HINDUSTAN COLLEGE

OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
A PROJECT REPORT
ON
ANDROID (OPERATING SYSTEM)
Submitted in partial fulfillment of seminar in

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ENGINEERING

Submitted by:-

MANSI MITTAL
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that …MANSI MITTAL…has carried

out a seminar on new technology in IT sector titled as
“ANDROID (OPERATING SYSTEM)” under my
supervision. The seminar embodies study of the topic
thoroughly by the student herself/himself.
MR. SHANKAR THAWKAR
(HEAD OF DEPARTMENT)

DATE: 5-05-2017
 ABSTRACT

Today, as the developing of hardware of mobile is getting better, the

performance index is much higher than the actual requirements of the
software configuration. Phone's features more depend on software. As the
Android operating system is getting more popular, the application based on
Android SDK attracts much more attention. But now, some of the Android
application interface is too cumbersome, pop-up ads is overmuch and the
function is too single, these cause some inconvenience to the users. This
article presents the application by eliminating the redundancy. Three kinds
of applications are developed base on Java and Android SDK --- Weibo
client, video player and audio player. The audio player uses the Content
Resolver and Curor to obtain music files and plays the music by using the
Service Components to call the Media Player class in the background. The
video player uses the Media Player class provided by Android SDK. This class
loads the file through URL, realize the multimedia file parsing by calling the
Open Core Library, which is at the bottom of Android, through JNI and by
calling the Surface Flinger interface to realize the video files’ playback. The
users’ data is collected through the Sina open platform called by Sina client
and the data will be returned under the format of JSON by the Sina server.
The system uses the OAuth authentication method for user authorization to
complete the login process. The specific functions of this system are
developed based on Android Weibo SDK. The interfaces of these Android
apps are pretty and the operation is smooth. What’s more, the cumbersome
interface and excessive advertising are eliminated, so that users are able to
manipulate these apps more conveniently and smoothly.
Keywords: Android, Weibo client, Video Player, audio player, Android SDK
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

For the fulfillment of this task it was necessary to obtain proper guidance
and the right direction to be worked into. Also the completion and
submission is depended solely on the sources available so that I could
complete this task without facing unnecessary obstacles and difficulties. The
completion of the tasks also required devotion and faith towards the new
technology from me and my mentor. So I would like to thank my mentor
and my faculty for giving his valuable time and support to me.
I would like to thank Mr. SHANKAR THAWKAR (Seminar head) in particular
for his precious and valuable time.
I am highly indebted to Mr. Shankar Thawkar (H.O.D,I.T Deptt.) extending
all necessary help during the work.
At last I would also like to appreciate the support and co-operation rendered
to me by my close friends.

Student Name

MANSI MITTAL

Roll No.-1406413025
CONTENTS

 HISTORY
 WHAT IS ANDROID
 OPEN HANDSET ALLIANCE
 ANDROID ARCHITECTURE
 ANDROID VERSION HISTORY
 FEATURES OF ANDROID
 SECURITY
 ADVANTAGES
 DIS-ADVANTAGES
 LIMITATIONS OF ANDROID
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES
HISTORY
Android, Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California in October 2003 by Andy Rubin (co-
founder of Danger),[28] Rich Miner (co-founder of Wildfire Communications, Inc.),[29] Nick
Sears (once VP at T-Mobile),[30] and Chris White (headed design and interface
development at WebTV[16]) to develop, in Rubin's words, "smarter mobile devices that
are more aware of its owner's location and preferences".[16] The early intentions of the
company were to develop an advanced operating system for digital cameras. Though,
when it was realized that the market for the devices was not large enough, the company
diverted its efforts toward producing a smart-phone operating system that would
rival Symbian and Microsoft Windows Mobile.[31] Despite the past accomplishments of
the founders and early employees, Android Inc. operated secretly, revealing only that it
was working on software for mobile phones.[16] That same year, Rubin ran out of
money. Steve Perlman, a close friend of Rubin, brought him $10,000 in cash in an
envelope and refused a stake in the company.[32]
In July 2005, Google acquired Android Inc. for at least $50 million, whose key
employees, including Rubin, Miner and White, stayed at the company after the
acquisition.[14][16] Not much was known about Android Inc. at the time, but many
assumed that Google was planning to enter the mobile phone market with this
move.[16] At Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile device platform powered
by the Linux kernel. Google marketed the platform to handset makers and carriers on
the promise of providing a flexible, upgradable system. Google had lined up a series of
hardware component and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to
various degrees of cooperation on their part.[33][34][35]
Speculation about Google's intention to enter the mobile communications market
continued to build through December 2006.[36] An earlier prototype codenamed
"Sooner" had a closer resemblance to a BlackBerry phone, with no touch-screen, and a
physical, QWERTY keyboard, but was later re-engineered to support a touch-screen, to
compete with other announced devices such as the 2006 LG Prada and 2007
AppleiPhone.[37][38] In September 2007, Information Week covered an Evalue
serve study reporting that Google had filed several patent applications in the area of
mobile telephony.[39][40]
Eric Schmidt, Andy Rubin and Hugo Barra at a 2012 press conference announcing
Google's Nexus 7 tablet

