value as for Ik 00 used. This is the same
approach as for the asynchronous machine.

The input parameters are:

• Ik00 or Sk00

Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 17

4 Short-Circuit Calculations

• X 00 /R or R/X 00

For minimum short-circuits is the model completely neglected and has no short-circuit contribu-
tion.

MODEL FOR UNBALANCED FAULTS

For unbalanced faults the static generator uses the zero and negative sequence model that is
already described in section 2.2.

For calculation of minimum short-circuit currents, the model is completely neglected and has no
short-circuit contribution.

4.2 Complete Short-Circuit

Two different models are supported for the complete short-circuit method:

• Equivalent Synchronous Machine

• Dynamic Voltage Support

Single phase generators are only considered for unbalanced faults.

The models are depending on the used options of the complete Short-Circuit command. The
calculation can be executed using a load flow initialization to find the pre-fault condition of the
network (this is the default) or it can be executed without the load flow initialization.

4.2.1 Complete with load flow initialization

At first the model used to calculate the sub-transient short-circuit is described since these equa-
tions are used for Equivalent Synchronous Machine and the Dynamic Voltage Support model.
The model used for the transient and steady state current differs depending on the selected
options. These are described in the following two sections.

The model used for calculation of the sub-transient short-circuit current is depicted in Figure 4.3.
It is parametrised via the input values of either the sub-transient short-circuit power Sk00 or via
the sub-transient short-circuit current Ik00 and the R/X” ratio.

Figure 4.3: Model for sub-transient complete short-circuit with load flow initialization

Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 18

4 Short-Circuit Calculations

The positive sequence impedance is calculated as follows:

c00
x100 = p in p.u. (19)
Sk00 · 1 + (R/X 00 )2
r100 = x100 · (R/X 00 ) in p.u. (20)
c00 = uldf 
 
(21)
00
u0 = uldf (22)
ildf
Y ldf = (23)
uldf

If the input parameter Sk00 or Ik00 is set to zero the model will be represented only as load current
admittance for the sub-transient current calculation.

Equivalent Synchronous Machine

The option Equivalent Synchronous Machine allows the user to enter a user defined value for
the sub-transient and the transient short-circuit level. The equations for the sub-transient Short-
Circuit calculation are described above. The model for the transient and steady state currents
for the complete method is described in the following section. The graphical representation of
the model is shown in Figure 4.4.

Figure 4.4: Model for Complete Short-Circuit Calculation

The short-circuit impedance is calculated as follows

c0
x10 = p in p.u. (24)
Sk0 · 1 + (R/X 00 )2
with r10 = r1 = x100 · R/X 00 in p.u.
00
(25)
c0 = uldf 
 
(26)
0
u0 = uldf (27)
ildf
Y ldf = (28)
uldf

For a short-circuit at the terminal of the generator the short-circuit current is equal to the entered
value of the Ik00 and Ik0 . For short-circuit far away, the short-circuit current is nearly equal to the
load flow current.

MODEL FOR UNBALANCED FAULTS

For unbalanced faults uses the static generator the zero and negative sequence model that is
already described in section 2.2 Zero/Negative Sequence Model.

Dynamic Voltage Support

The dynamic voltage support model is used to reflect the requirement of various grid codes to

Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 19

4 Short-Circuit Calculations

support the voltage in case of a fault with reactive current. The short-circuit contribution is split
up in two parts, the sub-transient and the transient/steady-state part. The calculation of the
sub-transient short-circuit current is described in Section 4.2.1. The calculation of the transient-
and steady state current is described in the following section.

Note: This model is only used if the option Current Iteration is activated on the advanced op-
tions page of the Short-Circuit command!

If Current Iteration is activated

The reactive part of the transient current is calculated as the sum of the load flow reactive
current plus a current calculated as du − 0.1 · K. The reactive current has a higher priority, so
that the active current (calculated via the load flow solution) will be reduced in case that the
linear sum of active and reactive current would exceed the maximum value defined by imax.
The relation between the active and reactive current is shown in Figure 4.5.

