GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM

APPLICATION IN URBAN AND

REGIONAL PLANNING
Jun T. Castro, D Eng, CE, EnP
17 November 2016

SCURP 2016
A Basic Course in Urban and Regional Planning
Training and Extension Services Division
3/F Cariño Hall, School of Urban and Regional Planning
University of the Philippines - Diliman, Quezon City
14-18 November 2016
 GIS – Describing Our World

We can describe any element of our world in two ways:

Location Information: Attribute Information:

Where is it? What is it?

Species: Oak
Height: 15m
Age: 75 Yrs
51°N, 112°W etc.
• GIS software links the location data and the attribute data:
 Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
 a “system” of computer software, hardware,
data and personnel to help manipulate,
analyze and present information that is tied
to a spatial location
 a computer-based technology designed to:
1. capture geographic data from various
sources, and
2. process these data to produce
information and graphical outputs
in support of planning, management and
decision-making
 a computer-based tool for mapping and
analyzing things that exist and events that
happen on earth
 What is “NOT” GIS?
 GPS – Global Positioning System
 Remote Sensing / Satellite Imagery
 A static map – paper or digital
• Maps are often a “product” of a GIS
• A way to visualize the analysis

 A software package
 What is GIS?
 integrates common database operations such as query and statistical
analysis with the unique visualization and geographic analysis benefits
offered by maps
 GIS stores information as a collection of thematic layers
 location of a particular thematic feature is recorded by georeferencing
(data is referenced to a location on the earth’s surface)
Thematic Layers
Addresses

Boundaries

Land use/land
cover

Parcels

Planimetry - Buildings,
streets, water bodies

Orthophoto with
contour

Geodetic Control/Spatial
Reference
An analogy of GIS?
Addresses

Boundaries

Land
use/land
cover
Parcels

Planimetry -
Buildings, streets,
water bodies
Orthophoto
with contour

Geodetic
control
 Simplified view of GIS

Maps
GIS

Database

Tables/DBs

Spatial
Modeling
Tools
Database linked to the map
 GIS Components
 Hardware – the device that the user
interacts with directly in carrying
out GIS operations.
 Software – The engine for carrying
out GIS operations. It is a collection
of programs that encapsulate
geographic processing functions.
 People – Skilled workers who
design, program, and maintain it,
supply it with data, and interpret its
results.
 Methods –Established procedures,
lines of reporting, control points,
and other mechanisms.
 Data – Digital representation of
selected aspects of the Earth’s
surface or near surface.
 GIS Software

Commercial GIS
• ESRI (ArcGIS, etc.) (http://www.esri.com)
• Mapinfo (http://www.mapinfo.com/)
• Manifold (http://www.manifold.net)

Free and Open Source GIS Software (FOSS)

• QGIS (www.qgis.org)
• SAGA GIS (www.saga-gis.org/)
• GRASS GIS (https://grass.osgeo.org/)
• SPRING (http://www.dpi.inpe.br/spring/english/)
• ILWIS (www.ilwis.org/)
• MapWindow (www.mapwindow.org/)
Data for GIS Applications
 Digitized and Scanned Maps
 purchased, donated, free
 created by user

 Databases – Tables of data

 GPS – Global Positioning System

 accurate locations

 Field Sampling of Attributes

 Remote Sensing & Aerial

Photography
GIS User Interface
 GIS Benefits
Better data management

satellite data
aerial photo

ground survey data

map
 GIS Benefits
Map making more flexible

MAPS

CHARTS

DATABASES

PICTURES

IMAGES
CAD
 GIS Benefits
 Facilitate better decisions
 GIS Benefits
Increased efficiency/productivity

2 3
1 Plotting and Verification in Tax Map
Field Appraisal and Evaluation
Submission of required documents

QC
Div A Div B Div C Approval

7
Certificate Reception Fee collection Examiner
of Title Task A Task A Task A
A C E Task B Task B Task B
To To To
Encoding and Issuance of B D F