On November 5, 2007, the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of technology

companies including Google, device manufacturers such as HTC, Sony and Samsung,
wireless carriers such as Sprint Nextel and T-Mobile, and chipset makers such
as Qualcomm and Texas Instruments, unveiled itself, with a goal to develop open
standards for mobile devices.[17] That day, Android was unveiled as its first product, a
mobile device platform built on the Linux kernel.[17][41] The first commercially available
smart-phone running Android was the HTC Dream, released on October 22, 2008.[42]
Since 2008, Android has seen numerous updates which have incrementally improved
the operating system, adding new features and fixing bugs in previous releases. Each
major release is named in alphabetical order after a dessert or sugary treat; for
example, version 1.5 "Cupcake" was followed by 1.6 "Donut". In 2010, Google launched
its Nexus series of devices – a line of smart-phones and tablets running the Android
operating system, and built by manufacturing partners. HTC collaborated with Google to
release the first Nexus smart-phone,[43] the Nexus One. Google has since updated the
series with newer devices, such as the Nexus 5 phone (made by LG) and
the Nexus 7tablet (made by Asus). Google releases the Nexus phones and tablets to
act as their flagship Android devices, demonstrating Android's latest software and
hardware features. From 2013 until 2015, Google offered several Google Play
Edition devices over Google Play. While not carrying the Google Nexus branding, these
were Google-customized Android phones and tablets that also ran the latest version of
Android, free from manufacturer or carrier modifications.
From 2010 to 2013, Hugo Barra served as product spokesperson, representing Android
at press conferences and Google I/O, Google’s annual developer-focused conference.
Barra's product involvement included the entire Android ecosystem of software and
hardware, including Honeycomb, Ice Cream Sandwich, Jelly Bean and Kit-Kat operating
system launches, the Nexus 4 and Nexus 5 smart-phones, the Nexus 7[44] and Nexus
10 tablets,[45] and other related products such as Google Now[46] and Google Voice
Search, Google’s speech recognition product comparable to Apple’s Siri.[46] In 2013,
Barra left the Android team for Chinese smart-phone maker Xiaomi.[47] The same
year, Larry Page announced in a blog post that Andy Rubin had moved from the
Android division to take on new projects at Google.[48] He was replaced by Sundar
Pichai who became the new head of Android and Chrome OS,[49] and, later, by Hiroshi
Lockheimer when Pichai became CEO of Google.[50]
In 2014, Google launched Android One, a line of smart-phones mainly targeting
customers in the developing world. In May 2015, Google announced Project Brillo as a
cut-down version of Android that uses its lower levels (excluding the user interface),
intended for the "Internet of Things" (IoT) embedded systems.[51]
WHAT IS ANDROID
Android is an open source and Linux-based Operating System for mobile
devices such as smart-phones and tablet computers. Android was
developed by the Open Handset Alliance, led by Google, and other
companies.