Figure 4.5: Dynamic Voltage Support

The following equations are used if the current iteration is activated on the advanced options
page of the Short-Circuit command. The starting values of the iteration are based on the load
flow solution (identified in the equations with the index “ldf ”):

u1ldf · i1∗ldf
i1P Q =  
u1ldf  (29)

i1 = i1ldf (30)

The transient current i1P Q is then calculated as follows:

 
du = u1ldf  − |u1| (31)

If the voltage drop is greater than 0.1 p.u.:

Im(i1P Q ) = =(i1P Q ldf ) + Kf actor · (du − 0.1) (32)

Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 20

4 Short-Circuit Calculations

If the imaginary part (i.e. the reactive current) is less than the max. current, the real part is set
to:

<(i1P Q ) = M IN (imax − =(i1P Q ); <(i1P Q ldf )) (33)

If the imaginary part exceeds the max. current:

=(i1P Q ) = imax (34)

<(i1P Q ) = 0 (35)

The current is set to the load flow current if the voltage drop du is less than 0.1 p.u.

The voltage angle is calculated from the transient voltage if |u1| > 1 · 10−6 , else the voltage
angle from pre-fault load flow solution is used. The iteration will stop if the difference of the
current between two iterations is smaller than the entered Acceptable Current Error. Further
“outer loops” will be calculated if the error is after Max. Number of Iterations still higher than the
entered Acceptable Current Error. The algorithm will use then for all generators with the lowest
voltage and the highest error the voltage angle of the pre-fault load flow solution.

Figure 4.6: Model for Dynamic Voltage Support - Transient Current

If Current Iteration is not activated

The model shown in Figure 4.4 will be used if the option Current Iteration is not activated. The
following equations will show how the values for this model are calculated:

if Kf actor < imax :

c0
x10 = (36)
Kf actor
(37)

else:
c0
x10 = (38)
imax

The transient resistance r10 is set to zero. The load current admittance is calculated from the
load flow solution:
ildf
Y ldf = (39)
uldf

The internal voltage is initialized to:

u00 = uldf and c0 = |uldf | (40)

Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 21

4 Short-Circuit Calculations

4.2.2 Complete without load flow initialization

If the Complete Short-Circuit method is used without the option Load Flow Initialization on the
Advanced Options page of the Short-Circuit calculation command the following model is used.

Figure 4.7: Positive sequence circuit diagram for sub-transient faults

The positive sequence transient impedance is calculated as follow:

c00
x100 = p (41)
Sk00 · 1 + (R/X 00 )2
r100 = x100 · R/X 00 (42)
00 00
uo = c (43)

where:

• c00 is the c-factor (voltage factor)

If the transient short-circuit level (Ik0 , Sk0 ) is zero, the model is represented only through the sub-
transient impedance. The transient impedance and the internal voltage source uo0 are ignored.

Figure 4.8: Positive sequence circuit diagram for transient faults

The positive sequence transient impedance is calculated as follow:

c0
x10 = p (44)
Sk0 · 1 + (R/X 00 )2
r10 = x10 · R/X 00 (45)

where:

Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 22

4 Short-Circuit Calculations

• c0 is the c-factor (voltage factor)

MODEL FOR UNBALANCED FAULTS

For unbalanced faults uses the static generator the zero and negative sequence model that is
already described in section 2.2.

4.3 ANSI Short-Circuit

There are two possibilities to use the static generator in an ANSI Short-Circuit calculation:

• No Short-Circuit Contribution (according to the standard)

• Individual Fault Contribution

If No Short-Circuit Contribution is activated the static generator will be neglected in the calcula-
tion.

If the option No Short-Circuit Contribution is not enabled the Maximum Short-Circuit Contribu-
tion could be entered.

Figure 4.9: Positive sequence circuit diagram

The impedance is calculated as follow:

u
x1 = p pref ault (46)
Sk001 + (R/X 00 )2
r1 = R/X 00 · x1 (47)

where:

• upref ault is the pre-fault voltage in p.u.

