Triple Integrals in Rectangular Coordinates PDF

Triple Integrals in Rectangular Coordinates
P. Sam Johnson
October 24, 2019
P. Sam Johnson (NIT Karnataka) Triple Integrals in Rectangular Coordinates October 24, 2019 1 / 62
Overview
We use triple integrals to calculate the volumes of three-dimensional

shapes, the masses and moments of solids of varying density, and the
average value of a function over a three-dimensional region.
Triple integrals also arise in the study of vector fields and fluid flow in
three dimensions.
In the lecture, we discuss how to set up triple integrals and evaluate them.
Triple Integrals
If F (x, y , z) is a function defined on a closed bounded region D in space,

such as the region occupied by a solid ball, then the integral of F over D
may be defined in the following way.
We partition a rectangular box-like region containing D into rectangular

cells by planes parallel to the coordinate axis.
Triple Integrals
We number the cells that lie inside D from 1 to n in some order, the kth
cell having dimensions ∆xk by ∆yk by ∆zk and volume
∆Vk = ∆xk ∆yk ∆zk .
We choose a point (xk , yk , zk ) in each cell and from the sum

n
X
Sn = F (xk , yk , zk )∆Vk .
k=1
We are interested in what happens as D is partitioned by smaller and

smaller cells, so that ∆xk , ∆yk , ∆zk and the norm of the partition kPk,
the largest value among ∆xk , ∆yk , ∆zk , all approach zero.
When a single limiting value is attained, no matter how the partitions

and points (xk , yk , zk ) are chosen, we say that F is integrable over D.
Triple Integrals
It can be shown that when F is continuous and the bounding surface of D

is formed from finitely many smooth surfaces joined together along finitely
many smooth curves, then F is integrable.
As kPk → 0 and the number of cells n goes to ∞, the sums Sn approach

a limit. We call this limit the triple integral of F over D and write
ZZZ ZZZ
lim Sn = F (x, y , z) dV or lim Sn = F (x, y , z) dx dy dz.
n→∞ kPk→0
D D
The regions D over which continuous functions are integrable are those
that can be closely approximated by small rectangular cells.
Such regions include those encountered in applications.
Volume of a Region in Space
If F is the constant function whose value is 1, then the sums reduce to

X X X
Sn = F (xk , yk , zk )∆Vk = 1.∆Vk = ∆Vk .
As ∆xk , ∆yk and ∆zk approach zero, the cells ∆Vk become smaller and
more numerous and fill up more and more of D.
We therefore define the volume of D to be the triple integral

Xn ZZZ
lim ∆Vk = dV .
n→∞
k=1 D
Definition 1.
The volume of a closed, bounded region D in space is
ZZZ
V = dV .
D
Finding Limits of Integration
We evaluate a triple integral by applying a three-dimensional version of

Fubini’s Theorem to evaluate it by three repeated single integration.
As with double integrals, there is a geometric procedure for finding the

limits of integration for these single integrals.
To evaluate ZZZ
F (x, y , z) dV
D
over a region D, integrate first with respact to z, then with respect to y ,

finally with x.
Finding Limits of Integration : Sketch
Sketch the region D along with its “shadow” R (vertical projection) in the
xy -plane.
Label the upper and lower bounding surfaces of D and the upper and the
lower bounding curves of R.
Finding Limits of Integration : z-Limits of Integration
Draw a line M passing through a typical point (x, y , z) in R parallel to the

z-axis.
As z increases, M enters D at z = f1 (x, y ) and leaves at z = f2 (x, y ).
These are the z-limits of integration.
Finding Limits of Integration : y -Limits of Integration
Draw a line L through (x, y ) parallel to the y -axis. As y increases, L

enters R at y = g1 (x) and leaves at y = g2 (x).
These are the y -limits of integration.
Finding Limits of Integration : x-Limits of Integration
Choose x-limts that include all lines through R parallel to the y -axis
(x = a and x = b in the graph)
These are the x-limits of integration.
The integral is
Z x=b Z y =g2 (x) Z z=f2 (x,y )
F (x, y , z) dz dy dx.
x=a y =g1 (x) z=f1 (x,y )
Triple Integrals in Rectangular Coordinates
Follow similar procedures if you change the order of integration.
The “shadow’ of region D lies in the plane or the last two variables with
respect to which the iterated integration takes place.
The above procedure applies whenever a solid region D is bounded above

and below by a surface, and when the “shadow” region R is bounded by a
lower and upper curve.
It does not apply to regions with complicated holes through them,

although sometimes such regions can be subdivided into simpler
regions for which the procedure does apply.
Triple Integrals in Rectangular Coordinates - An Example
Example 2.
The volume of the region D enclosed by the surfaces z = x 2 + 3y 2 and
z = 8 − x 2 − y 2 is calculated as follows.
The volume is ZZZ