Android offers a unified approach to application development for mobile

devices which means developers need only develop for Android, and their
applications should be able to run on different devices powered by Android.

The first beta version of the Android Software Development Kit (SDK) was
released by Google in 2007 where as the first commercial version, Android
1.0, was released in September 2008.

On June 27, 2012, at the Google I/O conference, Google announced the
next Android version, 4.1 Jelly Bean. Jelly Bean is an incremental update,
with the primary aim of improving the user interface, both in terms of
functionality and performance.

The source code for Android is available under free and open source
software licenses. Google publishes most of the code under the Apache
License version 2.0 and the rest, Linux kernel changes, under the GNU
General Public License version 2.

OPEN HANDSET ALLIANCE

The Open Handset Alliance (OHA) is a consortium of 84[1] firms to develop open
standards for mobile devices. Member firms include Google, HTC, Sony, Dell, Intel,
Motorola, Qualcomm, Texas Instruments, Samsung Electronics, LG Electronics, T-
Mobile, Sprint Corporation, Nvidia, and Wind River Systems.[2]
The OHA was established on 5 November 2007, led by Google with 34
members,[2] including mobile handset makers, application developers, some mobile
carriers and chip makers.[3] Android, the flagship software of the alliance, is based on an
open-source license and has competed against mobile platforms
from Apple, Microsoft, Nokia (Symbian), Samsung Electronics / Intel (Tizen, bada),
and BlackBerry. As part of its efforts to promote a unified Android platform, OHA
members are contractually forbidden from producing devices that are based on
incompatible forks of Android.[4][5]
ANDROID ARCHITECTURE
Android operating system is a stack of software components which is
roughly divided into five sections and four main layers as shown below in
the architecture diagram.

LINUX KERNEL
At the bottom of the layers is Linux - Linux 3.6 with approximately 115
patches. This provides a level of abstraction between the device hardware
and it contains all the essential hardware drivers like camera, keypad,
display etc. Also, the kernel handles all the things that Linux is really good
at such as networking and a vast array of device drivers, which take the
pain out of interfacing to peripheral hardware.
LIBRARIES
On top of Linux kernel there is a set of libraries including open-source Web
browser engine WebKit, well known library libc, SQLite database which is a
useful repository for storage and sharing of application data, libraries to
play and record audio and video, SSL libraries responsible for Internet
security etc.

ANDROID LIBRARIES
This category encompasses those Java-based libraries that are specific to
Android development. Examples of libraries in this category include the
application framework libraries in addition to those that facilitate user
interface building, graphics drawing and database access. A summary of
some key core Android libraries available to the Android developer is as
follows −

 android.app − Provides access to the application model and is the

cornerstone of all Android applications.

 android.content − Facilitates content access, publishing and

messaging between applications and application components.

 android.database − Used to access data published by content

providers and includes SQLite database management classes.

 android.opengl − A Java interface to the OpenGL ES 3D graphics

rendering API.

 android.os − Provides applications with access to standard operating

system services including messages, system services and inter-
process communication.

 android.text − Used to render and manipulate text on a device

display.

 android.view − The fundamental building blocks of application user

interfaces.
  android.widget − A rich collection of pre-built user interface
components such as buttons, labels, list views, layout managers,
radio buttons etc.

Having covered the Java-based core libraries in the Android runtime, it is

now time to turn our attention to the C/C++ based libraries contained in
this layer of the Android software stack.

ANDROID RUNTIME
This is the third section of the architecture and available on the second
layer from the bottom. This section provides a key component called Dalvik
Virtual Machine which is a kind of Java Virtual Machine specially designed
and optimized for Android.

The Dalvik VM makes use of Linux core features like memory management
and multi-threading, which is intrinsic in the Java language. The Dalvik VM
enables every Android application to run in its own process, with its own
instance of the Dalvik virtual machine.

The Android runtime also provides a set of core libraries which enable
Android application developers to write Android applications using standard
Java programming language.

APPLICATION FRAMEWORK
The Application Framework layer provides many higher-level services to
applications in the form of Java classes. Application developers are allowed
to make use of these services in their applications.