The static generator is considered as follows for the corresponding short-circuit currents:

• Momentary Current (First-cycle)

r1, x1 is used (as defined in the equations above)
• Interrupting Current
like for the first-cycle study and always considered as “remote contribution”
• 30-cycle short-circuit
No short-circuit contribution, the model is neglected (disconnected)

Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 23

4 Short-Circuit Calculations

4.4 IEC 61361

The IEC 61361 Short-Circuit for the static generator is calculated according to the specification.
The specification could be found in the corresponding chapter of the handbook.

Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 24

5 Harmonics

5 Harmonics

The static generator behaves like a current source during harmonic analysis. The used equiva-
lent model is therefore a current source.

The harmonics tab allows to specify or select the harmonic sources object. The spectrum of
harmonic infeeds may be entered according to one of two options: balanced or unbalanced.

Also, the harmonic current can refer to either the Fundamental Current or to the Rated Current.

If Rated Current is selected (Figure 5.1) then the phase angle is used from the initial bus voltage
angle obtained from the load flow.

Figure 5.1: Harmonic current referred to

More information about the definition of harmonic current sources could be found in the corre-
sponding chapter of the handbook.

The single phase static generator supports only unbalanced current sources.

Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 25

6 RMS Simulation

6 RMS Simulation

The static generator supports four different models:

• current source model

• voltage source model
• constant impedance model
• constant power model

The supported models can be selected directly using Model parameter. If According to con-
nected input signals is selected, it is checked which signals are connected and the correspond-
ing model is being used. In case no signals are connected, the static generator behaves like
a constant current source (load flow values are used). If the static generator is the reference
machine, then it is automatically set to a constant voltage source model.

For all models except the constant impedance model, the user can specify a minimum operation
voltage threshold.

For unbalanced simulation the zero/negative sequence is calculated as described in section 2.2.

6.1 Current source model

The current source model used in the RMS-simulation is shown in Figure 6.1

Figure 6.1: Current Source Model

Input Signals:

• id ref : d-Axis Current Reference in p.u.

• iq ref : q-Axis Current Reference in p.u.
• cosref : cos(dq-Reference Angle)
• sinref : sin(dq-Reference Angle)

The cosref, sinref signal can be connected from a PLL model.

The following equations are used:

i1 = (id ref · cosu − iq ref · sinu) +  (id ref · sinu + iq ref · cosu) (48)

Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 26

6 RMS Simulation

If the input signals cosref and sinref are connected:

cosu = cosref and sinu = sinref (49)

If the input signals are not connected the sinu and cosu quantities are internally calculated by
using the terminal positive sequence voltage as follows:
Re(u1 )
cosu = (50)
|u1 |
Im(u1 )
sinu = (51)
|u1 |

If the voltage goes below the Min. Operating Voltage:

i1 = 0 (52)

The machine is switched on again, if the voltage is 5% higher as the Min. Operating Voltage.

6.2 Voltage source model

The voltage source model used in the RMS-simulation is shown in Figure 6.2.

Figure 6.2: Voltage Source Model

Input Signals:

• u1r in : Voltage Input, Pos. Sequence Real Part in p.u.

• u1i in : Voltage Input, Pos. Sequence Imaginary Part in p.u.

Input Parameter:

• uk : Series Reactor, Short-Circuit Impedance in %

• P cu : Series Reactor, Copper Losses in kW

The following equations are used:

u1r in + j · u1i in = u1 + z 1 /sgn · i1 (53)

where z 1 is calculated using the input parameters uk, P cu and sgn:

z1 = uk/100 (54)
r1 = P cu/(1000 · sgn) (55)
q
x1 = z12 − r12 (56)
z 1 = r1 +  x1 (57)

Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 27

6 RMS Simulation

If the voltage is below the Min. Operating Voltage:

i1 = 0 (58)

The machine is switched on again, if the voltage is 5% higher as the Min. Operating Voltage.

6.3 Constant impedance model

The constant impedance model is shown in Figure 6.3.

Figure 6.3: Constant impedance model

No input parameters and signals are required since the admittance used in the model is calcu-
lated from the load flow results as:
i1 ldf
y gen = (59)
u1 ldf

If the element is not connected then ygen is calculated from the entered dispatch active and
reactive power.

