Off Road Vehicles

Introduction
• An off-road vehicle is considered to be any
type of vehicle which is capable of driving on
and off paved or gravel surface.
• It is generally characterized by having large
tires size with deep tread.
• It including tractors, JCB, cranes, backhoes,
bulldozers, and Loaders etc.
 Necessity of special purpose vehicles
• To reduce construction cost.
• To obtain economy in construction operation and
maintenance.
• To obtain superior quality to working with
minimum manpower
• To obtain the works technically correct and long
lasting.
• To developing knowledge and to get habit of
developing certain new things.
• To reduce time of consent.
 Applications
• Mainly used in constructional works as.
– In road construction
– In irrigation work
– In major civil works.
• Used in marine works.
• Used in Farm Work
Design consideration
of Off road Vehicle
 General Design Off Road Vehicles
General design consideration are
• Starting of the Vehicle and its control
• Engine selection
• Power transmission system
• Braking system
• Wheels and tyres
• Hydraulic system
• Steering system
• Electrical system
• Different working attachment
• Economic selection and safety tractors
• Periodical maintenance and repairing
 Good Requirements off road vehicles
• Working capability
• Accuracy in working
• Quality of working
• Technically corrected design
• High performance
• Low time consumption
• Continuous workability.
• Low maintenance
• Low cost.
 Functional Requirements off Road
vehicles.
• The provision of up to full power in the form of a
large drawbar pull at low speeds, with respect to
fuel consumption.
• Provide the provision of performing various tasks
and attached in a variety of ways.
• Make Provision of power for driving and control
the various implements.
• Make a provision of power as the basis for a
transport system in both on- and off-road
conditions.
 Terms Connected with Off Road
Vehicles
• Ground clearance: It is the height of the lowest point of
die tractor from the ground surface, the tractor being loaded
to its maximum permissible weight.
• Track: Track is the distance between the two wheels of the
tractor on the same axle, measured at the point of ground
contact.
• Turning space: It is the diameter of the smallest circle,
described by the outermost point of the tractor, while
moving at a speed, not exceeding 2 km/hr with the steering
wheels in full lock.
• Cage wheel: It is a wheel or an attachment to a wheel with
spaced cross bars for improving the traction of the tractor
in a wet field. It is generally used in paddy fields.
 Classification (Types)
• Excavating machines
• Tractor and tractor unit
• Scrapers or pans
• Grading & compacting M/c
 Classification Continue
• Excavating M/c
– Dipper or power shovel
– Dragline
– Clam shell
– Drag Shovel
• Tractor and tractor unit
– Crawler type
– Wheel type
• Scrapers and pans
– Crawler tractor pulled.
– Wheel tractor pulled.
• Grading and Compacting M/c
 Off Road Vehicles
• JCB or Excavator cum loader
• Shovel mounted on tractor
• Road Roller
• Dozer
• Dumper (Dumping Trucks)
• Tractor
• Drill (Automobile drilling machine)
• Grader
• Scrapers
• Power Shovels
• Road Reader
• Blasting equipment’s
• Automatic Drum Mix plants
Main components of Off road vehicles
• Main component of tractor are
– Engine
– Clutch
– Transmission gears
– Differential unit
– Final drive
– Rear wheels
– Front wheels
– Steering Mechanism
– Hydraulic Control and Hitch system
– Power take - off unit
– Auxiliary equipment ( control unit)
– Working attachment
– Running gear
Layout Front Engine Drive
Layout of Middle Engine Drive
Layout of Rear Engine Drive
Four Wheel Drive
 Construction
• To obtain combined benefits
• Off-road vehicles and wagons are usually available
with all-wheel drive.
• They cost more because of their complex structure,
respectively, repair components and assemblies.
• All four wheel drive, fuel consumption is
correspondingly greater.
• Costly to repair components and assemblies because of
the complex design of the SPV.
• The cost of these SPV is much higher other types of
vehicles.
 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS AROUND TRACTOR
MACHINERY

Tie back long hair

• Prior to use assure all covers, shields & guards are in place
Field work is tiring
Do notstep
• Never wearacross
loose clothing
rotatingor mechanical
jewelry parts