dz dy dx,
D
the integral of F (x, y , z) = 1 over D.
To find the limits of integration for evaluating the integral, we first sketch
the region. The surfaces intersect on the elliptical cylinder
x 2 + 3y 2 = 8 − x 2 − y 2 of x 2 + 2y 2 = 4, z > 0.
The boundary of the region R, the projection of D onto the xy -plane, is

an ellipse with the same equation : x 2 + 2y 2 = 4.
p
The “upper” boundary of Rpis the curve y = (4 − x 2 )/2. The lower
boundary is the curve y = (4 − x 2 )/2.
Now we find the z-limits of integration. The line M passing through a

typical point (x, y ) in R parallel to the z-axiz enters D at z = x 2 + 3y 2
leaves at z = 8 − x 2 − y 2 .
Next we find the y -limts of integration.

p The line L through (x, y ) parallel
to the y -axis enters R at y = − (4 − x 2 )/2 and leaves at
p
y = (4 − x 2 )/2.
Finally we find the x-limits of integration. As L sweeps across R, the value

of x varies from x = −2 at (−2, 0, 0) to x = 2 at (2, 0, 0). The volume of
D is
ZZZ Z 2 Z √(4−x 2 )/2 Z 8−x 2 −y 2 √
V = dz dy dx = √ dz dy dx = 8π 2.
−2 − (4−x 2 )/2 x 2 +3y 2
D
Example 3.
Let D be the tetrahedron D with vertices (0, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0), (0, 1, 0), and
(0, 1, 1). We project D onto the xz-plane and set up the limits of
integration for evaluating the triple integral of a function F (x, y , z) over D.
Here the order of integration is dy dz dx.
The integrals is
Z1 Z
1−x Z1
F (x, y , z) dy dz dx.
0 0 x+z
Six Ways of Ordering dx, dy , dz
As we have seen, there are sometimes (but not always) two different orders
in which the iterated single integrations for evaluating a double integral
may be worked.
For triple integrals, there can be as many as six, since there are six ways of
ordering dx, dy , and dz.
Each ordering leads to a different description of the region of integration

in space, and to different limits of integration.
Example 4.
Integrate F (x, y , z) = 1 over the tetrahedron D in Example 3 in the order
dz dy dx, and then integrate in the order dy dz dx.
Solution : First we find the z-limits of integration. A line M parallel to the

z-axis through a typical point (x, y ) in the xy -plane “shadow” enters the
tetrahedron at z = 0 and exits through the upper plane where z = y − x.
Next we find the y-limits of integration. On the

xy -plane, where z = 0, the sloped side of the tetra-
hedron crosses the plane along the line y = x.
A line L through (x, y ) parallel to the y-axis enters

the shadow in the xy −plane at y = x and exists at
y = 1.
Solution (contd...)
Finally we find the x−limits of integration. As the line L parallel to the

y -axis in the previous step seeps out the shadow, the value of x varies
from x = 0 to x = 1 at the point (1, 1, 0).
The integral is
Z 1 Z 1 Z y −x
F (x, y , z) dz dy dx.
0 x 0
For example, if F (x, y , z) = 1. we would find the volume of the

tetrahedron to be
Z 1 Z 1 Z y −x
1
V = dz dy dx = .
0 x 0 6
We get the same result by integrating with the order dy dz dx.
Z 1 Z 1−x Z 1
1
V = dy dz dx = .
0 0 x+z 6
Average Value of Function in Space
The average value of a function F over a region D in space is defined by

the formula
ZZZ
1
Average value of F over D = F dV .
volume of D
D
For example, if p
F (x, y , z) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2,
then the average value of F over D is the average distance of points in D
from the origin.
If F (x, y , z) is the temperature at (x, y , z) on a solid that occupies a

region D in space, then the average value of F over D is the average
temperature of the solid.
Example 5.
Find the average value of F (x, y , z) = xyz throughout the cubical region
D bounded by the coordinate planes and the panes x = 2, y = 2,and
x = 2 in the first octant.
The volume of the region D is (2)(2)(2) = 8. The value of the integral of

F over the cube is
Z 2Z 2Z 2
xyz dx dy dz = 8.
0 0 0
Hence
ZZZ
Average value of 1 1
xyz over the cube = volume xyz dV = (8) = 1.
cube 8
In evaluating the integral, we chose the order dx dy dz, but any of the
other five possible orders would have done as well.
Properties of Triple Integrals
Triple integrals have the same algebraic properties as double and single
integrals.
If F (x, y , z) and G = G (x, y , z) are continuous, then
Constant Multiple :
ZZZ ZZZ
kF dV = k F dV (any number k)
D D
Sum and Difference :