The equation that needs to be satisfied is:

i1 = y gen · u1 (60)

6.4 Constant power model

The constant power model is shown in Figure 6.4.

Figure 6.4: Constant impedance model

Input Signals:

• P ext : Active power input

• Qext : Reactive power input

Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 28

6 RMS Simulation

• scale : Scale factor

The equation that needs to be satisfied is:

u1 · i∗1 = (P ext +  Qext) · scale (61)

where it can be defined if the input signals are in absolute or per unit values.

Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 29

7 EMT Simulation

7 EMT Simulation

Two different current source and one voltage source model are available for the EMT Simulation.

For unbalanced simulation the zero sequence is calculated as described in section 2.2.

The single phase static generator provides only one phase quantities. In the model implemen-
tation for the EMT-simulation, the imaginary voltage and current are generated using a PLL.
Please refer to the PLL technical reference for more details.

7.1 Current source models

7.1.1 Current source model (current controlled voltage source)

The current source model is shown in Figure 7.1.

Figure 7.1: Model used for EMT-current source

Input Signals:

• id ref : d-Axis Current Reference in p.u.

• iq ref : q-Axis Current Reference in p.u.

• cosref : cos(dq-Reference Angle)

• sinref : sin(dq-Reference Angle)

The current source model is implemented as a voltage source with a controlled current. The
current is controlled with a built-in current controller, which is defined as in Figure 7.2 where:

• Kd is the d-axis proportional gain

• Td is the d-axis integration time constant in s
• Kq is the q-axis proportional gain

• Tq is the q-axis integration time constant in s

Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 30

7 EMT Simulation

Figure 7.2: Built-in Current Controller

The voltage of the internal voltage source is calculated in the d-q-frame as follows:

u1d = idu − 2πfnom · l1 · iq (62)

u1q = iqu − 2πfnom · l1 · id (63)

where the inductance l1 in p.u. is calculated as:

p
z12 − r12
l1 = (64)
2 · π · fnom

The voltage is transformed back to the system coordinates and applied to the voltage source
using cosu and sinu (see Equations 49, 50, and 51,) as:

u1r = cosu · u1d − sinu · u1q (65)

u1i = sin · u1du + cosu · u1q (66)

7.1.2 Current source model when iin a is connected

If the input signal iin a is connected, the model used is a pure current source as shown in
Figure 7.3.

Figure 7.3: Current source models using phase voltages as inputs

This model is available only for the three phase static generator.

7.2 Voltage Source Model

The voltage source model of the EMT Simulation is using the input signals u1r in and u1r in
and is shown in Figure 7.4.

Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 31

7 EMT Simulation

Figure 7.4: Voltage Source Model

This model is equivalent as the voltage source model for the RMS-simulation.

Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 32

8 Input/Output Definition of Dynamic Models

8 Input/Output Definition of Dynamic Models

8.1 Stability Model (RMS)

8.1.1 Current Source Model

Table 8.1: Input Definition of the RMS-Model

Parameter Description Unit

id ref d-Axis Current Reference p.u.
iq ref q-Axis Current Reference p.u.
cosref cos(dq-reference angle)
sinref sin(dq-reference angle)

Table 8.2: Output Definition of the RMS-Model

Parameter Description Unit

xspeed Frequency p.u.
id Current, d-Axis p.u.
iq Current, q-Axis p.u.

8.1.2 Voltage Source Model

Table 8.3: Input Definition of the RMS-Model

Parameter Description Unit

u1r in Voltage input, real part p.u.
u1i in Voltage input, imaginary part p.u.

Table 8.4: Output Definition of the RMS-Model

Parameter Description Unit

xspeed Frequency p.u.
id Current, d-Axis p.u.
iq Current, q-Axis p.u.

8.1.3 Constant Impedance Model

Table 8.5: Output Definition of the RMS-Model

Parameter Description Unit

xspeed Frequency p.u.
id Current, d-Axis p.u.
iq Current, q-Axis p.u.

Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 33

8 Input/Output Definition of Dynamic Models

8.1.4 Constant Power Model

Table 8.6: Input Definition of the RMS-Model

Parameter Description Unit

Pext Active Power Input p.u./MW
Qext Reactive Power Input p.u./Mvar
scale Scale Factor

Table 8.7: Output Definition of the RMS-Model

Parameter Description Unit

xspeed Frequency p.u.
id Current, d-Axis p.u.
iq Current, q-Axis p.u.

Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 34

8 Input/Output Definition of Dynamic Models

8.2 EMT-Model

8.2.1 Current Source Model (Current Controlled Voltage Source)

Table 8.8: Input Definition of the EMT-Model

Parameter Description Unit

id ref d-Axis Current Reference p.u.
iq ref q-Axis Current Reference p.u.
cosref Cos(dq-Reference-Angle)
sinref Sin(dq-Reference-Angle)

Table 8.9: Output Definition of the EMT-Model

Parameter Description Unit

xspeed Frequency p.u.
id Current, d-Axis p.u.
iq Current, q-Axis p.u.

8.2.2 Current Source Model when iin a is connected

Table 8.10: Input Definition of the EMT-Model

Parameter Description Unit

iin a Current, Phase A p.u.
iin b Current, Phase B p.u.
iin c Current, Phase C p.u.

Table 8.11: Output Definition of the EMT-Model

Parameter Description Unit

xspeed Frequency p.u.
id Current, d-Axis p.u.
iq Current, q-Axis p.u.

8.2.3 Voltage Source Model

Table 8.12: Input Definition of the EMT-Model

Parameter Description Unit

u1r in Voltage Input, Real Part p.u.
u1i in Voltage Input, Imaginary Part p.u.

Table 8.13: Output Definition of the EMT-Model

Parameter Description Unit

xspeed Frequency p.u.
id Current, d-Axis p.u.
iq Current, q-Axis p.u.

Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 35

List of Figures

List of Figures

2.1 Negative-Sequence Model for 3Ph and 3Ph-E technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2.2 Zero-Sequence Model for technology 3Ph-E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3.1 Local Controller - Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3.2 Voltage Q-Droop Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3.3 Voltage Q-Droop Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3.4 Voltage Iq-Droop Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3.5 Voltage Iq-Droop Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3.6 Q(P)-Characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3.7 Q(V)-Characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3.8 cosphi(P)-Characteristic: pf over <pf under . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

3.9 cosphi(P)-Characteristic: pf over >pf under . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

3.10 Primary Frequency Bias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

4.1 Equivalent Generator Model for Static Converter-Fed Drive Option . . . . . . . . 17

4.2 Equivalent Generator Model, Positive sequence circuit diagram . . . . . . . . . . 17

4.3 Model for sub-transient complete short-circuit with load flow initialization . . . . . 18

4.4 Model for Complete Short-Circuit Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

4.5 Dynamic Voltage Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

4.6 Model for Dynamic Voltage Support - Transient Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

4.7 Positive sequence circuit diagram for sub-transient faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

4.8 Positive sequence circuit diagram for transient faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

4.9 Positive sequence circuit diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

5.1 Harmonic current referred to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

6.1 Current Source Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

6.2 Voltage Source Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

6.3 Constant impedance model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

6.4 Constant impedance model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

7.1 Model used for EMT-current source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

7.2 Built-in Current Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

7.3 Current source models using phase voltages as inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 36

List of Figures

7.4 Voltage Source Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 37

List of Tables

List of Tables

8.1 Input Definition of the RMS-Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

8.2 Output Definition of the RMS-Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

8.3 Input Definition of the RMS-Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

8.4 Output Definition of the RMS-Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

8.5 Output Definition of the RMS-Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

8.6 Input Definition of the RMS-Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

8.7 Output Definition of the RMS-Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

8.8 Input Definition of the EMT-Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

8.9 Output Definition of the EMT-Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

8.10 Input Definition of the EMT-Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

8.11 Output Definition of the EMT-Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

8.12 Input Definition of the EMT-Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

8.13 Output Definition of the EMT-Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Static Generator (ElmGenstat) 38