No.

E-14-AAA-0000

Detection and localization of internal turn-to-turn

short circuits in transformer windings by means of
negative sequence analysis

Malihe Abi, Mohammad Mirzaie

Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering
BabolNoshirvani University of Technology
Babol, Iran
[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract—Internal turn-to-turn short circuits are the most Although the percentage differential relay is the most
difficult types of faults to detect within the transformers. This commonly used protection, it is not sensitive enough to detect
paper proposes a new, simple and efficient algorithm in order to low level turn-to-turn faults. Up to now, the advanced methods
protect transformers against these faults. Using this protection with high sensitivity such as Wavelet Transforms [1,2], S
algorithm which is based on negative sequence analysis, make it Transform [3,4] and Hilbert Transform have been applied for
possible to detect and also locate low level inter-turn short turn-to-turn fault detection in transformer windings. Although
circuits which typically cannot be detected by the traditional these approaches detect the minute faults, but they are based
differential algorithm before they extended into more severe on the signal processing and have complicated computation.
faults. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm is stable in the case Hence, these methods require large number of processors and
of external faults as well as load imbalance condition. In this instruments and so implementation of them is difficult [5].
work, first, a typical transformer is modeled based on Finite
Element Method to simulate the transformer behavior under In recent years, new diagnostic techniques based on
different operation conditions. Then, the accuracy and sequence components have been attended because of their
performance of new protection technique in detection and simplicity and also having a good sensitivity in winding faults
localization of inter-turn faults is studied by applying it to the detection. In 1998, sidhu and et al presented the earliest works
simulated transformer. in this field that uses the arguments of the positive and
negative sequence impedances of the power system in a fault
Keywords—transformer; turn-to-turn fault; Finite Element detection algorithm [6, 7]. In [8], authors differentiate between
Method; negative sequence analysis
different transient states using1th , 2th and 5th harmonic
components of the positive sequence differential current as
I. INTRODUCTION
inputs of artificial neural network. But, the methods based on
Transformers are one of the most important and expensive neural networks require a large number of training patterns
devices in electrical systems that are critical links between the which are produced by simulation of various cases and this
generation stations and consumers. Variety of unusual method is not generalized to be applied to different power
conditions and faults can affect the transformers. Unplanned transformers. Ref. [9] presented a digital technique for power
repairs such as fix or replacement of the faulty transformer are transformer fault detection on the basis of positive sequence
very costly and time consuming. One of the most sensitive admittance approach. The proposed method employs the
parts of the transformer is the insulation system that can be accumulated positive sequence admittances on the both side of
exposed by electrical, mechanical and thermal stresses and power transformer, so that the contour of the accumulated
moisture. Degradation of insulation system causes a values of positive sequence admittances computed by the relay
breakdown in the insulation and leads to development the is used for discrimination between internal and external faults.
inter-turn short circuits. Internal turn-to-turn faults are the In [10, 11], a new method based on the phase difference
most difficult types of faults to detect within the transformers. between negative sequence currents at the two sides of power
If turn-to-turn fault has not been rapidly detected, this fault transformer was presented for diagnosing internal faults. But,
can develop into more critical and costly to repair faults such the consequences of these works were also not convincing
as phase to phase or phase to ground faults. Therefore, quick because of restricted studies carried out for only one set of
detection of turn-to-turn faults is essential in order to protect system parameters and no detailed investigations. In [12],
the entire of electrical system and reduce the damage and MariyaBabiy performed some simulations for various
repair cost. In this way, development of online techniques for operating conditions and different configuration of the power
condition monitoring and in order to diagnose of inter-turn transformer to study the performance of mentioned method.
short circuits is very important to improve the system Ref. [13] offered a protection scheme for internal fault
reliability. detection in power transformer using comparison the ratio of
 Detection and localization of internal turn-to-turn short circuits in transformer windings by means of negative sequence analysis