The Android framework includes the following key services −

 Activity Manager − Controls all aspects of the application lifecycle

and activity stack.

 Content Providers − Allows applications to publish and share data

with other applications.

 Resource Manager − Provides access to non-code embedded

resources such as strings, color settings and user interface layouts.
  Notifications Manager − Allows applications to display alerts and
notifications to the user.

 View System − An extensible set of views used to create application

user interfaces.

ANDROID VERSION HISTORY

Global Android version distribution since December 2009. As of February 2016, Android 4.4
"Kit-Kat" is the single most widely used Android version, operating on 35.5% of all Android
devices accessing Google Play. The second are different Android "Lollipop" versions (5.0–
5.1.1), with a combined share of 34.1%.[1]
The version history of the Android mobile operating system began with the release of the
Android alpha in November 2007. The first commercial version, Android 1.0, was released in
September 2008. Android is continually developed by Google and the Open Handset
Alliance (OHA), and has seen a number of updates to its base operating system since the initial
release.
Versions 1.0 and 1.1 were not released under specific code names, but since April 2009's
Android 1.5 "Cupcake", Android versions have had confectionery-themed code names. Each is
in alphabetical order, with the most recent being Android 6.0"Marshmallow", released in
October 2015.
The earlier versions 1.0 and 1.1 were not released under specific code names:
Cupcake (1.5)
Donut (1.6)
Éclair (2.0–2.1)
Froyo (2.2–2.2.3)
Gingerbread (2.3–2.3.7)
Honeycomb (3.0–3.2.6)
Ice Cream Sandwich (4.0–4.0.4)
Jelly Bean (4.1–4.3.1)
Kit-Kat (4.4–4.4.4, 4.4W–4.4W.2)
Lollipop (5.0–5.1.1)
Marshmallow (6.0–6.0.1)

ANDROID 1.5 (CUPCAKE)

On April 27, 2009, the Android 1.5 update was released, based on Linux
kernel 2.6.27.[30][31] This was the first release to officially use a codename based on a
dessert item ("Cupcake"), a theme which would be used for all releases henceforth. The
update included several new features and UI amendments:

 Support for third-party virtual keyboards with text prediction and user dictionary for
custom words
 Support for Widgets – miniature application views that can be embedded in other
applications (such as the Home screen) and receive periodic updates.
 Video recording and playback in MPEG-4 and 3GP formats
 Auto-pairing and stereo support for Bluetooth (A2DP and AVRCP profiles)
 Copy and paste features in web browser
 User pictures shown for Favorites in Contacts

ANDROID 1.6(DONUT)
On September 15, 2009, the Android 1.6 SDK – dubbed Donut – was released, based
on Linux kernel 2.6.29.[34][35][36] Included in the update were numerous new features:
 Voice and text entry search enhanced to include bookmark history, contacts, and
the web
 Ability for developers to include their content in search results
 Multi-lingual speech synthesis engine to allow any Android application to "speak" a
string of text
 Easier searching and ability to view app screenshots in Android Market
 Gallery, camera and camcorder more fully integrated, with faster camera access
 Ability for users to select multiple photos for deletion
 Updated technology support for CDMA/EVDO, 802.1x, VPNs, and a text-to-speech
engine

ANDROID 2.0(ECLAIR)
On October 26, 2009, the Android 2.0 SDK was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.29
and codenamed Eclair.[37] Changes include the ones listed below.

 Expanded Account sync, allowing users to add multiple accounts to a device for
synchronization of email and contacts
 Microsoft Exchange email support, with combined inbox to browse email from
multiple accounts in one page
 Bluetooth 2.1 support
 Ability to tap a Contacts photo and select to call, SMS, or email the person
 Ability to search all saved SMS and MMS messages, with delete oldest messages in
a conversation automatically deleted when a defined limit is reached
 Numerous new camera features, including flash support, digital zoom, scene mode,
white balance, color effect and macro focus
 Improved typing speed on virtual keyboard, with smarter dictionary that learns from
word usage and includes contact names as suggestions