Tax Declaration •Workflow Technology

•Parcel-based Audit Property Identification
Number (PIN) Assignment 4

6
Billing and Payment
5
Assessor’s Office
of tax dues Signature of Tax Declaration
 Geographic Representation
In GIS, elements of the real world

are classified into:

 vector

 raster
 Vector Data
• Vector is shape-based data
• A representation of the world using points, lines, and polygons
• Vector models are useful for storing data that has distinct boundaries, such
as country borders, land parcels and streets
• Boundaries/locations tied to coordinates
• Used for discrete data
 Vector data models
1. Features
• Features are vector objects of
type point, polyline, or polygon
• Simple features: lines and
polygons can overlap and there
are no relationships between
any of the objects
• Topological features: essentially
simple features structured using
topological rules (geometrical
relations) used for validating
data, editing and query
optimization (i.e. network
connectivity, overlapping
polygons, etc.) 1
Representation of point, line, and polygon objects using the vector data
model
2. Network data model
• Special type of topological feature
model

• Used to model flow of goods and

services

• Networks are modeled as points or

nodes (street intersections, water Network representation sample
valves, switches) and lines (streets,
pipes, transmission lines)

• Network topological relationships

define how lines connect with each
other at nodes, and how flows can
move through a network

• Used in various applications such as

routing emergency responses over a
street network, calculating power
load drops over an electricity
network, etc.) Routing over a street network
 Wireframe showing all triangles

3. Triangulated Irregular Networks

(TIN) data model
• Represents a surface as contiguous non-
overlapping triangular elements (created
by Delaunay triangulation)

• Is a topological data structure that

Shaded by elevation

manages information about the nodes

comprising each triangle and the
neighbors of each triangle

• An efficient way of storing surface

representations such as terrains that have
substantial variations in topography Draped with satellite image

• Various applications in roadway design

calculations, drainage studies for land
development, and visualization of urban
forms

TIN surface sample

 Raster Data
• Raster is cell-based data
• Cells are organized into rows and columns, assigned
index position number
• Many storage formats: e.g.. TIFF, jpeg, ESRI Grid, etc.
• Useful for storing data that is continuous, such as
elevation, slope, and temperature
 Raster data model
• Uses an array of cells, or pixels,
to represent real-world objects
Raster representation. Each color represents diff. value
of a nominal-scale variable denoting land cover class
• Cells can hold attribute values
based on one of several
encoding schemes
• Nominal-distinguishes one entity
from another (e.g. letters, colors)
• Ordinal-values have natural order
(e.g. classes of soil quality)
• Interval- differences known
between values (e.g. Celsius
temperature)
• Ratio- with “true” zero value (e.g.
weight, age)

• Useful as backdrop map and for

analytical applications Raster data with associated value attribute table
 Raster Vector
•Cells •Points, lines, polygons

•Continuous •Discrete

•Cell-based •Shape-based
Classification of data capture
Raster Vector

Primary data • Digital satellite remote- • Survey measurements

capture sensing images • GPS measurements
(captured • Digital aerial photographs
specifically by direct
measurement)

Secondary data • Scanned maps or • Topographic maps

capture photographs
(reused from earlier • Digital elevation models
studies or obtained from topographic map
from other systems) contours
Primary geographic data capture
1. Raster data capture
 Remote sensing
SPOT
 Technique used to derive info about RADARSAT
the physical, chemical and biological
properties of objects without direct
physical contact
 Information is derived from
measurements of the amount of
electromagnetic radiation reflected, LANDSAT
emitted, or scattered from objects ERS
NOAA
 Aerial photo
Remote sensing

Satellite imagery
Satellite Imageries and Remote Sensing

Sample LandSat 7 Image

Sample IKONOS Image

Sample SPOT Image
 Aerial Photos
1
0
4

1
2
0
0
3
0

1 2 3
0 0 0
2 1 2

1 3
2
0 0
0
1 1
2

1 2 3
0 0 0
0 3 0
Primary geographic data capture
2. Vector data capture
• Ground surveying - based on the principle
that the 3D location of any point can be
determined by measuring angles and
distances from other known points
• Total stations - electro-optical devices that
can measure both angles and distances,
automatically log data and can create
GPS
vector point, line and area objects Total station Receiver
• Satellite-based positioning systems
• GPS (United States), GLONASS (Russia) and
GNSS (Europe) are three civilian satellite
positioning systems operational at present
• Receivers cost anywhere between
US$ 1,000 to US$ 100,000 and give
accuracy from 100 m to 1 cm
Secondary geographic data capture
1. Raster data capture
 Scanners are used to capture
raster data
 Scanner – device that
converts hard-copy analog
media into digital images by
scanning successive lines
across a map or document

