CHAPTER 5

KARL JOHN P. PANIZALES. BSECE – 5B

QUESTIONS:
73.) Describe the Ward Leonard system of control for a shunt motor. Refer to Fig. 109 in doing this.
 The War Leonard system is made up of a driving motor which runs at almost constant speed and
powers a dc generator as shown in the diagram. The generator output is fed to a dc motor. By
varying the generator field current, its output voltage will change. The speed of the controlled
motor thus can be varied smoothly from zero to full speed. A Ward Leonard drive is a high-power
amplifier in the multi-kilowatt range, built from rotating electrical machinery. A Ward Leonard
drive unit consists of a motor and generator with shafts coupled together. The motor, which turns
at a constant speed, may be AC or DC powered. The generator is a DC generator, with field
windings and armature windings. The input to the amplifier is applied to the field windings, and
the output comes from armature windings.
74.) Compare the power losses in the rheostats of field and armature-resistance methods of control.
 The insertion of a resistance in the field or armature circuit of an adjustable-speed motor always
involves a power loss. This power loss in watts is generally a small percent of the total power
input to the motor if the field-resistance method of control is employed. On the other hand, if the
armature-resistance method of control is employed, the power loss may be quite large because the
current in the armature circuit is nearby equal to the line current.
75.) What advantages are possessed by Ward Leonard system of control? What are its disadvantages?
 The advantages of Ward Leonard system are: four quadrant control which means full speed
control on rotation sides, braking and regenerating power.
 The disadvantages: high cost you need 3 machines, low efficiency. It must be said that it provides
excellent step less speed control for a motor which must have a very wide range of speed.
76.) List several practical application of the Ward Leonard control system.
 It is frequently application on electric excavators, on freight-handling ships, and in blooming and
paper mills and for the operation of passenger elevators in tall building.
77.) Describe the operation of the Ward Leonard system of control of Fig. 111, in which two exciters are
used.
 The speed of motor is controlled by varying the voltage fed from the generator, which varies the
output voltage of the generator. The varied output voltage will change the voltage of the motor,
since they are connected directly through the armature. Consequently changing the generator
voltage will control the speed of the motor. The picture of the right shows the Ward Leonard
control system, with the generated voltage feeding the generator and emf feeding the motor.
78.) What advantages are possessed by the modified Ward Leonard control system of Fig. 111?
 The system is greatly simplified scheme of connections dispenses with the need for separate
excitation and thereby reduces the cost of the installation somewhat.
79.) Explain why the voltages of the main and intermediate exciters of Fig. 111, is the modified Ward
Leonard system of control, must never be equal. What would happen if they were?
 The amplifier output is usually connected to a second motor, which moves the load, such as an
elevator. With this arrangement, small changes in current applied to the input, and thus the
generator field, result in large changes in the output, allowing smooth speed control. Armature
 CHAPTER 5

voltage control only controls the motor speed from zero to motor base speed. If higher motor
speeds are needed the motor field current can be lowered, however by doing this the available
torque at the motor armature will be reduced. Another advantage for this method is that the speed
of the motor can be controlled in both directions of rotation.
80.) Describe the operation of the simplified Ward Leonard system of control of Fig. 112, in which two
series machines are used. What important magnetic design features must the machine possess for a good
operation?
 The controlling generator is driven by a prime mover; usually a constant speed ac motor and
speed control of the controlled motor is affected by shunting the series field on the generator with
a variable resistance. The terminal voltage of a series generator depends upon the series-field
current or excitation.
81.) How does the effect of armature reaction in motors differ from its effect in operators?
 The armature current in a motor is opposite to that of a generator for the same direction of
rotation, it follows that the shift of the magnetic axis is opposite to the shift produced in the
generator. The result is that the magnetic neutral in a motor always tends to shift in a direction
opposite to that on the armature rotation.
82.) If no interpoles are used, how must the brushes be shifted in generators? In motors?
 When the interpoles are not used, brushes must be shifted backward beyond the resultant
magnetic neutral, so that armature reactance may be effectively neutralized. It is only the way that
the currents in the coils may be made to reverse effectively and smoothly without the
objectionable commutator sparking.
83.) What are the polarities of the interpoles with respect to the main poles in generators? In motors?
 The interpoles for dc motors are always made somewhat stronger than would be required to
neutralize the armature reaction flux in the interpole zones. He reason for this is exactly the same
way as was given in the discussion of generators; that is, the interpoles must help the commutated
coils generate sufficient voltage to overcome the reactance voltage due to the inductance and thus
anticipate the new current directions.
84.) Why is it possible to use half as many interpoles as main poles in some small motors? What
advantage would this have?
 In small machine, it is often found possible to use half as many interpoles as main poles, thus
reducing the cost of manufacture. The reason for this practice is that the apan of every coil is 180
electrical degrees. Therefore, if an interpole is made doubly strong, its effect on one coil side is
equivalent to the action f two interpoles, each acting on one coil side.
85.) What two fundamental methods may be used to reverse a dc motor? Which is preferable in
compound machines?
 The two fundamental methods for reversing the direction of rotation of a dc motor (1) changing
the direction of current flow through the armature and (2) changing the direction of current flow
through the circuit on circuits. In compound motor, it is necessary to reverse the current flow
through the armature winding only.
86.) When a DPDT switch is used in the field circuit of a shunt motor for reversing purposes, what
precaution must be taken when the motor is started? Is this precaution necessaty if the DPDT switch is
placed in the armature circuit?
 CHAPTER 5