29th Power System Conference - 2014 Tehran, Iran

negative sequence components on the primary and secondary condition has been applied to the boundary surrounding the
side with the turn ratio of the transformer. In this paper, the transformer. In order to modeling the nonlinear nature of the
fault detector was defined for only one type of transformer transformer core, the magnetization curve of core material has
connection and proposed method is not generalized for other been assigned to it. Afterwards, the circuit domain related to
connections of transformers. geometric domain has been designed in Ansoft Maxwell
Circuit Editor environment. In the circuit domain, each
It should be noticed that entire of the above mentioned separated region of coils in geometric domain has been
schemes focuses on fault detection only and fault localization modeled by its equivalent inductance calculated by software
ability existing in traditional differential relay has been missed and the resistance corresponding to it.
in these methods. To overcome the drawbacks of the existing
fault diagnostic techniques, this paper focuses on developing a
new and modified protection scheme using negative sequence
components for detecting and also locating internal turn-to-
turn faults in transformer windings. To this end, a three phase
transformer under normal operation as well as inter-turn fault
condition has been simulated firstly based on Finite Element
Method (FEM) in Maxwell 14.0 software. Then, the accuracy
of suggested algorithm has been examined by applying it to
the simulated transformer in various conditions and obtained
results have been shown finally.
II. FINITE ELEMENT MODEL OF THE TRANSFORMER
In order to simulate a turn-to-turn fault on the transformer
winding, the defective transformer is modeled as shown in
“Fig. 1,”. As can be seen from the figure, when a turn-to-turn
short-circuit occurs on the transformer, the affected winding is
divided in two subwindings “a” and “b”, that are associated to
the healthy and faulty part, respectively. In this figure, the Fig. 2. Finite Element Modelof the transformer in Maxwell environment
fault has been illustrated on the primary winding of phase A
by connecting the fault resistance (𝑅𝑅𝑠𝑠ℎ ) across the shorted In order to simulate the inter-turn fault, the geometric
turns. The severity of fault depends on the number of shorted domain should be modified as well as circuit domain. In the
turns as well as the circulating current flowing of them that is equivalent circuit a time-controlled switch has been used in
limited by the fault resistance. series with the fault resistance to create the winding fault in
desired moment. Finally, the simulated transformer has been
analyzed by selecting the Transient mode for solution type and
100 µs for time step (i.e. 10 KHz sampling frequency). The
rated values of simulated transformer have been presented in
“TABLEI,”.

TABLE I. THE RATED VALUES OF THE TRANSFORMER

Rated voltage ratio 20/0.4 KV

Rated apparent power 100 KVA

Fig. 1. Equivalent circuit for turn-to-turn fault in transformer winding
Rated frequency 50 HZ
To investigate the transformer behavior in different
situations, a two winding three phase transformer has been Connection style Yzn5
simulated in Maxwell 14.0 software which is based on Finite
Element Method. The Finite Element Method is a quick and Turn ratio 2944/68
efficient way in simulation of modern engineering systems
that solves a problem by separating the problem field into Core steel type M5
several elements and then implementing physical rules to each
minor element. “Fig. 2,” shows the Finite Element Model of
aforesaid transformer in geometric domain of Maxwell III. PROTECTION SCHEME
software. Under healthy condition, each one of the transformer The proposed protection scheme for internal turn-to-turn
coils has been drawn as two whole regions and the nominal faults is based on the negative sequence analysis. It is well
ampere-turn has been assigned to each region. For faulty known that only positive sequence component is always exist
transformer, the defective part of winding has been modeled in normal operation but under faulty condition, negative and if
as separated geometric region and desired value of ampere- possible zero sequence components are also create along with
turn has been allotted to it. Then, the Dirichlet boundary

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 Detection and localization of internal turn-to-turn short circuits in transformer windings by means of negative sequence analysis