 Scanned maps and documents

are used extensively in GIS as Large-format roll-feed image
background maps scanner
 Secondary geographic data capture
2. Vector data capture
a) Manual Digitizing
• Simplest, easiest and cheapest method
of capturing vector objects from
hardcopy maps
b) Heads-up digitizing

• Digitizing of vector objects manually

straight off a computer screen using a
mouse or digitizing cursor
• Called “heads-up digitizing” because the
map is vertical and can be viewed
without bending the head down
• Simplest way to create vectors from
raster maps
 Digitizing errors
• Because digitizing is a tedious and
hence error-prone practice, it presents a
source of measurement errors
• Common human errors are:
• Overshoots and undershoots
• Invalid polygons due to omission of
one or more lines
• Sliver polygons due to multiple
digitizing of common boundary
between adjacent polygons leading
to the creation of additional polygons
• Can be corrected by most standard GIS
software functions, i.e. data cleaning
that requires setting of tolerance levels,
etc.
 GIS on the INTERNET
 Live Data and Maps (“Map
Services”)
 Image and Feature Services
 e.g., GoogleEarth, OSM, waze
 Downloadable Data
 GIS Clearinghouses
 e.g., PhilGIS
 GIS Web Services
 Tools for Developers
 Applications
 Custom Built Web
Applications
 e.g., DOST-NOAH, DPWH Web
GIS
 GIS Output
Data Output
 Maps / Reports / Charts or Graphs
 Outputs are generated via printers, plotters, and monitors
Data output: Non-cartographic
 Table
 Chart
 Report
 Data output: Cartographic

Map

Surface
3D Presentation
 Spatial Analysis in GIS
• Spatial analysis is the crux of GIS, the means of adding value to
geographic data, and of turning data into useful information in
pursuit of scientific discovery or more effective decision making

• Spatial analysis is best seen as a collaboration between the

computer and the human, in which both play vital roles

• GIS is an ideal platform for spatial analysis because its data

structures accommodate the storage of object locations

• Uses various techniques and models which apply formal, usually

quantitative structures to systems in which the prime variables of
interest vary significantly across space
 Basic Spatial Questions
What relationship exists?

•What is the area of crop A plantation located

in steep areas?

•Is the Level-of-Service of Intersection A

better than Intersection B during peak
hours?

•What is the extent of damaged pavements in

arterial roads used as truck routes?
 Basic Spatial Questions
Where is the best?

•Where is the best location for planting crop B?

•Where is the most suitable area for locating

farm-to-market roads?

•Where is the best location to put up a public

transport terminal?
 Types of Spatial Analysis

•Queries
•Measurements
•Transformations
•Descriptive summaries
•Optimization
1. Queries
• are the most basic of analysis
operations, in which the GIS is
used to answer simple
questions posed by the user
• User “interrogate” the system
to obtain immediate answer
• Queries may involve pointing at a map, typing a
question, pulling down a menu and clicking on some
buttons, or sending a formal SQL (Standard Query
Language) request to a database
• Users query a GIS database by interacting with
different views (i.e. map view, table view, etc.)
Attribute querying
•Many GIS queries can be performed through
querying the attribute database of a GIS.
Attribute querying
• Attribute querying
permits:
• Selection of specific
entities or classes
• Filtering of data using
the Boolean operators
• Arithmetic functions to
compute new values
• Statistical functions
• Sorting and organizing
2. Measurements
•Measurements are simple numerical values
that describe aspects of geographic data,
which include measurement of simple
properties of objects, like length, area, or
shape, and of relationships between pairs of
objects, like distance or direction
•Measurements, such as knowing the total area
of a parcel of land, or the length of a stretch of
a road, are obtainable by simple calculations
inside a GIS
 Measurements
• Because of the curved
surface of the Earth, a GIS
will almost always
underestimate the true
length of a geographic line
• length of a line in a 2D GIS
representation will always be
the length of the line’s planar
projection, not its true length
in 3D, and the difference can
be substantial if the line is
steep
• area of a parcel of land is the
area of its horizontal
projection, not its true surface
area
 Measurement functions
•Spatial measurements
that could be
performed in a GIS
include:
• Distances between two
points
• Lengths of lines or
strings
• Areas of polygons
• Perimeters of polygons
• Cross-sections
• Slope and Aspect
3. Transformations
•Simple methods of spatial analysis that
change datasets, combining them or
comparing them to obtain new datasets, and
eventually new insights.