ANDROID 2.2 (FROYO)

 Speed, memory, and performance optimizations[43]
 Additional application speed improvements, implemented through JIT compilation[44]
 Integration of Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine into the Browser application
 Support for the Android Cloud to Device Messaging (C2DM) service, enabling push
notifications
 Improved Microsoft Exchange support, including security policies, auto-discovery,
GAL look-up, calendar synchronization and remote wipe
 Improved application launcher with shortcuts to Phone and Browser applications
 USB tethering and Wi-Fi hotspot functionality[45]
 Option to disable data access over mobile network

ANDROID 2.3(GINGERBREAD)
On December 6, 2010, the Android 2.3 (Gingerbread) SDK was released, based on
Linux kernel 2.6.35.[51][52] Changes included:[51]

 Updated user interface design with increased simplicity and speed

 Support for extra-large screen sizes and resolutions (WXGA and higher)[48]
 Native support for SIP VoIP internet telephony
 Faster, more intuitive text input in virtual keyboard, with improved accuracy, better
suggested text and voice input mode
 Enhanced copy/paste functionality, allowing users to select a word by press-hold,
copy, and paste
 Support for Near Field Communication (NFC), allowing the user to read an NFC tag
embedded in a poster, sticker, or advertisement
 New audio effects such as reverb, equalization, headphone virtualization, and bass
boost
 New Download Manager, giving users easy access to any file downloaded from the
browser, email, or another application

ANDROID 3.0(HONEYCOMB)
On February 22, 2011, the Android 3.0 (Honeycomb) SDK – the first tablet-only Android
update – was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.36.[65][66][67][68] The first device
featuring this version, the Motorola Xoom tablet, was released on February 24,
2011.[69] The update's features included:

 Added System Bar, featuring quick access to notifications, status, and soft
navigation buttons, available at the bottom of the screen
 Added Action Bar, giving access to contextual options, navigation, widgets, or other
types of content at the top of the screen
 Simplified multitasking – tapping Recent Applications in the System Bar allows users
to see snapshots of the tasks underway and quickly jump from one application to
another
 Redesigned keyboard, making typing fast, efficient and accurate on larger screen
sizes
 Simplified, more intuitive copy/paste interface
 Multiple browser tabs replacing browser windows, plus form auto-fill and a new
“incognito” mode allowing anonymous browsing
 Quick access to camera exposure, focus, flash, zoom, front-facing camera, time-
lapse, and other camera features

ANDROID 4.0(ICE-CREAM SANDWICH)

The SDK for Android 4.0.1 (Ice Cream Sandwich), based on Linux kernel 3.0.1, [78] was
publicly released on October 19, 2011.[79] Google's Gabe Cohen stated that Android 4.0
was "theoretically compatible" with any Android 2.3.x device in production at that
time.[80] The source code for Android 4.0 became available on November 14,
2011.[81] Ice Cream Sandwich was the last version to officially support Adobe
Systems' Flash player.[82] The update introduced numerous new features:

 Major refinements to the "Holo" interface with new Roboto font family
 Soft buttons from Android 3.x are now available for use on phones
 Separation of widgets in a new tab, listed in a similar manner to applications
 Easier-to-create folders, with a drag-and-drop style
 Improved visual voicemail with the ability to speed up or slow down voicemail
messages
 Pinch-to-zoom functionality in the calendar
 Integrated screenshot capture (accomplished by holding down the Power and
Volume-Down buttons)
 Improved error correction on the keyboard

ANDROID 4.1(JELLY BEAN)

Google announced Android 4.1 (Jelly Bean) at the Google I/O conference on June 27,
2012. Based on Linux kernel 3.0.31, Jelly Bean was an incremental update with the
primary aim of improving the functionality and performance of the user
interface. Android 4.1 Jelly Bean was released to the Android Open Source Project on
July 9, 2012,[96] and the Nexus 7 tablet, the first device to run Jelly Bean, was released
on July 13, 2012.

