CONTENTS

Acknowledgements................................................................................................................................2

Grid and Substation…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..3

Functions of grid sub-station…………………………………………………………………………………………………………....3

Single line diagram of AEGCL ,Sarusajai.................................................................................................4

Flow chart of Electrical Power System....................................................................................................5

Equipments used in a grid substation ....................................................................................................6

 Bus bars………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...6
 Transformers………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...6
 Basic components of a transformer…………………………………………………………………………...7
 Relays…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....8
 Functions of relay…………………………………………………………………………………………………......9
 Quality of good relay………………………………………………………………………………………………....9
 Isolator switch……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....9
 Current Transformer…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... 10
 Usage of CT…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....10
 Potential Transformer…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...11
 Circuit Breaker……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 11
 Switch board and Controlling room……………………………………………………………………………………....12
 Earthing System…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....12
 Lightning Arrestor………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...12
 Wave Trap...................................................................................................................................13

Conclusion..............................................................................................................................................14
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Grid and Sub Station

An electrical power substation is a conversion point between transmission level voltages

(such as 132 kV) and distribution level voltages (such as 11 kV). A substation has one or
more step-down transformers and serves a regional area such as part of a city or
neighbourhood. Substations are connected to each other by the transmission ring circuit
system by equipments.

An electrical grid station is an interconnection point between two transmission ring circuits,
often between two geographic regions. They might have a transformer, depending on the
possibly different voltages, so that the voltage levels can be adjusted as needed.

The interconnected network of substation is called the grid and may ultimately represent an
entire multi-state region. In this configuration, loss of a small section , such as loss of a
power station, does not impact the grid as a whole, nor does it impact the more localized
neighbourhood, as the grid simply shifts its power flow to compensate, giving the power
station operator the opportunity to effect repairs without having a blackout.

Functions of a grid sub-station

A Grid Station has the following functions -

 Supply of required electrical power.

 Maximum possible coverage of the supply network.
 Maximum security of supply.
 Shortest possible fault-duration.
 Optimum efficiency of plants and network.
 Supply of electrical power within targeted frequency limits, (49.5 - 50.5 Hz).
 Supply of electrical power within specified voltage limits.
 Supply of electrical energy to the consumers at the lowest cost.
 Switching : the connecting and disconnecting of transmission lines or other
components to and from the system.
Equipments Used in a Sub-Station

The equipment required for a transformer Sub-Station depends upon the type of Sub-
Station, Service requirement and the degree of protection desired. TIF Sub-Station has
the following major equipments :-

 Bus Bars
When a no. of lines operating at the same voltage have to be directly connected electrically,
bus-bar are used, it is made up of copper or aluminum bars (generally of rectangular X-
Section) and operate at constant voltage. Duplicate bus-bar, generally it consists of two bus-
bars a “main” bus-bar and spare bus-bar. The incoming and outgoing lines can be connected
to either b/b. With the help of a bus-bar coupler, which consist of a circuit breaker and
isolators. However, in case of repair of main bus-bar or fault accusing on it, the continuity
of supply to the circuit can be maintain by transforming it to the spare bus-bar for voltage
exceeding 33KV,Duplicate bus-bar is frequently used.

Following bus bar schemes are used in the field of electrical power system

 Single bus bar scheme

 Sectionalizing bus bar scheme
 Double bus bar scheme
 Terminal section scheme
 Main and transfer bus scheme
 Ring bus scheme

 Transformer

A transformer is a static device comprising coils coupled through a magnetic medium

connecting two ports at different voltages levels (in general) in an electric system allowing
the interchange of electrical energy between the ports in either direction via the magnetic
field. A varying current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the
transformer’s core and thus a varying field through the secondary winding. This varying
magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or ‘voltage’ in the secondary
winding. This effect is called mutual induction.
If a load is connected to the secondary, an electric current will flow in the secondary winding
and electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit through the transformer to
the load. In an ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding (Vs) is in
proportion to the primary voltage (Vp) and is given by the ratio of the number of turns in
the secondary (Ns) to the number of turns in the primary (Np) as follows :

By appropriate selection of the ratio of turns, a transformer thus allows an alternating

current (AC) voltage to be “stepped up” by making Ns greater than Np , or “stepped down”
by making Ns less than Np.

The basic components of a transformer are :

1) Laminated core: Core is used for magnetic path as well as reduce the no load current. If
there is no core the no load current is more than 10-15% of full load current.

2) Windings : It consists of two windings- primary and secondary and no. of turns depend
upon the rating of the transformer.
3) Double diaphragm explosion vent : It is used to discharge excess pressure in the
atmosphere when excess pressure is developed inside the transformer during loading.

4) Transformer oil : Oil is used in transformer tank to provide insulation between the two
windings and it also helps in transferring the heat generated inside the transformer to the
atmosphere.

5) Tap changer : This is used for the tapping of the transformer at different levels.

6) Oil conservator : This is mainly used for the storage of extra insulation oil which is to
overcome the requirement of the tank assembly system.

7) Silica gel Breather : This is used for the extraction of the moisture from the core of the
transformer.

8) Cooling tubes or radiators : These are used for cooling of the transformer oil.

9) Buchholz relay : it is a very sensitive gas and oil operated instrument which safely detect
the formation of gas or sudden pressure inside the oil transformer.

9) Oil level indicator : it is used to show the oil level in the transformer.

10) WTI and OTI : Winding temperature indicator (WTI) is used to show the temperature of
transformer winding and oil temperature indicator (OTI) shows the temperature of oil.

11) Drain valve : it is used for taking damaged oil from the oil tank for the proper oil
collection. This is situated under the oil tank.

12) Porcelain Bushing : This is a outer unit, this is used to prevent unwanted leakage of
electricity.