29th Power System Conference - 2014 Tehran, Iran

positive sequence component and make clear indication of components, respectively. Therefore, the principle of ampere-
fault occurrence [10]. turns balance is also valid for each one of sequence networks.
According to “(4),” we have always the following phrase at
Use of negative sequence component has two significant the negative sequence network of the transformer:
advantages in comparison with zero sequence component that
they are as below: 𝑁𝑁2
𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒_𝑛𝑛 = 𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝_𝑛𝑛 − � � 𝐼𝐼 (5)
• Zero sequence currents will be eliminated by removing 2𝑁𝑁1 𝑠𝑠_𝑛𝑛
the ground from the unit. The abovementioned phrase enumerates as important
• Negative sequence currents can be produced even equation in negative sequence-based protection. Using the
when the fault does not include earth. In other words principle of ampere-turns balance can be achieved to the
they can provide coverage for phase to phase and turn- similar phrases for three phase transformers with various
to-turn faults as well as ground faults [12]. connections.
When a short circuit including a few turns take place on In the proposed method, a fault detector index can be
the winding, the changes in magnitudes of the negative defined as the ratio between the negative sequence
sequence currents on the both sides of the transformer components related to the exciting and primary currents. It
compared to the steady state value of the phase currents are should be mentioned that calculation of the fault detector
greater than the change in magnitude of the phase currents. index has no need to calculate the 𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒_𝑛𝑛 separately and only
Thus, negative sequence-based protection is a good measurement of 𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝_𝑛𝑛 and 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠_𝑛𝑛 is enough. Dividing the both
complement to the conventional differential protection for side of “(5),” to the 𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝_𝑛𝑛 yields “(6),”:
detecting low level faults, with a high sensitivity and speed.
𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒_𝑛𝑛 𝑁𝑁2 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠_𝑛𝑛
A. Fault detection algorithm =1−� �� � (6)
According to the principle of ampere-turns balance, sum of 𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝_𝑛𝑛 2𝑁𝑁1 𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝_𝑛𝑛
the ampere-turns on each one of the transformer core limbs is In this way, the fault detector index can be expressed as
equal to zero at all times under any operating conditions. So, below:
the following equation is always satisfied for a three phase
transformer with Yzn5 connection (notation as per “Fig. 1,”): 𝑁𝑁2 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠_𝑛𝑛
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = �1 − � �� �� × 100% (7)
𝑖𝑖𝐿𝐿1 𝑖𝑖𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 1 𝑁𝑁2 −1 0 1 𝑖𝑖𝐿𝐿4 2𝑁𝑁1 𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝_𝑛𝑛
𝑁𝑁1 �𝑖𝑖𝐿𝐿2 � −𝑁𝑁1 �𝑖𝑖𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 2 � + � � � 1 − 1 0� �𝑖𝑖𝐿𝐿5 � = 0 (1)
𝑖𝑖𝐿𝐿3 𝑖𝑖𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 3 2 Logic of the proposed approach is shown in “Fig.3,”.The
0 1 − 1 𝑖𝑖𝐿𝐿6
logical steps of proposed algorithm can be explained as below:
Where𝑖𝑖𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 1 ,𝑖𝑖𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 2 ,𝑖𝑖𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 3 –the three phase exciting currents,
• All individual instantaneous currents on the primary
𝑁𝑁1 , 𝑁𝑁2 – turn numbers associated to the primary and and secondary side of the transformer have to be
secondary side of the transformer. measured.
The above equation is equivalent to: • Using the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) block
𝑖𝑖𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 1 determines the fundamental harmonic magnitude and
𝑖𝑖𝐿𝐿1 𝑁𝑁2 𝑖𝑖𝐿𝐿4 − 𝑖𝑖𝐿𝐿6 phase of the input signal as a function of time.
�𝑖𝑖𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 2 � = �𝑖𝑖𝐿𝐿2 � − � � �𝑖𝑖𝐿𝐿5 − 𝑖𝑖𝐿𝐿4 � (2)
𝑖𝑖𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 3 𝑖𝑖𝐿𝐿3 2𝑁𝑁1 𝑖𝑖 − 𝑖𝑖 • Calculate negative sequence currents on the primary
𝐿𝐿6 𝐿𝐿5
side (Ip_n ) and on the secondary side (Is_n ) of the
We can write aforementioned phrase in the phase domain
as below: transformer (i.e. magnitude and phase components of
the fundamental harmonic) using Fortescue Transform.
𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 1 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿1 𝑁𝑁2 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿4 − 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿6 • Check the magnitudes of negative sequence currents
𝐼𝐼 𝐼𝐼
� 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 2 � = � 𝐿𝐿2 � − � � �𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿5 − 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿4 � (3)
𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 3 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿3 2𝑁𝑁 1 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿6 − 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿5
from both sides of the transformer and compare them
with a pre-set level. The magnitudes of negative
Symmetrical components corresponding to the primary, sequence currents from both sides of transformer have
secondary and exciting currents are obtained by multiplying to be above the pre-set limit in order to calculate the
inverse of the Fortescue transformation matrix to the both side fault detector index. The minimum pre-set level must
of “(3),”: be more than magnitudes of negative sequence currents
that exist during the normal operation due to the pre-
𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒_𝑧𝑧 𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝_𝑧𝑧 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠_𝑧𝑧 fault asymmetries of the power system. For the system
𝑁𝑁2
�𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒_𝑝𝑝 � = �𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝_𝑝𝑝 � − � � �𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠_𝑝𝑝 � (4) studied in this paper, the minimum allowable negative
2𝑁𝑁1 sequence current (Imin ) is 1% of the transformer rated
𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒_𝑛𝑛 𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝_𝑛𝑛 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠_𝑛𝑛
current (i.e. 0.01pu ).
In the above equation, indexes e, p and s related to the
exciting, primary and secondary currents and indexes z, p and • If the fault detector index exceed of the threshold (Thd)
n pointed to the zero, positive and negative sequence then an internal fault is happened and a trip command
issued to prevent the fault extension. In this protection