ZZZ ZZZ ZZZ
(F ± G ) dV = F dV ± G dV
D D D
Properties of Triple Integrals
Domination :
RRR
F dV ≥ 0 for F ≥ 0 on D
D
RRR RRR
F dV ≥ G dV for F ≥ G on D
D D
Additivity :
ZZZ ZZZ ZZZ
F dV = F dV + F dV
D D1 D2
if D is the union of two nonoverlapping regions D1 and D2 .
Exercises
Exercise 6.
1. Volume of rectangular solid : Write six different iterated triple
integrals for the volume of the rectangular solid in the first octant
bounded by the coordinate planes and the planes x = 1, y = 2, and
z = 3. Evaluate one of the integrals.
2. Volume of tetrahedron : Write six different iterated triple integrals
for the volume of the tetrahedron cut from the first octant by the
plane 6x + 3y + 2z = 6. Evaluate one of the integrals.
3. Volume of solid : Write six different iterated triple integrals for the
volume of the region in the first octant enclosed by the cylinder
x 2 + z 2 = 4 and the plane y = 3. Evaluate one of the integrals.
Solution for (1.) in Exercise 6
Z 2Z 1Z 3 Z 3Z 2Z 1
dz dx dy , dx dy dz,
0 0 0 0 0 0
Z 2Z 3Z 1 Z 3Z 1Z 2
dx dz dy , dy dx dz,
0 0 0 0 0 0
Z 1Z 3Z 2
dy dz dx,
0 0 0
Z 1Z 2Z 3 Z 1Z 2 Z 1
dz dy dx = 3dy dx = 6 dx = 6.
0 0 0 0 0 0
R 2 R 1−y /2 R 3−3x−3y /2 R 1 R 3−3x R 2−2x−2z/3
0 0 0 dz dx dy , 0 0 0 dy dz dx,
R 3 R 1−z/3 R 2−2x−2z/3 R 2 R 3−3y /2 R 1−y /2−z/3
0 0 0 dy dx dz, 0 0 0 dx dz dy ,
R 3 R 2−2x/3 R 1−y /2−z/3
0 0 0 dx dy dz,
Z 1 Z 2−2x Z 3−3x−3y /2 Z 1 Z 2−2x 3

dz dy dx = (3 − 3x − y )dy dx
0 0 0 0 0 2
Z 1 3
= [3(1 − x) · 2(1 − x) − · 4(1 − x)2 ]dx
0 4
Z 1
= 3 (1 − x 2 )dx = [−(1 − x)3 ]10 = 1.
0
R 3 R 2 R √4−x 2 R 2 R √4−x 2 R 3
0 0 0 dz dx dy , 0 0 0 dy dz dx,
R 2 R √4−z 2 R 3 R 2 R 3 R √4−z 2
0 0 0 dy dx dz, 0 0 0 dx dy dz,
R 3 R 2 R √4−z 2
0 0 0 dx dz dy ,
Z 2 Z 3 Z √4−x 2 Z 2 Z 3 p
dz dy dx = 4 − x 2 dy dx
0 0 0 0 0
Z 2 p
= 3 4 − x 2 dx
0
3h p x i2
= x 4 − x 2 + 4 sin−1
2 2 0
= 6 sin−1 1
= 3π.
Exercises
Exercise 7.
1. Volume enclosed by paraboloids : Let D be the region bounded by
the paraboloids z = 8 − x 2 − y 2 and z = x 2 + y 2 . Write six different
triple iterated integrals for the volume of D. Evaluate one of the
integrals.
2. Volume inside paraboloid beneath a plane : Let D be the region
bounded by the paraboloid z = x 2 + y 2 and the plane z = 2y . Write
triple iterated integrals in the order dz dx dy and dz dy dx that give
the volume of D. Do not evaluate either integrals.
Z 2 Z √4−y 2 Z x−x 2 −y 2
√ dz dx dy ,
−2 − 4−y 2 x 2 +y 2
Z 2 Z 4 Z √z−y 2 Z 2 Z 8−y 2 Z √8−z−y 2

√ dx dz dy + √ dx dz dy ,
−2 y2 − z−y 2 −2 4 − 8−z−y 2
Z 4 Z √
z Z √z−y 2 Z 8 Z √
8−z Z √8−z−y 2
√ √ dx dy dz + √ √ dx dy dz,
0 − z − z−y 2 4 − 8−z − 8−z−y 2
Z 2 Z 4 Z √z−x 2 Z 2 Z 8−x 2 Z √8−z−x 2

√ dy dz dx + √ dy dz dx,
−2 x2 − z−x 2 −2 4 − 8−z−x 2
√ Z √ √ Z √8−z−x 2
Z 4Z z z−x 2 Z 8Z 8−z
√ √ dy dx dz + √ √ dy dx dz
0 − z − z−x 2 4 − 8−z − 8−z−x 2
Solution for (1.) in Exercise 7 (contd...)
Z 2 Z √4−x 2 Z 8−x 2 −y 2 Z 2 Z √4−x 2 Z x−x 2 −y 2