 Relays
A relay is a device that “detects” the fault and “directs” the circuit breaker to isolate the
faulty part/equipment from the system.
Functions of relay :

A relay performs three functions:

 Sensing.
 Comparing
 Tripping.

It senses the “fault”. This is done by the relay to “respond” to the change if any, in the
currents passing through it. It compares the current through it with the designed value of
current. It responds only if the current through it is different from its designed current
rating. If the current through it is different from its designed current rating, it sends
information to the circuit breaker for tripping.

Qualities of Good relay :

In order to perform its function successfully, a relay should have the following qualities.

 Selectivity
 Speed
 Sensitivity
 Reliability
 Simplicity
 Economical

 Isolator switch
In electrical engineering, isolator switch is used to make sure that an electrical circuit can be
completely de-energized for service or maintenance. Such switches are often found in
electrical distribution and industrial applications where machinery must have its source of
driving power removed for adjustment or repair. High-voltage isolation switches are used in
electrical substations to allow isolation of apparatus such as circuit breakers and
transformers, and transmission lines, for maintenance. Often the isolation switch is not
intended for normal control of the circuit and is only used for isolation.

The major difference between an isolator and a circuit breaker is that an isolator is an off-
load device intended to be opened only after current as been interrupted by some other
control device. Safety regulations of the utility must prevent any attempt to open the
disconnect or while it supplies a circuit.

 Current Transformer (CT)

In electrical engineering, a current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of electric
currents. Current transformers, together with voltage transformers (VT) (potential
transformers (PT)), are known as instrument transformers. When current in a circuit is too
high to directly apply to measuring instruments, a current transformer produces a reduced
current accurately proportional to the current in the circuit, which can be conveniently
connected to measuring and recording instruments. A current transformer also isolates the
measuring instruments from what may be very high voltage in the monitored circuit.
Current transformers are commonly used in metering and protective relays in the electrical
power industry.

Usage of CT :

Current transformers are used extensively for measuring current and monitoring the
operation of the power grid. Along with voltage leads, revenue-grade CTs drive the electrical
utility's watt-hour meter on virtually every building with three-phase service and single-
phase services greater than 200 amp.

The CT is typically described by its current ratio from primary to secondary. Often, multiple
CTs are installed as a "stack" for various uses. For example, protection devices
and revenue metering may use separate CTs to provide isolation between metering and
protection circuits, and allows current transformers with different characteristics (accuracy,
overload performance) to be used for the different purposes.
  Potential Transformer (PT)
Voltage transformers (VT) or potential transformers (PT) are another type of instrument
transformer, used for metering and protection in high-voltage circuits. They are designed to
present negligible load to the supply being measured and to have a precise voltage ratio to
accurately step down high voltages so that metering and protective relay equipment can be
operated at a lower potential. Typically the secondary of a voltage transformer is rated for
69 V or 120 V at rated primary voltage, to match the input ratings of protective relays.

The transformer winding high-voltage connection points are typically labeled as H1, H2 and
X1, X2 and sometimes X3 tap may be present. Sometimes a second isolated winding ( Y1,Y2,Y3)
may also be available on the same voltage transformer. The high side (primary) may be
connected phase to ground or phase to phase. The low side (secondary) is usually phase to
ground. The terminal identifications ( H1,X1,Y1, etc.) are often referred to as polarity. This
applies to current transformers as well. At any instant terminals with the same suffix
numeral have the same polarity and phase. Correct identification of terminals and wiring is
essential for proper operation of metering and protective relays.

 Circuit Breaker

A circuit breaker is automatic operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical

circuit from damage caused by over load or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault
condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue electrical flow. Unlike
a fuse, which operates once and then has to be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset
(either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in
varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to large
switch gear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.

Breakers used in 132 KV grid station are :

 Oil circuit breaker

 Vacuum circuit breaker
 SF6 circuit breaker.
  Switch board and Control room
An electric switchboard is a device that directs electricity from one source to another. It is
an assembly of panels, each of which contains switches that allow electricity to be
redirected. The operator is protected from electrocution by safety switches and fuses.
A control room is a room serving as an operations centre where a facilityor service can be
monitored and controlled. Components of a control room are :

 Protection Relays
 Auto Transformer Bank (ATB) Panel
 Bus Bar Panel
 Shunt Reactor Panel
 Rectifiers
 Fire Extinguisher
 Battery Room
 Isolator control panel
 Circuit breaker control panel
 Tap changer control panel
 Lay out drawings

 Earthing System
In electrical engineering , ground or earth may be the reference point in an electrical circuit
from which other voltages are measured, or a common return path for electric current, or a
direct physical connection to the Earth.

 Lightning Arrestor
A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical power systems to protect the insulation on
the system from the damaging effect of lightning. Metal oxide varistors (MOVs) have been
used for power system protection since the mid1970s. The typical lightning arrester also
known as surge arrester has a high voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a lightning
surge or switching surge travels down the power system to the arrester, the current from
the surge is diverted around the protected insulation in most cases to earth.
  Wave Trap
It is also called “line Trap”. It is connected in series with the power line. It blocks the high
frequency carrier waves (24 kHz to 500 kHz) and let power waves (50 Hz- 60 Hz) to pass
through. It is basically an inductor of rating in milli henry.

 Capacitor Bank
Shunt capacitor banks are primarily used to improve the power factor in the network. They
also improve the voltage stability and reduce network losses. Improving the power factor
also means a higher power transmission capability and increased control of the power flow.

 Batteries
Batteries in substation are essential as these are used for Auxiliary power source. When
there is no power from main station, batteries are used to supply power to the meter and
other equipment. Batteries normally used in substation are of 3 types- Tubular, Valve
Regulated Lead Acid (VRLA) and Plantae.
CONCLUSION