• Keep
Wearextremities
eye, hearing, clear
& footof
and
operating parts. Work at least 12’ away when
protection
PTO is engaged (rule of thumb: 2x your height)

tired people make mistakes:

• Never walk or stand behind operating farm machinery

• Always de-energize equipment & wait for it to stop moving before

performing adjustments, unclogging or service
Beware of carelessness, impatience and fatigue
Off Road Vehicle SAFETY

EH&SS 4/07/REDING
SPV Operation Basics

• Common Tractor Hazards

• Accident Prevention

• Rollover Protection Structures

(ROPS)
SPV SAFETY

EH&SS 4/07/REDING
 Safety Rules of SPV
• Make the changes
 Read and follow safety procedures in the
manufacturer's manual
 To reduce risk of back strain, fit a seat with side
restraints and a backrest.
 Keep children away from tractors and machinery.
 Remove starter keys when SPV are not in use.
 Have an up-to-date maintenance schedule.
 Ensure the operator is properly trained for each type of
SPV work.
 Adjust the seat so all controls are safely and
comfortably reached.
 Never carry passengers.
 Safety Rules of SPV
• Operating Safety
 Reduce speed before turning or applying brakes.
 Select suitable parking stop at the time of stopping
 Brake with the engine without disengaging the clutch
 Driving speed must confirm as per road conditions
 Physical fatigue may avoided means maintain proper working
conditions
 When stopping the tractor shut off the engine
 Engage the clutch gently at all times, especially when going
uphill or towing.
 Use as wide a wheel track as possible on hillsides and sloping
ground
 Take short breaks regularly when working long hours.
 Ensure the park brake is on and operating effectively before
dismounting.
 Trained person drive the off road vehicle
 Authorized person
 It is impressible to operate the a tractor with fault system
 Select suitable parking stop at the time of stopping
 Brake with the engine without disengaging the clutch
 Driving speed must confirm as per road conditions
 Physical fatigue may avoided means maintain proper
working conditions
 When stopping the SPV shut off the engine
• Special safety of SPV
– Hitch of the vehicle properly check
– To avoid the premature ignition and do not start the engine
it overheated
– Do not make any adjustment at time of driving
– When attaching the implement it slowly in reveres and
prepared to stop the tractor at any moment
– All pulleys and belts must be granted by protective shields
– Do not inspect a PTO driven machine without disengaging
the power takeoff shaft.
– Always keep the tractor in gear when going with trailer in
downhill.
• When towing implements
 Fit attachments according to the manufacturer's instructions.
 Always attach implements to the draw bar or the mounting
points provided by the manufacturer.
 Never alter, modify or raise the height of the draw bar unless
provided for by the manufacturer.
 Regularly check safety pins on towed lift-wing implements, to
ensure they are not worn.
 Ensure all guards on towed implements are in place before
operating.
 Never hitch above the centerline of the rear axle, around the
axle housing or to the top link pin.
 Never adjust or work on implements while they are in motion.
 Never attach implements unless the PTO shaft is guarded.
To avoid strain injury
 Adjust the tractor seat for back support and comfort.
 When buying a tractor, ensure seating is safe and
comfortable.
 Check seat height, seat depth, backrest height and angle, fore
and after movement, seat tilt, firm padding, partial pivoting (if
you have to spend long periods looking behind you), and
vibration-absorbing suspension.
 Dismount every hour or so, and spend 5 or 10 minutes doing
something active.
 Plan for your next tractor to include suitably low steps,
handgrips, adequate doorway and cab space, and a safe
mounting platform.
• When removing wheels
 Loosen wheel nuts before the wheel is off the ground, to avoid
any movement that could dislodge the tractor.
 Before removing a tractor tire from a rim, release all water and
air pressure.
 To avoid serious injuries, it is recommended that work
performed on split rims be done by the professional.
Therefore, farm workers should not work on split rims.
 Never jack more than one wheel off the ground at a time in the
field.
 If both rear wheels have to be removed, work on a flat, level
concrete floor, in the workshop.
 When removing rear wheels, ensure the front wheels are
immobilized by fixing wedges between axle and body.
• Fire Protection Preventation
DO not smoke near refueling points
Periodically check the conditions of electrical
equipment and wiring
Remove the carbon deposit from the exhaust pipe
Every tractor provided with a fire extinguisher
 SPV Operator Responsibilities