√ dz dy dx = 4 dz dy dx
−2 − 4−x 2 x 2 +y 2 0 0 x 2 +y 2
Z 2 Z √4−x 2
= 4 [8 − 2(x 2 + y 2 )]dy dx
0 0
Z 2 Z √4−x 2
= 8 (4 − x 2 − y 2 )dy dx
0 0
π/2 2 π/2 2
r4
Z Z Z
= 8 (4 − r 2 )r dr dθ = 8 2r 2 − dθ
0 0 0 4 0
Z π/2 π
= 32 dθ = 32 = 16π
0 2
The projection of D onto the xy -plane has the boundary x 2 + y 2 = 2y ⇒ x 2 + (y − 1)2 = 1,
which is a circle.
Therefore the two integrals are:
Z 2 Z √2y −y 2 Z 2y
√ dz dx dy
0 − 2y −y 2 x 2 +y 2
and √
Z 1 Z 1+ 1+x 2 Z 2y
√ dz dy dx.
−1 1− 1−x 2 x 2 +y 2
Evaluating Triple Iterated Integrals
Exercise 8.
Evaluate the following iterated integrals.
Z 1Z 1Z 1
2 2 2
1. x +y +z dz dy dx
0 0 0
Z 1 Z 3−3x Z 3−3x−y
2. dz dy dx
0 0 0
Z π/6 Z 1 Z 3
3. y sin z dx dy dz
0 0 −2
R1 R1 R1
4. (x + y + z) dy dx dz
−1 −1 −1
q q
Z 3 Z 9−x 2 Z 9−x 2
5. dz dy dx
0 0 0
Rπ Rπ Rπ
6. cos(u + v + w ) du dv dw (uvw -space)
0 0 0
Z 1 Z √e Z e
s (ln t)2
7. se ln r dt dr ds (rst-space)
0 1 1 t
Z π/4 Z ln sec v Z 2t
x
8. e dx dt dv (tvx-space)
0 0 −∞
q
Z 7Z 2Z 4−q 2 q
9. dp dq dr (pqr -space)
0 0 0 r +1
Solution for the Exercise 8
R1R1R1 2 2 2
R1R1 2 2 1
R1 2 2

1. 0 (x + y + z )dz dy dx = 0 0 (x + y + 3 )dy dx = 0 x + 3 dx = 1
R01 R03−3x R 3−3x−y R 1 R 3−3x
2. dz dy dx = 0 0 (3 − 3x − y )dy dx =
R01 0 0
2 − 1 (3 − 3x)2 dx = 9 1 (1 − x 2 )dx = − 3 (1 − x)3 1 = 3
R
0 (3 − 3x) 2 2 0 2 0 2 √
R π/6 R 1 R 3 R π/6 R 1 5 π/6
R 5(2− 3)
3. 0 0 −2 y sin zdx dy dz = 0 0 5y sin zdy dz = 2 0
sin zdz = 4
R1 R1R2 R1 R1 1 2 2
4. −1 0 0 (x + y + z) dy dx dz = −1 0 [xy + 2 y + zy ]0 dx dz =
R1 R1 R1 2 1
R1 2 1
−1 0 (2x + 2 + 2z)dx dz = −1 [x + 2x + 2zx]0 dz = −1 (3 + 2z) dz = [3z + z ]−1 = 6
√ √
R 3 R 9−x 2 R 9−x 2 √
R 3 R 9−x 2 √ R3
5. dz dy dx = 0 0 9 − x 2 dy dx = 0 (9 − x 2 ) dx = 18
R0π R0π R π 0 RπRπ
6. cos(u + v + w )du dv dw = [sin(w + v + π) − sin(w + v )]dv dw =
R0π 0 0 0 0
0 [(− cos(w + 2π) + cos(w + π)) + (cos(w + π) − cos w )]dw =
[− sin(w + 2π) + sin(w + π) − sin w + sin(w + π)]π 0 =0
R 1 R √e R e s (ln t)2 R R√ e
dt dr ds = 01 1 e (se s ln r ) 13 (ln t)3 1 dr ds =

7. 0 1√ 1 se ln r t
R 1 R e se s s
√ √ √ √
e
ln r dr ds = 01 se3 [r ln r −r ]1 ds = 2−6 e 01 se s ds = 2−6 e [se s −e s ]10 = 2−6 e
R R
0 1 3
R π/4 R ln sec v R 2t x R π/4 R ln sec v
8. 0 0 −x e dx dt dv = 0 0 lim (e 2t − e b )dt dv =
b→−∞
R π/4 R ln sec v 2t R π/4 1 2 ln sec v π/4
− 12 dv = tan2 v − v2 0 = 21 − π8