 Smoother user interface:

 Bi-directional text and other language support
 User-installable keyboard maps
 Expandable notifications
 Ability to turn off notifications on an application-specific basis
 Shortcuts and widgets can automatically be re-arranged or re-sized to allow new
items to fit on home screens
 Bluetooth data transfer for Android Beam
 Tablets with smaller screens now use an expanded version of the interface layout
and home screen used by phones.[97]

ANDROID 4.1-4.4(KIT-KAT)
Google announced Android 4.4 KitKat on September 3, 2013. Although initially under
the "Key Lime Pie" ("KLP") codename, the name was changed because "very few
people actually know the taste of a key lime pie The required minimum amount of RAM
available to Android is 340 MB, and all devices with less than 512 MB of RAM must
report themselves as "low RAM" devices.

 Refreshed interface with white elements instead of blue

 Clock no longer shows bold hours; all digits are thin. The H, M, and S markings for
the stopwatch and timer have been removed, leaving just the numbers.
 Ability for applications to trigger translucency in the navigation and status bars [135]
 Ability for applications to use "immersive mode" to keep the navigation and status
bars hidden while maintaining user interaction[136]
 Action overflow menu buttons are always visible, even on devices with a "Menu"
key, which was officially deprecated by Android 4.0.[137]
 Restriction for applications when accessing external storage, except for their own
directories
 Optimizations for performance on devices with lower specifications,
including zRAM support and "low RAM" device API[131]
 Wireless printing capability[131]
 New framework for UI transitions

ANDROID 5.1(LOLLIPOP)
Android 5.0 "Lollipop" was unveiled under the codename "Android L" on June 25, 2014,
during Google I/O. It became available as official over-the-air (OTA) updates on
November 12, 2014, for select devices that run distributions of Android serviced by
Google, including Nexus and Google Play edition devices. Its source code was made
available on November 3, 2014.

 Android Runtime (ART) with ahead-of-time (AOT) compilation and improved

garbage collection (GC), replacing Dalvik that combines byte
code interpretation with trace-based just-in-time (JIT) compilation[166][168]

 Support for 64-bit CPUs

 OpenGL ES 3.1 and Android Extension Pack (AEP) on supported GPU
configurations
 Recent activities screen with tasks instead of applications, up to a configured
maximum of tasks per application
 Vector draw able, which scale without losing definition
 Support for print previews
 Material design, bringing a restyled user interface
 Refreshed lock screen, no longer supporting widgets[169]

ANDROID 6.0 (MASHMALLOW)

Android 6.0 "Marshmallow" was unveiled under the codename "Android M"
during Google I/O on May 28, 2015, for
the Nexus 5 and Nexus 6 phones, Nexus 9 tablet, and Nexus Player set-top box, under
the build number MPZ44Q.[189]The third developer preview (MPA44G) was released on
August 17, 2015 for the Nexus 5, Nexus 6, Nexus 9 and Nexus Player devices,[190] and
was updated to MPA44I that brought fixes related to Android for Work profiles.

 Google "Now on Tap" feature[193]

 Introduction of Doze mode, which reduces CPU speed while the screen is off in
order to save battery life[194]
 App Standby feature
 Alphabetically accessible vertical application drawer[195]
 Application search bar and favorites
 Native fingerprint reader support
 Direct Share feature for target-specific sharing between apps[196]
 Renamed "Priority" mode to "Do Not Disturb" mode
 4K display mode for apps

FEATURES OF ANDROID
This is a list of features in the Android operating system:
Messaging
SMS and MMS are available forms of messaging, including threaded text
messaging and Android.

Web browser
The web browser available in Android is based on the open-
source Blink (previously Web Kit) layout engine, coupled with Chrome's V8 JavaScript
engine.

Voice-based features
Google search through voice has been available since initial release. [4] Voice actions for
calling, texting, navigation, etc. are supported on Android 2.2 onwards. [5] As of Android
4.1, Google has expanded Voice Actions with ability to talk back and read answers from
Google's Knowledge Graph when queried with specific commands. [6] The ability to
control hardware has not yet been implemented.

