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Chapter 4 Notes

1) The document discusses the formation of chemical bonds, specifically ionic and covalent bonds. Ionic bonds form when one atom completely transfers an electron to another atom, creating oppositely charged ions. Covalent bonds form when atoms share valence electrons through the formation of bond pairs. 2) There are different types of covalent bonds including single, double, and triple bonds depending on the number of electron pairs shared between atoms. Common examples of each type of bond are provided. 3) Ionic compounds are formed through ionic bonding between metals and nonmetals. Covalent compounds are formed through covalent bonding between nonmetals through the sharing of valence electrons.

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Hamza Amin
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145 views

Chapter 4 Notes

1) The document discusses the formation of chemical bonds, specifically ionic and covalent bonds. Ionic bonds form when one atom completely transfers an electron to another atom, creating oppositely charged ions. Covalent bonds form when atoms share valence electrons through the formation of bond pairs. 2) There are different types of covalent bonds including single, double, and triple bonds depending on the number of electron pairs shared between atoms. Common examples of each type of bond are provided. 3) Ionic compounds are formed through ionic bonding between metals and nonmetals. Covalent compounds are formed through covalent bonding between nonmetals through the sharing of valence electrons.

Uploaded by

Hamza Amin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 4: Structure of Molecules

4.1 Formation of Chemical Bond


A chemical bond is defined as a force of attraction between atoms that holds them together in a
substance.

Importance of noble gas electronic configuration in the formation of an ion;

 It is a universal rule that everything in this world tends to become more stable.
 Atoms achieve stability by attaining electronic configuration of noble gases. Having 2 or 8
electrons in the valence shell is sign of stability.
 The importance of the noble gas electronic configuration lies in the fact that all other atoms try
their best to have the noble gas electronic configuration. For this purpose, atoms combine with
one another, which is called chemical bonding.

Octet and Duplet rules


 The tendency of an atom to acquire an outer most shell of two electrons is called duplet rule.
 The tendency of an atom to acquire an outermost shell of eight electrons is called the octet rule.

Ways in which bonds are formed;


An atom can accommodate 8 electrons in its valence shell in three ways:
1. By giving valence shell electrons (if they are less than three) to other atoms.
2. By gaining electrons from other atoms (if the valence shell has five or more electrons in it).
3. By sharing valence electrons with other atoms.

TYPES OF CHEMICAL BOND


1. Ionic Bond
2. Covalent Bond
3. Dative Covalent or Coordinate Covalent Bond
4. Metallic Bond

4.2 Ionic Bond


The type of chemical bond, which is formed due to complete transfer of electron from one atom to
another atom, is called ionic bond.

Formation of an ionic bond;


The elements of Group-1 and Group-2 being metals have the tendency to lose their valence electrons
forming positively charged ions. Whereas non-metals of Group-15 to Group-17 have the tendency to
gain or accept electrons. If atoms belonging to these two different groups, metals and non-metals, are
allowed to react, chemical bond is formed known as ionic bond.

One example of an ionic bond is the formation of sodium chloride, NaCl, from a sodium atom and a
chlorine atom. In this reaction, the sodium atom loses its single valence electron to the chlorine atom,
which has just enough space to accept it. The ions produced are oppositely charged and are
attracted to one another due to electrostatic forces.
The compounds formed due to this type of bonding are called ionic compounds.

4.3 Covalent Bond


The type of bond, which is formed due to mutual sharing of electrons, is called a covalent bond.

The elements of Group-13 to Group-17 when allowed to react with each other, they form a chemical bond
known as covalent bond by mutual sharing of their valence shell electrons.

The electrons that pair up to form a chemical bond are called 'bond pair' electrons. Depending upon the
number of bond pairs, covalent bond is classified into following three types:

Single Covalent bond


When one electron is contributed by each bonded atom, one bond pair is formed and it forms a single covalent
bond.
A few examples of molecules with single covalent bonds are hydrogen (H2), chlorine (Cl2), hydrochloric
acid (HCl) and methane (CH4).

Double Covalent bond


When each bonded atom contributes two electrons, two bond pairs are shared and a double covalent bond is
formed.
The molecules like oxygen (O2) gas and ethene (C2H4) show such type of double covalent bonds.

Triple Covalent Bond


When each bonded atom contributes three electrons, three bond pairs are involved in bond formation. This type
is called triple covalent bond.
The examples of molecules having triple covalent bonds are nitrogen (N2) and ethyne (C2H2).

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