 When the switch is closed to the left, the current will be down through both field and armature.
When the switch is closed to the right, the current will be up through the one of the elements and
down through the other. The wiring is much simpler when the first two method is used because
the reversal of the current through a single element.
87.) Describe the operation of the automatic reversing starter of Fig. 118.
 It is provide with two acceleration contactors and resistors, designated by 1A, 2A and R1, R2.
Arrangement is made for armature reversing through forward contacts F and reversing contacts R.
The push button station is equipped with for and rev buttons, each of which, when pressed, closes
one set of contacts and simultaneously opens another set.
88.) Carefully explain why the control relay CR in Fig. 118 has a normally closed contact in the F
contactor circuit.
 When the “for” button is pressed, the F contactor is energized and the R circuit is opened at f as a
safety measure; this seals the “for” button at F1, closes the F contacts and the current passes
through the armature circuit from a to b.
89.) In fig. 118, explain why each of the push buttons, “for” and “rev”, has one normally open and one
normally closed set of contacts.
 The motor is permitted to come to rest; then, the “rev” button is pressed. This energizes the
control relay which opens normally and momentarily opens the contacts as a further safety
measure. The “for” button is pressed, the F contactor is energized and the R circuit is opened at f
as a safety measure; this seals the “for” button at F1, closes the F contacts and the current passes
through the armature circuit from a to b.
90.) What would happen in Fig. 118 if the “for” and “rev” buttons were pressed simultaneously?
 It normally contacts then close to energize the contactor, and the operation of the latter seals the
reversing circuit, closes contacts and causes the main contacts to close. The motor now pick up
speed in the opposite direction since current passes through the armature circuit from b to a.
further actions of the proceed as explained for forward action.
 CHAPTER 5

KARL JOHN P. PANIZALES. BSECE – 5B

PROBLEMS:
14.) WHAT HORSEPOWER WILL BE DEVELOPED BY THE MOTOR OF PROB. 13 FOR A SPEED
OF 1,420 RPM?
SOLUTION:
THE HORSE POWER DEVELOPED BY THE MOTOR OF PROB. # 13 FOR A SPEED OF
1420 RPM IS EQUAL TO;
2𝜋 × 𝑅𝑃𝑀 × 𝑇 2𝜋 × 1420 × 70.3
𝐻𝑃 = = = 19 𝐻𝑂𝑅𝑆𝐸 𝑃𝑂𝑊𝐸𝑅
33,000 33,000
15.) A 220-VOLT SHUNT MOTOR HAS AN ARMATURE RESISTANCE OF 0.32 OHM AND A
FIELD RESISTANCE OF 110 OHMS. AT NO LOAD THE ARMATURE CURRENT IS 6 AMP AND
THE SPEED 1,800 ROM. ASSUME THAT THE FLUX DOES NOT VARY WITH LOAD AND
CALCULATE: (a) THE SPEED OF THE MOTOR WHEN THE RATED LINE CURRENT IS 62 AMP
(ASSUME A 2-VOLT BRUSH DROP) (b) THE SPEED REGULATION OF THE MOTOR.
GIVEN:
𝑉𝐴 = 220 𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑇; 𝑆𝐻𝑈𝑁𝑇 𝑀𝑂𝑇𝑂𝑅
𝑅𝐴 = 0.32Ω
𝑅𝑓 = 110Ω