Multi-touch
Android has native support for multi-touch which was initially made available in
handsets such as the HTC Hero. The feature was originally disabled at the kernel level
(possibly to avoid infringing Apple's patents on touch-screen technology at the
time).[7] Google has since released an update for the Nexus One and the Motorola
Droid which enables multi-touch natively.[8]

Multitasking
Multitasking of applications, with unique handling of memory allocation, is available .[9]

Screen capture
Android supports capturing a screenshot by pressing the power and home-screen
buttons at the same time.[10] Prior to Android 4.0, the only methods of capturing a
screenshot were through manufacturer and third-party customizations (apps), or
otherwise by using a PC connection (DDMS developer's tool). These alternative
methods are still available with the latest Android.

Connectivity
Android supports connectivity technologies
including GSM/EDGE, Bluetooth, LTE, CDMA, EV-DO, UMTS, NFC, IDEN and WiMAX.
Bluetooth
Supports voice dialing and sending contacts between phones, playing music, sending
files (OPP), accessing the phone book (PBAP), A2DP and AVRCP. Keyboard, mouse
and joystick (HID) support is available in Android 3.1+, and in earlier versions through
manufacturer customizations and third-party applications.

Media support
Android supports the following audio/video/still media
formats: WebM, H.263, H.264, AAC, HE-AAC (in 3GP or MP4 container), MPEG-4
SP, AMR, AMR-WB , MP3, MIDI, FLAC,WAV, JPEG, PNG, GIF, BMP.

External storage
Most Android devices include micro-SD card slots and can read micro-SD cards formatted with
the FAT32, Ext3 or Ext4 file systems. To allow use of external storage media such as USB flash
drives and USB HDDs, some Android devices are packaged with USB-OTG cables.

SECURITY

 Android is a multi-purpose system, in which each application (and part of the

system) runs in its own process. Most security between applications and the
system is enforced at the process level through standard Linux facilities, such as
user and group IDs that are assigned to applications.
 There are key components of android security which are described as follows:
 Design review:-when a security model is designed then it will be reviewed by the
developers so that risk level will be very less while using the model.
 Code review and penetrating testing:- the goal of this code review is that in which
it will be checked that how the system will become strong?
 Open source and community review:- android uses open source technologies
that have significant external review such as Linux kernel.
 Incident response:- android team enables the rapid mitigation of vulnerabilities to
ensure that potential risks to all android users are minimized.
ADVANTAGES

 The ability for anyone to customize the Google Android platform

 It gives you better notification
 It lets you choose your hardware
 It has better app market(1,80,000 application)
 With Google chrome you can open many window at once.
 Android operating system supports all of Google services ranging from Gmail to
Google reader. All Google services can you have one operating system , namely
Android.

DISADVANTAGES

 Android market is less control of the manager, sometimes there are malware.
 Wasteful Batteries, This is because the OS is a lot of “process” in the
background causing the battery quickly drains.
 Sometimes slow device company issued an official version of Android your own.
 Extremely inconsistence in design among apps.
 Very unstable and often hang & crash.

LIMITATONS OF ANDROID

Development requirements in
 Java
 Android SDK
 Bluetooth limitations:-
Android doesn’t support:
 Bluetooth stereo
 Contacts exchange
 Modem pairing
 Wireless keyboards
 There are no split or interval times available.
 Continuous internet connection is required.
CONCLUSION
At first glance, Android may be seen as a potential target for real- time
environments and, as such, there are numerous industry targets that would
benefit from an architecture with such capabilities. Taking this into
considerations, this paper presented the evaluation of the Android platform
to be used as a real-time system. By focusing on the core parts of the
system it was possible to expose the limitations and then to present four
possible directions that may be followed to add real- time behavior to the
system.

Android was built to serve the mobile industry purposes and that fact has an
impact on the way that the architecture might be used. However, with some
effort, as proven by the presented approaches, it is possible to have the
desired real-time behavior on any Android device. This behavior may suit
specific applications or components by providing them the ability of taking
advantage of temporal guarantees, and therefore, to behave in a more
predictable manner.

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