•Transformations use simple geometric,

arithmetic, or logical rules, and they include
operations that convert raster data into
vector data, vice versa.
 Transformations
SCALE
•Coordinate
transformations
• Scale (x, y) f(x, y) = (x’, y’) = (2x, 2y)

• Orientation ORIENTATION

• Shift or translation

•Transformations from (x, y)

Rotation by +30º

one map projection to SHIFT OR TRANSLATION

another

(x, y) f(x, y) = (x’, y’) =

(x + 100, y + 50)
 Map projection

From Aitoff projection To Behrmann Equal Area

Cylindrical projection
 Edge matching and clipping
• Maps captured in smaller portions can be
combined into a larger map. This is termed as edge
matching or merging.
• Clipping process is useful for breaking down a
large map area into even and workable map units.
 Proximity Analysis
•Proximity analysis can be used effectively in a
GIS package to highlight or determine areas of
influence of certain features of phenomena.
•Some of the commonly used methods for
proximity analysis include
•Buffering
•Spread functions
•Buffering permits the generation of a set of
buffer zones around points, lines, or polygons.
 Buffering
• Builds new objects by identifying all areas that are
within a certain specified distance of the original
objects
 Spread Functions
• Evaluates phenomena that accumulate with
distance. Its operation can be thought of as moving
step by step outward in all directions from one or
more starting point.
 Overlay Analysis
• Technique of mapping
environmental constraints,
working from a series of
SLOPE MAP
overlays and sieving out
+
less important factors SOIL MAP

• Can identify sites that +

RAINFALL

meet inclusion criteria INTENSITY MAP

(i.e., those criteria that a =

site must have), and
exclusionary criteria (i.e., FLOOD HAZARD
MAP

those criteria that a site

must not have)
 Overlay Analysis
• Two main forms of overlay analysis:
• Arithmetic
• Boolean or Logical

• In arithmetic overlay process, conventional

mathematical operators such as:
• Addition
• Subtraction
• Division
• Multiplication

• Three common types of overlays performed:

• Point on polygon
• Line on polygon
• Polygon on polygon
 Point in Polygon
•are used to determine whether a point lies
inside or outside a polygon (e.g. locations of
transmission line poles – identification of the
owner of land on which each pole lies, to
verify that the company pays the necessary
fees)
Point in Polygon
 Polygon Overlay
• are used to interrogate datasets by combining them
(e.g. land cover vs ownership. The result will be a
single dataset in which every polygon is identified
with one land cover type and one ownership type)
Polygon Overlay

Note: Datasets have been offset slightly for clarity.

 Arithmetic Overlay

+ + +
Flood hazard Landslide hazard Storm surge hazard Tsunami hazard

All hazards
 Logical Overlay
• A logical overlay process involves finding those areas
where a specified set of conditions do or do not occur.

• If we are to define value for

each factor by setting the
criteria for ideal site for
1
residential area and multiply
0 these values, we can reveal
the relationship between
factor and we can obtain the
0 best combination that meets
1
0 our criteria.
0
Common Coordinate System for Overlay Analysis

• Overlaying two or more maps

requires a common
coordinate system to ensure
that the data from multiple
sources overlap properly
4. Descriptive summary
• Attempts to capture the essence of a dataset. They are the spatial equivalent of
the descriptive statistics commonly used in statistical analysis.
• Measures of central tendency:
• Mean – describes the average/expectation about what the variable will be
like
• Median –value such that half of the numbers are larger, and half are smaller
• Mode – the commonest value
• Spatial equivalent of the mean is called the center (i.e. centroid,
Minimum Aggregate Travel (MAT))
• Centroid - most convenient way of summarizing the locations of a set of points. Point
that minimizes the sum of squared distances, and is the balance point.
• MAT - point that minimizes total straight-line distance
1900