𝑉𝐵.𝐶 = 2 𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑇𝑆
AT NO LOAD:
𝐼𝐴 = 6 𝐴𝑀𝑃
𝑆𝑁.𝐿 = 180 𝑅𝑃𝑀
𝐼𝐿 = 62 𝐴𝑀𝑃.
SOLUTION:
LET: 𝐼𝑎.𝐹.𝐿 = 𝐼𝑆 𝑇𝐻𝐸 𝐴𝑅𝑀𝐴𝑇𝑈𝑅𝐸 𝐶𝑈𝑅𝑅𝐸𝑁𝑇 𝐴𝑇 𝐹𝑈𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝑂𝐴𝐷
𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑆 𝑇𝐻𝐸 𝑅𝐴𝑇𝐸𝐷 𝐿𝐼𝑁𝐸 𝐶𝑈𝑅𝑅𝐸𝑁𝑇
𝐼𝑓 = 𝑆𝐻𝑈𝑁𝑇 − 𝐹𝐼𝐸𝐿𝐷 𝐶𝑈𝑅𝑅𝐸𝑁𝑇

𝑆𝑅.𝐿 = 𝑆𝑃𝐸𝐸𝐷 𝑊𝐻𝐸𝑁 𝐼𝐿 𝐼𝑆 62 𝐴𝑀𝑃.

THEN:
𝑉𝐴 220 𝐴
𝐼𝑓 = = = 2 𝐴𝑀𝑃.
𝑅𝑓 110 Ω

𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝐴 + 𝐼𝑓

𝐼𝐴 = 62 − 2 = 60 𝐴𝑀𝑃.
SINCE:
 CHAPTER 5

(𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵.𝐶 )(𝐼𝐴 )(𝑅𝐴 )⁄

𝑆= ΦK
AT NO LOAD:
(220 − 2) − (6)(0.32)⁄
𝑆𝑁.𝐿. = 𝐾Φ − − − −𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1
AT FULL LOAD:
(220 − 2) − (60)(0.32)⁄
𝑆𝐹.𝐿. = 𝐾Φ − − − −𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2
𝑆𝐹.𝐿. 218−19.2⁄ (1800)(198.8)
a) 1800
= 216−1.92 𝐾Φ = 216.08
= 1656 𝑅𝑂𝑀; 𝑆𝑃𝐸𝐸𝐷 𝐴𝑇 𝑅𝐴𝑇𝐸𝐷 𝐶𝑈𝑅𝑅𝐸𝑁𝑇
⁄𝐾Φ
𝑆 −𝑆 1800−1656
b) 𝑆𝑃𝐸𝐸𝐷 𝑅𝐸𝐺𝑈𝐿𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 = 𝑁.𝐿.𝑆 𝐹.𝐿. × 100 = 1656
× 100%
𝐹.𝐿.
S.R= 8.7%
16.) A 50-HP 550-VOLT SHUNT MOTOR HAS AN ARMATURE RESISTANCE, INCLUDING
BRUSHES, OF 0.36 OHM. WHEN OPERATING AT RATED LOAD AND SPEED, THE ARMATURE
TAKES 75 AMP. WHAT RESISTANCE SHOULD BE INSERTED IN THE ARMATURE CIRCUIT
TO OBTAIN A 20 PERCENT SPEED REDUCTION WHEN THE MOTOR IS DEVELOPING 70
PERCENT OF RATED TORQUE? ASSUME THAT THERE IS NO FLUS CHANGE.
GIVEN:𝑉𝐿 = 50 𝐻𝑃; 𝑆𝐻𝑈𝑁𝑇 𝑀𝑂𝑇𝑂𝑅
𝑉𝐴 = 550 𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑇𝑆
𝑅𝐴+𝐵 = 0.36 Ω
𝐼𝐴 = 75 𝐴𝑀𝑃.
SOLUTION: WHEN THE MOTOR IS OPERATED AT RATED LOAD;
𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 = 𝑉𝐴 − 𝐸𝐶
THUS
𝐸𝐶 = 𝑉𝐴 − 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 = 550 − (75)(0.36) = 523 𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑇𝑆
SINCE, COUNTER EMF IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO THE SPEED, WHEN THERE IS A
REDUCTION OF 20% IN SPEED THE COUNTER EMF IS
𝐸𝐶 = (523)(0.8) = 418.4 𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑇𝑆
IF THE TORQUE DEVELOPED WHEN THE SPEED IS REDUCED TO 80% FROM 100% THE
TORQUE DEVELOPED IS ONLY 70% OF RATED TORQUE
SINCE:
𝑇𝑂𝑅𝑄𝑈𝐸 = 𝐾Φ𝐼𝐴 ; 𝑇𝐻𝐼𝑆 𝑊𝐼𝐿𝐿 𝐵𝐸𝐶𝑂𝑀𝐸
𝑇 = 0.7𝐾Φ𝐼𝐴
THEREFORE;
CURRENT IN THE ARAMTURE IS REDUCED TO 70% ONLY WHEN THE RESISTOR IS
INSERTED YO THE ARMATURE.
THUS:
 CHAPTER 5

