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    Energy Line & Hydraulic Grade Line: Piezometric Head

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    Maryam Arif
    The document discusses the energy line, hydraulic grade line, and limitations of Bernoulli's theorem. It explains that the energy line is not horizontal if fluid velocity or viscous effects change along a streamline. The hydraulic grade line indicates if pressure is positive or negative within a pipe. Bernoulli's theorem assumes incompressible, steady, irrotational flow; compressibility, unsteady effects, and rotational flow violate its assumptions. It is only valid for inviscid flow without external energy sources.

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    Energy Line & Hydraulic Grade Line: Piezometric Head

    Uploaded by

    Maryam Arif
    240 views19 pages
    The document discusses the energy line, hydraulic grade line, and limitations of Bernoulli's theorem. It explains that the energy line is not horizontal if fluid velocity or viscous effects change along a streamline. The hydraulic grade line indicates if pressure is positive or negative within a pipe. Bernoulli's theorem assumes incompressible, steady, irrotational flow; compressibility, unsteady effects, and rotational flow violate its assumptions. It is only valid for inviscid flow without external energy sources.

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    The document discusses the energy line, hydraulic grade line, and limitations of Bernoulli's theorem. It explains that the energy line is not horizontal if fluid velocity or viscous effects change along a streamline. The hydraulic grade line indicates if pressure is positive or negative within a pipe. Bernoulli's theorem assumes incompressible, steady, irrotational flow; compressibility, unsteady effects, and rotational flow violate its assumptions. It is only valid for inviscid flow without external energy sources.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    240 views19 pages

    Energy Line & Hydraulic Grade Line: Piezometric Head

    Uploaded by

    Maryam Arif
    The document discusses the energy line, hydraulic grade line, and limitations of Bernoulli's theorem. It explains that the energy line is not horizontal if fluid velocity or viscous effects change along a streamline. The hydraulic grade line indicates if pressure is positive or negative within a pipe. Bernoulli's theorem assumes incompressible, steady, irrotational flow; compressibility, unsteady effects, and rotational flow violate its assumptions. It is only valid for inviscid flow without external energy sources.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 19

    ENERGY LINE & HYDRAULIC GRADE LINE

    Piezometric
    Head
    Piezometer
    taps
    ENERGY LINE & HYDRAULIC GRADE LINE

    • If the fluid velocity changes along the streamline, the hydraulic grade line will not be
    horizontal.

    • If viscous effects are important (as they often are in pipe flows), the total head does
    not remain constant due to a loss in energy as the fluid flows along its streamline. This
    means that the energy line is no longer horizontal.
    ENERGY LINE & HYDRAULIC GRADE LINE
    ENERGY LINE & HYDRAULIC GRADE LINE

    • If the pipe lies above the hydraulic grade line, the static pressure is negative (below
    atmospheric).

    • Thus, a scale drawing of a pipeline and the hydraulic grade line can be used to
    readily indicate regions of positive or negative pressure within a pipe.
    ENERGY LINE & HYDRAULIC GRADE LINE
    Example 3.14 (Munson)
    Water is being siphoned with valve open at the end of pipe. A leakage is detected at point (1) in
    the siphoning pipe

    To Find: Whether water will come out or air will trap in at this point of leakage?
    Application of Bernoulli
    Theorem and its Limitations
    ME230: Fluid Mechanics I

    Lecturer: Danish Rehman


    Application- Flow Rate Measurement
    • (1) is upstream i.e. before there is a change in
    flow area and (2) is downstream i.e. after the
    interference

    • Change in flow area causes change in speed V of


    the fluid (Continuity Equation)

    • A change is speed V is then associated with


    change in static pressure (Bernoulli’s Theorem)
    Application- Flow Rate Measurement
    Sluice Gate
    • Used to measure flow rate of open channel flows

    Natural Engineered
    Application- Flow Rate Measurement
    Sluice Gate
    • Used to measure flow rate of open channel flows
    Application- Flow Rate Measurement
    Sluice Gate
    • Used to measure flow rate of open channel flows

    Where Z2 can be found out by taking contraction


    coefficient as Cc= a/Z2=0.61
    However, in case we ignore the KE upstream i.e.
    Application- Flow Rate Measurement
    Sluice Gate
    Example 3.12 (Munson)
    • To find: Flow rate per unit width

    Cc= a/Z2=0.61
    Application- Flow Rate Measurement
    Sluice Gate
    Example 3.12 (Munson)
    • To find: Flow rate per unit width

    Cc= a/Z2=0.61
    Limitations- Bernoulli Theorem
    Compressibility Effects
    • Density of the fluid was assumed to be constant i.e. incompressible flow
    • However if there is a big difference between dynamic pressure and static
    pressure, the density change would no more be negligible
    • Compressibility effects need to be catered for in derivation of Bernoulli
    theorem
    Limitations- Bernoulli Theorem
    Compressibility Effects
    • Difference between stagnation pressure and static pressure
    is dynamic pressure provided density stays constant
    (Bernoulli’s Theorem)

    • Divide by P1 use gas equation


    Limitations- Bernoulli Theorem
    Compressibility Effects

    • Incompressibe and Compressible


    equations agree to within about 2% uptil
    M=0.3

    Therefore, it is safe to assume flow as incompressible


    below Mach 0.3
    Limitations- Bernoulli Theorem
    Unsteady Effects

    • Velocity was assumed to be function of distance i.e. V=V(s,n)

    • Whereas in reality V is also function of time.


    Limitations- Bernoulli Theorem
    Rotational Effects (rotational flow)
    • Rotational Flow: A flow is said to be rotational if fluid particles while moving in the
    direction of flow rotate about their mass centers

    • All real fluids exhibit rotational flow because of shear layers developed, however flow
    can be considered as irrotational where viscous effects are relatively less
    Limitations- Bernoulli Theorem
    Rotational Effects (rotational flow)
    • If the flow is also rotating along the streamline (spinning), Bernoulli’s theorem can only
    be applied along streamline and can’t be applied across streamline
    Limitations- Bernoulli Theorem
    Other Limitations
    • Flow has to be inviscid otherwise total energy would not stay constant along the
    streamline as suggested by developed Bernoulli’s equation
    • System would be non conservative. (i.e. energy losses due to friction)

    • There is no addition and subtraction of energy (Source and Sink) along the streamline.
    • In case of pumps and turbines which are mechanical devices that could increase or
    decrease the energy along a streamline, energy equation (Bernoulli’s theorem) needs to
    be altered.

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