Notes-Derivatives of Trig PDF

Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
The basic trigonometric limit:

sin x x
Theorem: lim = 1 = lim (x in radians)
x→0 x x →0 sin x
Note: In calculus, unless otherwise noted, all angles are measured in

radians, and not in degrees.
This theorem is sometimes referred to as the small-angle approximation

because it really says that, for very small angles x, sin x ≈ x.
Note: Cosine behaves even better near 0, where lim cos x = 1 .

x →0
cos x − 1
ex. Show that lim =0
x →0 x
cos x − 1 cos x − 1 cos x + 1 cos 2 x − 1 − sin 2 x

lim = lim ⋅ = lim = lim
x →0 x x →0 x cos x + 1 x→0 x(cos x + 1) x→0 x(cos x + 1)
− sin x sin x sin x sin x  0 

= lim ⋅ lim = − lim ⋅ lim = − (1) = 0
x →0 cos x + 1 x x→0 cos x + 1
x→0 x x →0
1 +1
sin 2 x
ex. Evaluate lim
x→0 5x
sin 2 x 1 sin 2 x 2 2 sin 2 x

lim = lim ⋅ = lim
x→0 5x 5 x →0 x 2 5 x →0 2 x
The idea above is to match the angle in the sine function with the
denominator. We’ll then apply the basic trigonometric limit. To do so, first
we substitute θ = 2x. Note that as x approaches 0, so does θ. Hence,
2 sin 2 x 2 sin θ 2 2
lim = lim = ⋅1 =
5 x →0 2 x 5 θ →0 θ 5 5
sin 4 x
ex. Evaluate lim
x→0 sin 3 x
sin 4 x sin 4 x x sin 4 x x sin 4 x x

lim = lim ⋅ = lim ⋅ = lim ⋅ lim
x→0 sin 3 x x→0 sin 3 x x x→0 x sin 3 x x→0 x x →0 sin 3 x
Repeat the same trick as in the previous example, let θ = 4x and λ = 3x.
Both θ and λ approach 0 when x does. Then apply the theorem twice.
sin 4 x 4 x 3 4 sin 4 x 3x
= lim ⋅ ⋅ lim ⋅ = lim ⋅ lim
x →0 x 4 x→0 sin 3 x 3 3 x→0 4 x x→0 sin 3 x
4 sin θ λ 4 4
= lim ⋅ lim = ⋅1⋅1 =
3 θ →0 θ λ →0 sin λ 3 3
In fact, after doing a few examples like those, we can see a (very nice)
pattern. To sum it up:
Suppose m and n are nonzero real numbers, then
sin mx m
lim =
x→0 nx n
mx m
lim =
x →0 sin nx n
sin mx m
lim =
x →0 sin nx n
(Trivially, we also have:
mx m
lim = .)
x →0 nx n
tan 7 x
ex. Evaluate lim
x→0 2x
tan 7 x 1 sin 7 x 1 sin 7 x 1 1 sin 7 x 1

lim = lim ⋅ = lim ⋅ = lim ⋅ lim
x→0 2x x →0 2 x cos 7 x 2 x →0 x cos x 2 x→0 x x →0 cos x
1 7 1 7
= ⋅ ⋅ =
2 1 1 2
Recall that since cos x is continuous everywhere, the direct

substitution property applies, therefore,
1 1 1 1
lim = = = =1
x → 0 cos x lim cos x cos 0 1
x →0
Now, the main topic --
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
ex. What is the derivative of sin x?
Start with the limit definition of derivative:

d sin( x + h) − sin x [sin x cos h + sin h cos x] − sin x
sin x = lim = lim
dx h →0 h h →0 h
sin x cos h − sin x sin h cos x sin x(cos h − 1) sin h