𝐼𝐴 (𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅) = 𝑉𝐴 − 𝐸𝐶 (0.8)
550−418.4
𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅 = (75)(0.7)

0.36 + 𝑅 = 2.5
𝑅 = 2.5 − 0.36
𝑅 = 2.14Ω, 𝑇𝐻𝐸 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸 𝑂𝐹 𝑅𝐸𝑆𝐼𝑆𝑇𝑂𝑅 𝐼𝑁𝑆𝐸𝑅𝑇𝐸𝐷 𝐼𝑁 𝑇𝐻𝐸 𝐴𝑅𝑀𝐴𝑇𝑈𝑅𝐸 𝐶𝐼𝑅𝐶𝑈𝐼𝑇.
17.) A 240-VOLT SERIES MOTOR HAS AN ARMATURE RESISTANCE OF 0.42 OHM AND A
SERIES-FIELD RESISTANCE OF 0.18 OHM. IF THE SPEED IS 500 RPM WHEN THE CURRENT
IS 36 AMP, WHAT WILL BE THE MOTOR SPEED WHEN THE LOAAD REDUCES THE LINE
CURRENT TO 21 AMP? (ASSUME A 3-VOLT BRUSH DROP AND THAT THE FLUX IS
PROPORTIONAL TO THE CURRENT)
GIVEN:
𝑉𝐴 = 240 𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑇𝑆
𝑅𝐴 = 0.42Ω
𝑅𝑆 = 0.18Ω
𝑆1 = 500 𝑅𝑃𝑀
𝐼1 = 36 𝐴𝑀𝑃
𝐼2 = 21 𝐴𝑀𝑃
𝑉𝐵.𝐶 = 3 𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑇𝑆
SOLUTION:
LET: 𝑆2 = 𝐼𝑆 𝑇𝐻𝐸 𝑈𝑁𝐾𝑁𝑂𝑊𝑁 𝑆𝑃𝐸𝐸𝐷 𝑂𝐹 𝑇𝐻𝐸 𝑀𝑂𝑇𝑂𝑅
SINCE:
21
THE CURRENT IS REDUCES FROM 36 AMP. TO 21 AMP. OR × 100% = 58.33% AND
36
THE FLUX IS PROPORTIONAL TO HE CURRENT
FLUX IS ALSO REDUCES BY 41.67%
THUS,
(𝑉𝐴 −𝑉𝐵𝐶 )−𝐼2 (𝑅𝐴 +𝑅𝑆 )
𝑆2 =
𝐾Φ
(240−3)−21(0.42+0.18)
𝑆2 = 0.4167 𝐾Φ
(𝑉𝐴 −𝑉𝐵𝐶 )−𝐼1 (𝑅𝐴 +𝑅𝑆 )
𝑆1 = 𝐾Φ
(240−3)−36(0.42+0.18)
𝑆1 = 𝐾Φ

BY RATIO & PROPORTION

 CHAPTER 5

𝑆2 237−12.6⁄
0.4167𝐾Φ
500
= 237−12.6⁄
𝐾Φ

214.4
𝑆2 = 500 [215.4 ] = 1194 𝑅𝑃𝑀
⁄0.4167