0 0 e dt dv = 0 2
e
R 7 R 2 R √4−q 2 q R R q √4−q 2 2
dp dq dr = 07 02 r +1 dq dr = 07 3(r1+1) −(4 − q 2 )3/2 0 dr =
R
9. 0 0 0 r +1
8 7 1
dr = 8 ln 8
R
3 0 r +1 3
= 8 ln 2
Exercises
Exercise 9.
R1 R1 1−y
R
Here is the region of integration of the integral dz dy dx.
−1 x 2 0
Rewrite the integral as an equivalent iterated integral in the order
(a) dy dz dx (c) dy dx dz
(b) dx dy dz (d) dx dz dy
Z 1 Z 1−x 2 Z 1−z
(a) dy dz dx
−1 0 x2
√
Z 1Z 1−z Z y
(b) √
dx dy dz
0 0 − y
√
Z 1 Z 1−z Z 1−z
(c) √ dy dx dz
0 − 1−z x2
√
Z 1Z 1−y Z y
(d) √
dx dz dy
0 0 − y
Exercises
Exercise 10.
Here is the region of integration of the integral
Z 1 Z 0 Z y2
dz dy dx.
0 −1 0
Rewrite the integral as an equivalent iterated integral in the order
(a) dy dz dx (c) dx dy dz (e) dz dx dy .

(b) dy dx dz (d) dx dz dy
√
Z 1 Z 1 Z − z
(a) dy dz dx
0 0 −1
√
Z 1Z 1Z − z
(b) dy dx dz
0 0 −1
√
Z 1 Z − z Z 1
(c) dx dy dz
0 −1 0
Z 0 Z y2 Z 1
(d) dx dz dy
−1 0 0
Z 0 Z 1 Z y2
(e) dz dx dy
−1 0 0
Exercises
Exercise 11.
1. The region between the cylinder z = y 2 and the xy -plane that is bounded by the planes
x = 0, x = 1, y = −1, y = 1.
2. The region in the first octant bounded by the coordinate planes and the planes
x + z = 1, y + 2z = 2.
Z 1 Z 1 Z y2 Z 1 Z 1 2
Z 1 2
1. V = dz dy dx = y 2 dy dx = dx =
0 −1 0 0 −1 3 0 3
Z 1 Z1−x Z 2−2x Z 1 Z 1−x Z 1
2. V = dy dz dx = (2 − 2z)dz dx = [2z − z 2 ]1−x
0 dx =
Z 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
x3

2
(1 − x 2 )dx = x − =
0 3 0 3
Exercises
Exercise 12.
1. The region in the first octant bounded by the coordinate planes, the plane y + z = 2, and
the cylinder x = 4 − y 2 .
2. The wedge cut from the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 1 by the planes z = −y and z = 0.
1.
√ √
Z 4 Z 4−x Z 2−y Z 4 Z 4−x
V = dz dy dx = (2 − y )dy dx
0 0 0 0 0
Z 4 √
4−x

= 2 4−x − dx
0 2
4
4 1 4 1
= − (4 − x)3/2 + (4 − x)2 = (4)3/2 − (16)
3 4 0 3 4
32 20
= −4=
3 3
Z 1 Z 0 Z −y Z 1 Z 0 Z 1 2
2. V = 2 √ dz dy dx = −2 √ y dy dx = (1 − x 2 )dx =
0 − 1−x 2 0 0 − 1−x 2 0 3
Exercises
Exercise 13.
1. The tetrahedron in the first octant bounded by the coordinate planes and the plane
passing through (1, 0, 0) , (0, 2, 0) , and (0, 0, 3).
2. The region in the first octant bounded by the coordinate planes, the planes y = 1 − x,
and the surface z = cos (πx/2) , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.
1.
Z 1 Z 2−2x Z 3−3x−3y /2 Z 1 Z 2−2x
3
V = dz dy dx = (3 − 3x −
y )dy dx
0 0 0 0 0 2
Z 1
3
= 6(1 − x 2 ) − · 4(1 − x)2 dx
0 4
Z 1
1
3(1 − x)2 dx = −(1 − x)3 0 = 1

=
0
2.
Z 1 Z 1−x Z cos[πx/2] Z 1 Z 1−x Z 1
πx πx

V = dz dy dx = cos( )dy dx = cos (1 − x) dx
0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2
Z 1 Z 1
πx πx

= cos dx − x cos dx
0 2 0 2
1 Z π/2
2 πx 4

= sin − u cos u du
π 2 0 π2 0
2 4 π/2 2 4 π 4
= − [cos u + u sin u]0 = − ( − 1) =
π π2 π π2 2 π2
Exercises
Exercise 14.
1. The region common to the interiors of the cylinders x 2 + y 2 = 1 and x 2 + z 2 = 1,
one-eight of which is shown in the accompanying figure.
2. The region in the first octant bounded by the coordinate planes and the surface
z = 4 − x2 − y.
1.
Z 1 Z √1−x 2 Z √1−x 2 Z 1 Z √1−x 2 p