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 Detection and localization of internal turn-to-turn short circuits in transformer windings by means of negative sequence analysis

29th Power System Conference - 2014 Tehran, Iran

algorithm, the recommended value for detector
threshold has been considered 1%.

Fig. 4. Negative sequence current phasor related to the primary side of the
transformer in the case of turn-to-turn fault involving 3% of turns in various
phases of the secondary winding

IV. SIMULATION RESULTS

In this section, some test results verifying the performance
of the protection scheme for various disturbance conditions
such as internal turn-to-turn faults, external fault and also load
imbalance have been presented. In all of the case studies, the
Fig. 3. Negative sequence current based logic disturbance occurs at t = 134.8ms .
B. Fault localization A. Internal turn-to-turn faults
After doing the fault detection process by protection A large number of simulations were performed to prove
system, localization of fault in the transformer windings is one the ability of proposed technique in detection of low level
of the most important problems that solving it can be aid to inter-turn faults, but only some chosen cases are contained
perform preventive maintenance. Using a fault localization here. It should be mentioned that R f has been adjusted to
method, the faulty phase of the transformer is specified and 1µΩfor all of the inter-turn fault cases.
consequently only one phase (i.e. faulty phase) needs to
inspect and repair. In conventional differential protection, 1.Turn-to-turn faults on the primary winding: “Fig. 5,”
existence of non-zero differential current in a phase of the shows the negative sequence currents waveforms on the both
transformer points to the faulty phase, but the negative sides of the transformer as well as fault detector index for a
sequence based protections convert three phase variables to turn-to-turn fault involving 3% of turns on the phase C of the
one variable (i.e. negative sequence current) and consequently, primary winding. As expected, when the fault occur both
the fault localization in this methods will not be as simple as negative sequence currents exceed of pre-set level and fault
one that is performed in differential relay.
detector rise to 100%, therefore a fault alarm is activated.
In the proposed method, the negative sequence current 2. Turn-to-turn faults on the secondary winding: When an
phase on the primary side of the transformer after the fault inter-turn fault takes place on the secondary side of the
occurrence can be used to determine the faulty phase. transformer the condition is similar to that which happens
Simulation results show that when a turn-to-turn short circuit when the fault occurs on the primary side. The obtained results
happens on each one of the transformer windings, Ip_n related to the implementation of the detection method in the
changes its position in the coordinates plate and corresponding cases of inter-turn faults on various phases of the secondary
to its new position the fault location specifies in the winding have been shown in “Fig.6,” to “Fig.8,”.
transformer. “Fig. 4,” shows the negative sequence current More obtained results related to the turn-to-turn faults have
phasor related to the primary side in the case of turn-to-turn been presented in “TABLE II,” and “Fig.9,”, to demonstrate
fault involving 3% of turns located on various phases of the good performance of the protection scheme for detection and
secondary winding. It is observed that Ip_n locates at the three localization of the inter-turn short circuits. As can be seen
separated regions of the coordinates plate that have phase from “TABLE II,” in the entire of internal fault cases, the
difference near to 120° together and each region points to the amplitude of negative sequence currents are greater than
fault occurrence in one of the three phases of the transformer. 0.01pu and also the fault detector is equal to 100%, so the
According to this observation, it seems that a fault localization proposed technique has performed the fault detection process,
stage can be added to the detection algorithm for determining successfully. According to “Fig.9,” a pattern similar to
the faulty phase of the transformer. The obtained results “Fig.4,” can be drawn for these fault cases and determine the
related to apply the proposed scheme for detection and faulty phase. Therefore, the protection method has a good
localization of inter-turn faults in the simulated transformer performance in the fault localization as well as fault detection.
will be presented in the next section.