 Stay alert and avoid potential hazards

 Preview your route for obstacles, holes, slopes, ditches,
terrain, etc. Remove debris
 Maintain and use the tractor’s safety features (such as, ROPS,
seat belt, & PTO shields)
 Conduct tractor pre-operation checks
 Operate the tractor and implements safely and according to
manufacturer’s directions
 Use the right tractor and implement for the job
 Know equipment blind spots
 SIDEWAYS ROLLOVERS
Common causes for sideways rollovers are :
• Driven on hillside that is too steep
• Driven too close to the edge of a roadside ditch or embankment
• Cornering too sharply or too fast
• (centrifugal force pivots tractor on
outside wheels)
• The tractor’s front-end loader is
elevated too high on a hillside
or in a turn at excessive speed
SIDEWAYS ROLLOVERS
 ROLLOVER PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES
(ROPS)

• ROPS work by limiting a rollover to

and preventing the operator from 90°
being crushed under the weight of the
tractor
• ROPS work only if the operator is
wearing a seatbelt to keep them in
the operator station as the tractor is
rolling
 What is a Protective Zone?

• An imaginary space
surrounding an operator’s
body

• ROPS and a seatbelt keep

the operator within this safe
space in the event of a
rollover
This is the Protective Zone
 ROPS save lives!

SEATBELT

*No ROPS-cause for the majority

tractor-related fatalities (~130/yr)!
*Runovers are second (fatalities ~
60/yr)!
 ROPS AND SIDEWAYS ROLLOVER
1
DEMO
PAST POINT OF NO RETURN

TWO HILLSIDE DEPRESSIONS

2 4

TRACTOR HITS DEPRESSION & TIPS

ROPS & SEATBELT PROTECT OPERATOR
 WHEN ARE ROPS REQUIRED BY LAW

WHEN:
• Engine greater than 20 horsepower
• Vehicle is 2-wheel, 4-wheel or track driven (crawler-type)
and designed to pull, propel, or carry implements designed
for agricultural use (disk, tiller, plow, etc.)
• Manufactured after October 25, 1976
• The manufacturer made a retrofit ROPS option available or it
was available at the time tractor manufactured (no matter
what year tractor manufactured)
 SPV Safety Features
• PTO shield & other machine guards
• ROPS
• Seat belt
• Rear view mirrors
• Head/Tail/Turn/Warning Lights
• Back-up alarm
• Slow Vehicle Warning Triangle
• Fire extinguisher
• First Aid Kit
 Off Road Vehicle controls
• In modern off road vehicles all controls are arranged in the
driver cabins.
– To prepare the engine for starting operation and control it
• Gas tank shut off cock controls (1)
• Carburetor choke control valve (5)
• Magneto grounding switch (11)
• Starater switch (15)
• Starting gear clutch hand drive control pinion (27)
- To prepare the main tractor engine for operation
• Fuel pump lever (20)
• Battery ground switch
• Fuel cock
- Pedal located in driver cabin
• Steering control lever (9& 10)
• Torque multiplier control lever (19)
• Master clutch Pedal
• Power take shaft lever
Main Gear shift lever and Auxiliary gear shift lever
Main Gear shift lever Auxiliary gear shift lever
 Off road vehicle controls
• .
– To prepare the engine for starting operation and control it
• Gas tank shut off cock controls (1)
• Carburetor choke control valve (5)
• Magneto grounding switch (11)
• Starater switch (15)
• Starting gear clutch hand drive control pinion (27)
- To prepare the main tractor engine for operation
• Fuel pump lever (20)
• Battery ground switch
• Fuel cock
- Pedal located in driver cabin
• Steering control lever (9& 10)
• Torque multiplier control lever (19)
• Master clutch Pedal
• Power take shaft lever
Main Gear shift lever and Auxiliary gear shift lever
Main Gear shift lever Auxiliary gear shift lever
Main Gear Shift Lever:

• This is the primary control of the forward and reverse speeds of the tractor.
• It has 3 forward speeds and one reverse speed.
• Remember to use the clutch to shift all gears.
Auxiliary Gear Shift Lever:
This controls the auxiliary speed gear which changes the gear ranges of the
Main Gears
• It is located very near and to the right of the Main Gear Shift.
• When you are working with the tractor under strain, you may be using the
Low range to work more efficiently.
• The clutch must be depressed to change from H to L or from L to H.
 Front Wheel Drive
Axle Control Lever Steering Wheel
Clutch
 Clutch Pedal:
• When you depress the Clutch Pedal, the clutch is disengaged and you can
shift gears.
• Depressing the Clutch Pedal is necessary whenever you shift the Main
Gears, the Shuttle Shift, the Auxiliary Gears (H-L), and the Creeper Gear.
• Also the Clutch must be depressed when making PTO changes.
 Front Wheel Drive Axle Control Lever :
• This lever engages the front axle to enable/disable 4-wheel drive. Move
the lever forward (up) to engage the front axle and operate in 4-wheel
drive. Move the lever backward (down) to disengage the front axle and
have 2-wheel drive (the rear wheels are always engaged).
 Steering Wheel:
• The steering wheel controls the direction of the front wheels and thereby
the direction the tractor will travel in both forward and reverse gears.
Left Brake Brake Lock Right Brake

Location of Foot Throttle Pedal

Parking Brake Lock
Creeper Shift Lever
 Left and Right Brake Pedals:
• The brakes are only on the rear wheels.
• The left brake pedal activates the brakes on the left side of the tractor wheel
and the right pedal controls the right side the wheel .
• The brake lock is used to link the left and right pedals together.
• Foot Throttle Pedal:
• Pressing the foot pedal down increases the fuel flow and therefore the speed
of the engine increases and the tractor if it is in gear. Releasing the pedal
slows the engine or tractor.
• Creeper Shift Lever:
• It is located on the right side of the transmission channel forward of the Main
Gear Shift and near the brakes.
• This lever puts the tractor into “creeper” mode which is a very very low
speed.
• It is used for the tractor is stuck or if you are trying to pull a very heavy
load.
• Creeper gear is similar to gear lever to achieve even lower gears than the L
(Low) gear range.
• Creeper Gear should not be used when the auxiliary gear shift lever is in “H”
 Main Instrument Panel:
Battery Light Lights
Fuel Gage Hour Meter Oil Pressure
Gage

Water Turn
Engine Oil Temperature Tachometer Ammeter Signal
Light
Decompression Lever
Decompression Lever
• This lever is located below the switch panel.
• This lever can be used to decompress the pressure in the
engine cylinders and make starting easier in cold weather or if
you have a weak battery. (Decrease the load)
 Decompressor Lever

• This lever is located below the

switch panel.
• This lever can be used to
create the needed pressure in
the engine cylinders and make
starting easier in cold weather
or if you have a weak battery.
• The key will automatically
return to ON after you release
it. If the engine does not start,
then you can repeat the
procedure.

Decompressor Lever
 Switch Panel

 Switches
•Fuel “Cut-Off” Handle
•Work Light switch
•Horn control
•Headlight Switch
•Starting Switch

Fuel “Cut-Off” Handle

Hand Throttle
Hand Throttle
 Hand Throttle
• This lever is located to the right of the Steering Wheel.
• Pulling the hand throttle toward you, increases the diesel fuel
flow to the engine and the RPMs of the engine. Pushing it
away (turtle) decreases the fuel flow.
• Hand throttle it can be used when the tractor is stationary and
driving attachments either through the hydraulic system or
through the PTO.
• The hand throttle can also be used as a speed control to set a
constant speed such as when mowing.
• Hand throttle is set higher when the tractor is moving, then the
clutch and gearing have to be used to control speed
Shuttle Shift
Shuttle Shift
 Functions of Shuttle Shift
• This lever is located to the left of the Steering Wheel
• This lever used to shifts the tractor from forward to reverse
• On Shuttle Shift models there is no reverse gear on the Main
Gear Shift Lever and the only way to put the tractor in reverse
is using the Shuttle Shift.
• The Shuttle Shift lever has three positions Forward (F),
Neutral (middle positions), and Reverse (R).
• At the time of operation shuttle shift, the tractor must be
stopped and the Clutch Pedal must be depressed, then move
the Shuttle Shift lever into the desired position.
• It generally used Front- End Loader type of tractor
application
 Attachment Controls of Tractor