V =8 dz dy dx = 8 1 − x 2 dy dx
0 0 0 0 0
Z 1 16
= 8 (1 − x 2 ) dx =
0 3
2.
Z 2 Z 4−x 2 Z 4−x 2 −y Z 2 Z 4−x 2
V = dz dy dx = (4 − x 2 − y ) dy dx
0 0 0 0 0
Z 2
1

= (4 − x 2 )2 − (4 − x 2 )2 dx
0 2
1
Z 2
= (4 − x 2 )2 dx
2 0
Z 2
x4

128
= 8 − 4x 2 + dx =
0 2 15
Exercises
Exercise 15.
1. The region in the first octant bounded by the coordinate planes, the plane x + y = 4, and
the cylinder y 2 + 4z 2 = 16.
2. The region cut from the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 4 by the plane z = 0 and the plane x + z = 3.
Z 4 Z (√16−y 2 )/2 Z 4−y Z 4 Z (√16−y 2 )/2
1. V = dx dz dy = (4 − y ) dz dy =
Z 4 p0 0 2 0
Z 4 p 0 0
Z 4 p
16 − y 1
(4 − y ) dy = 2 16 − y 2 dy − y 16 − y 2 dy =
0 2 0 2 0
4
h p y i4 1 π 1 32
y 16 − y 2 + 16 sin−1 + (16 − y 2 )3/2 = 16( ) − (16)3/2 = 8π −
4 0 6 0 2 6 3
Z 2 Z √4−x 2 Z 3−x Z 2 Z √4−x 2
2. V = √ dz dy dx = √ (3 − x)dy dx =
−2 − 4−x 2 0 −2 − 4−x 2
Z 2 p Z 2 p Z 2 p
2 (3 − x) 4 − x 2 dx = 3 2 4 − x 2 dx − 2 x 4 − x 2 dx =
−2 −2
2 −2
h p x 2
i 2
3 x 4 − x 2 + 4 sin−1 + (4 − x 2 )3/2 = 12 sin−1 1 − 12 sin−1 (−1) =
2 −2 3 −2
π π
12 − 12 − = 12π
2 2
Exercises
Exercise 16.
1. The region between the planes x + y + 2z = 2 and 2x + 2y + z = 4
in the first octant.
2. The finite region bounded by the planes z = x, x + z = 8, z = y ,
y = 8, and z = 0.
3. The region cut from the solid elliptical cylinder x 2 + 4y 2 ≤ 4 by the
xy-plane and plane z = x + 2.
4. the region bounded in back by the plane x = 0, on the front and sides
by the parabolic cylinder x = 1 − y 2 , on the top by the paraboloid
z = x 2 + y 2 , and on the bottom by the xy -plane.
Z 2 Z 2−x Z 4−2x−2y Z 2 Z 2−x

3x 3y

dz dy dx = 3− − dy dx
0 0 (2−x−y )/2 0 0 2 2
Z 2 x 3

= 3 1− (2 − x) − (2 − x)2 dx
0 2 4
Z 2
3x 2 3(2 − x)2

= 6 − 6x + − dx
0 2 4
2
x3 (2 − x)3

= 6x − 3x 2 + +
2 4 0
23
= (12 − 12 + 4 + 0) − =2
4
Z 4 Z 8 Z 8−z Z 4 Z 8
V = dx dy dz = (8 − 2z)dy dz
0 z z 0 z
Z 4 Z 4
= (8 − 2z)(8 − z)dz = (64 − 24z + 2z 2 )dz
0 0
4
2 3 320
= 64z − 12z 2 + z =
3 0 3
Z 2 Z √4−x 2 /2 Z x+2 Z 2 Z √4−x 2 /2

V =2 dz dy dx = 2 (x + 2)dy dx
−2 0 0 −2 0
Z 2 p
= (x + 2) 4 − x 2 dx
−2
Z 2 p Z 2 p
= 2 4 − x 2 dx + x 4 − x 2 dx
−2 −2
2
h p x i2 1
= x 4 − x 2 + 4 sin−1 + − (4 − x 2 )3/2
2 −2 3 −2
π π
= 4 −4 − = 4π
2 2
Z 1 Z 1−y 2 Z x 2 +y 2 Z 1 Z 1−y 2
V =2 dz dx dy = 2 (x 2 + y 2 )dx dy
0 0 0 0 0
1 1−y 2
x3
Z
= 2 + xy 2 dy
0 3 0
Z 1
1
= 2 (1 − y 2 ) (1 − y 2 )2 + y 2 dy
0 3
Z 1
2 1 1 1
= 2 (1 − y ) + y 2 + y 4 dy
0 3 3 3
2 1
Z
6
= (1 − y )dy
3 0
1
y7