2000

Centroid
Population centroid
 5. Optimization
• Optimization techniques are normative methods or methods developed for application to the
solution of practical problems of design (e.g. minimize travel distances/costs, maximize profit, etc.)
• Useful for location-allocation problems (where to locate, and how to allocate demand for service
to the central facilities)
• p-median problem – locating p facilities such that the sum of the distances is minimized (i.e.
location of public facilities, in which the objective is to locate for maximum total accessibility)
• coverage problem – seeks to minimize the furthest distance traveled (i.e. location of
emergency facilities, in which the objective is to cover emergency situations within a fixed
number of response time)
• Also useful for routing problems (e.g. routing and scheduling of delivery vehicles)
• Shortest path problem – seeks to minimize path (distance traveled or travel time) through a
network (e.g. Traveling salesman problem (TSP) – shortest path problem with multiple
destinations)
No. of No. of
places Possible
to visit tours
3 1
4 3
5 12
6 60
7 360
8 2520
Locating the central facility using straight-line Locating the facility using the road network 9 20160
distance 10 181440
TSP possible no. of tours
GIS Applications
 Application in Local Government
Inventory Policy Analysis
Management/Policy-
Applications Applications
Making Applications

Land-use Parcel inventory of Analysis of percentage Evaluation of land-

Planning zoning areas, flood of land used in each use plan based on
plains, industrial category, density levels demographic
parks, land uses, by neighborhoods, characteristics of
trees, green space, proximity to locally nearby population
etc. unwanted land uses

Housing Inventory of housing Analysis of public Location of related

stock, age, condition, support for housing by public facilities;
status (public, geographic area, drive planning for capital
private, rental, etc.), time from low income investment in housing
durability and areas to needed based on population
demographics service facilities, etc. growth projections.

Transport Identification of Analysis of accident Selection of ideal

and sanitation truck pattern by type of site high-density dev’t
Services routes, capacities, areas based on
Routing and staffing by area; criteria such as
and landfill & established transport
recycling sites capacity
 Inventory Policy Analysis Management/Policy-
Applications Applications Making Applications
Infra- Inventory of roads, Analysis of Analysis to schedule
structure sidewalks, bridges, infrastructure maintenance and
utilities (location, conditions by expansion
names, conditions, demographic variables
foundations, and such as income and
most recent population change
maintenance)
Tax Maps Analysis of tax Projecting tax
Identification of
revenues by land use revenue changes
ownership data by
within various attributable to land
land plot
distances from the use changes.
city center
Human Inventory of Analysis of match Facility siting, public
services neighborhoods with between service transportation
multiple social risk facilities and human routing, program
indicators; location of
service needs and planning and place
existing facilities and
services designated to capacities of nearby based social
address these risks residents intervention.
 Inventory Policy Analysis Management/Policy-
Applications Applications Making Applications

Health Location of persons Spatial, time series Identification of

with particular health analysis of the spread possible sources of
problems of disease; effects of disease
environmental
conditions on disease

Law Inventory of location Analysis of police Reallocation of police

enforce- of police stations, visibility and presence; resources and
ment crimes, arrests, officers in relation to facilities to areas
convicted density of criminal where they are most
perpetrators and activity; victim profiles likely to be most
victims; plotting in relation to efficient and
police beats and residential populations, effective; creation of
patrol car routing; police experience and random routing maps
alarm and security beat duties to decrease
system locations predictability of
police beats

SOURCE: Longley, Goodchild, Maguire, and Rhind (2005)

 Marikina Dengue Mapping:
Surveillance of Vector-Based Disease
 Application in Logistics
• Logistics deal with the movement
of goods and people from one
place to another and the
infrastructure that moves them

• Find Best Route - Find the most

efficient travel routes

• Find Closest Facility - Determine

which facility is closest

• Find Service Area - Find a service

area around a site, to learn what is
around the site
Network Analyst Demo
GIS Data Conversion Demo
Thank you for your attention!

Dr. Jun T. Castro

Professor
School of Urban and Regional Planning
University of the Philippines - Diliman
[email protected]