PTO Connection
It rotates when engaged
PTO Connection:
The tractor has a “Power Take-Off” (PTO) at the rear the tractor which can
power attachments through a rotating shaft.
PTO Control Lever:
• This lever is located just to the right of the Auxillary Gear Shift Lever
(High and Low speeds) and just forward of the Differential Lock Lever.
• It has two positions EN (engaged) and DIE (disengaged).
• Differential Lock Lever should be disengaged unless you are using the
PTO.
Differential Lock Lever:
• This lever has two positions: EN (engaged) and DIE (disengaged).
• Under normal operating conditions the differential lock lever should be in
the DIE (disengaged) position (e.g., the wheels turn separately).
• The differential lock lever can be engaged to keep the tractor’s wheels
turning at the same (engaged) speed.
Differential PTO Control Lever
Lock Lever
 PTO Speed Control Lever:
Point Hitch
 PTO Speed Control Lever:
• This lever is located at the rear right side of the tractor
• It has 3 positions: 540 (RPM), N (neutral), and 1000
(RPM),When shifting into a PTO speed from neutral, the
clutch should depressed.
Seat Adjustments:
• The tractor seat can be adjusted in 3 ways.
• The seat can be moved forward and backward by pulling the
lever under the left front side of the seat
• Allows raising or lowering the seat back
• Spring cushioning feature of the seat can be tightened or
loosened by turning the knob at the top of the seat.
 Spring Cushion Adjustment

Seat Back Raise/Lower

 Starting of SPV engines
• For Starting of the engine Following controls are used
– Accelerator Pedal
– Decompressor control lever
– Fuel pump lever
– Ignition Starter Switch
– Neutral condition
– Starting motor
Preparing the engine for starting
• Before starting the cold engine perform all daily attention and inspection
procedures
• For easy the cranking of diesel engine engage the decompressor by pressing the
lever.
• If engine not started with two or three revolutions of Crank. Then open the shut
off cock of the main fuel tank.
 Starting Procedure
1. Daily maintenance and safety check
2. Mount the tractor / SPV using steps safely
3. Adjust seat
4. Check controls (neutral position)
5. Check for people in the area
6. Depress clutch
7. Open throttle
8. Turn switch to ON position
9. Check indicator
10. Turn switch to START position
• Precaution taken starting of tractor
 Do NOT run the start for more than 5-10 seconds at a time
 Do not attempt more than 5 starts in a row without allowing
the starter to cool for 15 minutes
 If the engine fails to start after a couple of tries then use
decompressor lever
 After the tractor starts, let it run in neutral with the parking
brake ON for at least 5 minutes to warm up
• Most widely used Different Starting system of
tractor.
1. Importance of warming-up
2. Glow plugs
3. Starting Fluid use
 Starting in cold conditions
Glow Plugs
• Are used to heat the combustion chambers of diesel engines to
help initiate combustion of the diesel fuel.
• There is one glow plug for each cylinder.
• The glow plugs are an additional source of heat in the cylinder
and are switched on prior to turning over the engine to provide
heat to the combustion chamber.
• In the tip of the glow plug is a coil of a resistive wire or a
filament which heats up when electricity is connected.
• Glow plugs are required because diesel engines produce the
heat needed to ignite the diesel fuel by the compression of air
in the cylinder and combustion chamber.
 Applications off road vehicle
• LAND Clearing
• Stripping of soil
• Dumping
• Loading and unloading of material
• Spreading
• Dozing rocks
• Building construction dam construction
• Leveling
• trenching