2
= y−
3 7 0

2 6 4
= =
3 7 7
Average Values
Exercise 17.
In the following exercises, find the average value of F (x, y , z) over the
given region.
1. F (x, y , z) = x 2 + 9 over the cube in the first octant bounded by the
coordinate planes and the planes x = 2, y = 2 and z = 2.
2. F (x, y , z) = x + y − z over the rectangular solid in the first octant
bounded by the coordinate planes and the planes x = 1, y = 1, and
z = 2.
3. F (x, y , z) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 over the cube in the first octant bounded
by the coordinate planes and the planes x = 1, y = 1, and z = 1.
4. F (x, y , z) = xyz over the cube in the first octant bounded by the
coordinate planes and the planes and the planes x = 2, y = 2, and
z = 2.
1
R2R2R2 1
R2R2 1 2 31
(x 2 + 9)dz dy dx = 2 2
R
1. average= 8 0 0 0 0 0 (2x + 18)dy dx = 8 0 (4x + 36)dx = 3
8
1
R1R1R2 1 1 1
R R 1 1
R
2. average= 2 0 0 0 (x +y −z)dz dy dx = 2 0 0 (2x +2y −2)dy dx = 2 0 (2x −1)dx = 0
R1R1R1 2 2 2
R1R1 2 2 1
R1 2 2

3. average= 0 0 0 (x +y +z )dz dy dx = 0 0 (x +y + 3 )dy dx = 0 x + 3 dx = 1
1 2 2 2
xyzdz dy dx = 14 02 02 xy dy dx = 12 02 x dx = 1
R R R R R R
4. average= 8 0 0 0
Changing the order of Integration
Exercise 18.
Evaluate the integrals in the following exercises, by changing the order of
integration in an appropriate way.
4 cos x 2
Z 4Z 1Z 2
1. √ dx dy dz
0 0 2y 2 z
Z 1Z 1Z 1
2
2. 12xze zy dy dx dz
0 0 x2
Z 2Z 4−x 2 Z x
sin 2z
3. dy dz dx
0 0 0 4−z
Z 4 Z 1
4 cos(x 2 )
Z 2 Z 4 Z 2 Z x/2
4 cos(x 2 )
1. √ dx dy dz = √ dy dx dz =
2 z 2 z
Z0 4 Z0 2 2y 4
0 0 0
x cos(x 2 )
Z
sin 4 h i4
√ dx dz = z −1/2 dz = (sin 4)z 1/2 = 2 sin 4
0 0 z 0 2 0
Z 1Z 1Z 1 Z 1 Z 1 Z √y Z 1Z 1
2 2 2
2. 12xze zy dy dx dz = 12xze zy dx dy dz = 6yze zy dy dz =
2
Z0 1 h 0 x i Z 1 0 0 0 0 0
2 1
3e zy dz = 3 (e z − z)dz = 3 [e z − 1]10 = 3e − 6
0 0 0
Z 2 Z 4−x 2
sin 2z
Z Z 2 Z 4−x 2
4 x sin 2z
3. dy dz dx = dz dx =
0 0√ 0 4−z 0 0 4−z
Z 4 Z 4−z Z 4 4
sin 2z sin 2z 1 1
x dx dz = (4 − z)dz = − cos 2z =
4−z 4−z 2 4
0 0 4 0 0
1 1 2 sin2 4
− + sin z =
4 2 0 2
Exercises
Exercise 19.
1. Finding an upper limit of an iterated integral : Solve for a :
Z 1 Z 4−a−x 2 Z 4−x 2 −y
4
dz dy dx = .
0 0 0 15
2. Ellipsoid : For what value of c is the volume of the ellipsoid
x 2 + (y /2)2 + (z/c)2 = 1
equal to 8π?
Z 1 Z 4−a−x 2 Z 4−x 2 −y 4
dz dy dx =
0 0 a 15
Z 1 Z 4−a−x 2 4
4 − x 2 − y − a dy dx =

⇒
0 0 15
Z 1
1 4
⇒ (4 − a − x 2 )2 − (4 − a − x 2 )2 dx =
0 2 15
1 1
Z
4
⇒ (4 − a − x 2 )2 dx =
2 0 15
Z 1
8
⇒ [(4 − a)2 − 2x 2 (4 − a) + x 4 ]dx =
0 15
1
x3

2 8
⇒ (4 − a)2 x − x 3 (4 − a) + =
3 5 0 15
2 1 8
⇒ (4 − a)2 − (4 − a) + =
3 5 15
⇒ 15(4 − a)2 − 10(4 − a) − 5 = 0
⇒ [3(4 − a) + 1][(4 − a) − 1] = 0
13
⇒ a= or a = 3.
3
The volume of the ellipsoid
x2 y2 z2
+ 2 + 2 =1
a2 b c
is
4abcπ
.
3
If the volume of the ellipsoid equals to 8π, then
4(1)(2)(c)π
= 8π.
3
Hence c = 3.
Exercises
Exercise 20.
1. Minimizing a triple integral What domain D in space minimizes the
value of the integral
ZZZ
4x 2 + 4y 2 + z 2 − 4 dV ?