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 Detection and localization of internal turn-to-turn short circuits in transformer windings by means of negative sequence analysis

29th Power System Conference - 2014 Tehran, Iran

(a) (a)

(b) (b)
Fig. 5. Performance of proposed algorithm for a turn-to-turn fault involving Fig. 7. Performance of proposed algorithm for a turn-to-turn fault involving
3% of turns on the phase C of the primary winding: (a) negative sequence 3% of turns on the phase B of the secondary winding: (a) negative sequence
currents; (b) fault detector index currents; (b) fault detector index

(a) (a)

(b) (b)
Fig. 6. Performance of proposed algorithm for a turn-to-turn fault involving Fig. 8. Performance of proposed algorithm for a turn-to-turn fault involving
3% of turns on the phase A of the secondary winding: (a) negative sequence 3% of turns on the phase C of the secondary winding: (a) negative sequence
currents; (b) fault detector index currents; (b) fault detector index

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 Detection and localization of internal turn-to-turn short circuits in transformer windings by means of negative sequence analysis

29th Power System Conference - 2014 Tehran, Iran

TABLE II. PERFORMANCE OF THE PROPOSED SCHEME UNDER VARIOUS transformer outside the transformer protection zone and
INTERNAL FAULT CONDITIONS
performance of the algorithm in these cases has been shown in
Fault detector Amplitude of Amplitude of Transformer “Fig. 10,” and “Fig. 11,”.
(%) 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠−𝑛𝑛 (pu) 𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝−𝑛𝑛 (pu) condition
100 0.0128 1.113 3%

Phase C Phase B Phase A Phase C Phase B Phase A

100 0.0174 2.9041 6%

Turn-to-turn fault in
primary winding
100 0.0171 3.8302 9%
100 0.0132 1.1037 3%
100 0.0188 2.4184 6%
100 0.0185 3.327 9%
100 0.0139 1.1044 3%
100 0.0196 2.6539 6%
100 0.0191 3.507 9%
100 0.0144 1.2933 3%
100 0.0279 2.2605 6%

Turn-to-turn fault in
secondary winding
100 0.0383 2.7314 9%
100 0.0275 1.2683 3%
100 0.0387 2.229 6% (a)
100 0.0471 2.7098 9%
100 0.0345 1.2877 3%
100 0.0498 2.2413 6%
100 0.0582 2.7075 9%

(b)
Fig. 10. Performance of proposed algorithm for a phase to phase external
fault: (a) negative sequence currents; (b) fault detector index

(a)

(a)

(b)
Fig. 9. Negative sequence current phasor related to the primary side of the
transformer in the case of turn-to-turn faults in: (a) primary winding; (b)
secondary winding.

B. External faults
The presented results in this section are used to
demonstrate stability of the protection scheme under external R

(b)
faults. The phase to phase (A-C) and phase to ground (A-G) Fig. 11. Performance of proposed algorithm for a phase to ground external
faults have been simulated on the secondary side of the fault: (a) negative sequence currents; (b) fault detector index

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29th Power System Conference - 2014 Tehran, Iran

It is observed that the negative sequence currents from fault conditions. Hence, the method is completely robust in
both sides of the transformer are nearly equal in magnitude such external disturbance cases.
and phase after the fault occurrence, so that their waveforms
overlap thoroughly. The external faults lead to severe It can be claimed that the proposed algorithm is very
asymmetry in the system due to flow the great fault currents comprehensive because of using the principle of ampere-turns
that cause significant increment in the negative sequence balance in the negative sequence network of the transformer
currents. However, the fault detector value remains below 1% and it is possible to define the algorithm for any type of
threshold. This indicates that the fault is outside the transformer connections. Since the proposed method only
transformer protection zone and hence, no trip command will needs the terminal current data, it is non-invasive method and
be issued. no additional measurements are required to implement it.
Also, no information concerning the transformer and power
C. Load imbalance system parameters is needed for the application of the
In this section, performance of the proposed technique has technique.
been verified in the case of load imbalance. In order to REFERENCES
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