D
Give reasons for your answer.

2. Maximizing a triple integral : What domain D in maximizes the
value of the integral
ZZZ
1 − x 2 − y 2 − z 2 dV ?

D
Give reasons for your answer.
1. The minimize the integral, we want the domain to include all points
where the integrand is negative and to exclude all points where it is
positive. These criteria are met by the points (x, y , z) such that
4x 2 + 4y 2 + z 2 − 4 ≤ 0 or 4x 2 + 4y 2 + z 2 ≤ 4,
which is a solid ellipsoid centered at the origin.

2. To minimize the integral, we want the domain to include all points
where the integrand is positive and to exclude all points where it is
negative. These criteria are met by the points (x, y , z) such that
1 − x2 − y2 − z2 ≥ 0 or x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ 1,
which is a solid sphere of radius 1 centered at the origin.
References
1. M.D. Weir, J. Hass and F.R. Giordano, Thomas’ Calculus, 11th

Edition, Pearson Publishers.
2. R. Courant and F.John, Introduction to calculus and analysis, Volume
II, Springer-Verlag.
3. N. Piskunov, Differential and Integral Calculus, Vol I & II (Translated
by George Yankovsky).
4. E. Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Wiley Publishers.

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Triple Integrals in Rectangular Coordinates

October 24, 2019

We use triple integrals to calculate the volumes of three-dimensional

If F (x, y , z) is a function defined on a closed bounded region D in space,

We partition a rectangular box-like region containing D into rectangular

∆Vk = ∆xk ∆yk ∆zk .

We choose a point (xk , yk , zk ) in each cell and from the sum

We are interested in what happens as D is partitioned by smaller and

When a single limiting value is attained, no matter how the partitions

It can be shown that when F is continuous and the bounding surface of D

As kPk → 0 and the number of cells n goes to ∞, the sums Sn approach

Such regions include those encountered in applications.

If F is the constant function whose value is 1, then the sums reduce to

We therefore define the volume of D to be the triple integral

We evaluate a triple integral by applying a three-dimensional version of

As with double integrals, there is a geometric procedure for finding the

over a region D, integrate first with respact to z, then with respect to y ,

Draw a line M passing through a typical point (x, y , z) in R parallel to the

As z increases, M enters D at z = f1 (x, y ) and leaves at z = f2 (x, y ).

These are the z-limits of integration.

Draw a line L through (x, y ) parallel to the y -axis. As y increases, L

These are the y -limits of integration.

These are the x-limits of integration.

Follow similar procedures if you change the order of integration.

The above procedure applies whenever a solid region D is bounded above

It does not apply to regions with complicated holes through them,

The volume is ZZZ

the integral of F (x, y , z) = 1 over D.

The boundary of the region R, the projection of D onto the xy -plane, is

Now we find the z-limits of integration. The line M passing through a

Next we find the y -limts of integration.

Finally we find the x-limits of integration. As L sweeps across R, the value

Each ordering leads to a different description of the region of integration

Solution : First we find the z-limits of integration. A line M parallel to the

Next we find the y-limits of integration. On the

A line L through (x, y ) parallel to the y-axis enters

Finally we find the x−limits of integration. As the line L parallel to the

For example, if F (x, y , z) = 1. we would find the volume of the

The average value of a function F over a region D in space is defined by

If F (x, y , z) is the temperature at (x, y , z) on a solid that occupies a

The volume of the region D is (2)(2)(2) = 8. The value of the integral of

If F (x, y , z) and G = G (x, y , z) are continuous, then

Sum and Difference :

if D is the union of two nonoverlapping regions D1 and D2 .

Z 1 Z 2−2x Z 3−3x−3y /2 Z 1 Z 2−2x 3

Z 2 Z 4 Z √z−y 2 Z 2 Z 8−y 2 Z √8−z−y 2

Z 2 Z 4 Z √z−x 2 Z 2 Z 8−x 2 Z √8−z−x 2

Z 2 Z √4−x 2 Z 8−x 2 −y 2 Z 2 Z √4−x 2 Z x−x 2 −y 2

Therefore the two integrals are:

Rewrite the integral as an equivalent iterated integral in the order

Rewrite the integral as an equivalent iterated integral in the order

(a) dy dz dx (c) dx dy dz (e) dz dx dy .

2. The wedge cut from the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 1 by the planes z = −y and z = 0.

Z 1 Z √1−x 2 Z √1−x 2 Z 1 Z √1−x 2 p

Z 2 Z 2−x Z 4−2x−2y Z 2 Z 2−x 

Z 2 Z √4−x 2 /2 Z x+2 Z 2 Z √4−x 2 /2

2. Ellipsoid : For what value of c is the volume of the ellipsoid

The volume of the ellipsoid

If the volume of the ellipsoid equals to 8π, then

Z 2 Z 2−x Z 4−2x−2y Z 2 Z 2−x