= lim + lim = lim + lim ⋅ cos x
h →0 h h →0 h h →0 h h →0 h
cos h − 1 sin h
= lim sin x ⋅ lim + lim ⋅ lim cos x = sin x ⋅ (0) + (1) cos x = cos x
h →0 h →0 h h →0 h h→0
d
Therefore, sin x = cos x
dx
ex. Find the derivative of csc x.
d  d 
sin x 1 − 1 sin x 
d
csc x =
d 1
=  dx   dx  = sin x ⋅ 0 − 1 ⋅ cos x
2
dx dx sin x (sin x) sin 2 x
− cos x 1 cos x
= 2
=− ⋅ = − csc x cot x
sin x sin x sin x
d
Therefore, csc x = − csc x cot x
dx
The complete list of derivatives of trigonometric functions:
d
1. sin x = cos x
dx
d
2. cos x = − sin x
dx
d
3. tan x = sec 2 x
dx
d
4. sec x = sec x tan x
dx
d
5. cot x = − csc 2 x
dx
d
6. csc x = − csc x cot x
dx
ex. Differentiate f (x) = sec x + 5 csc x
f ′(x) = sec x tan x + 5( −csc x cot x) = sec x tan x − 5 csc x cot x
ex. Differentiate f (x) = x2 cos x − 2x sin x − 3 cos x
f ′(x) = [x2(−sin x) + (2x) cos x] − 2[x (cos x) + (1)sin x] − 3(−sin x)
= − x2 sin x + 2x cos x − 2x cos x − 2sin x + 3sin x
= − x2 sin x + sin x
sin t
ex. Differentiate s (t ) =
1 − cos t
(1 − cos t )(cos t ) − (sin t )(0 − (− sin t ))

s ′(t ) =
(1 − cos t ) 2
cos t − cos 2 t − sin 2 t cos t − (cos 2 t + sin 2 t )

= =
(1 − cos t ) 2 (1 − cos t ) 2
cos t − 1 − (1 − cos t ) −1 1
= = = =
(1 − cos t ) 2 (1 − cos t ) 2 1 − cos t cos t − 1
ex. Simple Harmonic Motion Suppose the oscillating motion (in meters)
of a weight attached to a spring is described by the displacement function
s(t) = 2 cos t + sin t
Find its velocity and acceleration functions, and its speed and acceleration at
t = π/2 sec.
Velocity: v(t) = s′(t) = −2 sin t + cos t

Acceleration: a(t) = v′(t) = −2 cos t − sin t
Its speed when t = π/2 is
│v(π/2)│ = │−2 sin (π/2) + cos (π/2) │ = │−2 + 0│ = 2 (m/sec)
Its acceleration at the same time is
a(π/2) = −2 cos (π/2) − sin (π/2) = 0 − 1 = −1 (m/sec2)

Notes-Derivatives of Trig PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Notes-Derivatives of Trig PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Notes-Derivatives of Trig PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

What are the derivatives of some common trigonometric functions?

What are the derivatives of some common trigonometric functions?

How can you find the derivative of a composition of functions involving trigonometric functions?

How can you find the derivative of a composition of functions involving trigonometric functions?

Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

The basic trigonometric limit:

Note: In calculus, unless otherwise noted, all angles are measured in

This theorem is sometimes referred to as the small-angle approximation

Note: Cosine behaves even better near 0, where lim cos x = 1 .

cos x − 1 cos x − 1 cos x + 1 cos 2 x − 1 − sin 2 x

− sin x sin x sin x sin x  0 

sin 2 x 1 sin 2 x 2 2 sin 2 x

sin 4 x sin 4 x x sin 4 x x sin 4 x x

Suppose m and n are nonzero real numbers, then

(Trivially, we also have:

tan 7 x 1 sin 7 x 1 sin 7 x 1 1 sin 7 x 1

Recall that since cos x is continuous everywhere, the direct

Now, the main topic --

Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

ex. What is the derivative of sin x?

Start with the limit definition of derivative:

sin x cos h − sin x sin h cos x sin x(cos h − 1) sin h

The complete list of derivatives of trigonometric functions:

f ′(x) = sec x tan x + 5( −csc x cot x) = sec x tan x − 5 csc x cot x

ex. Differentiate f (x) = x2 cos x − 2x sin x − 3 cos x

f ′(x) = [x2(−sin x) + (2x) cos x] − 2[x (cos x) + (1)sin x] − 3(−sin x)

= − x2 sin x + 2x cos x − 2x cos x − 2sin x + 3sin x

(1 − cos t )(cos t ) − (sin t )(0 − (− sin t ))

cos t − cos 2 t − sin 2 t cos t − (cos 2 t + sin 2 t )

s(t) = 2 cos t + sin t

Velocity: v(t) = s′(t) = −2 sin t + cos t

Its speed when t = π/2 is

│v(π/2)│ = │−2 sin (π/2) + cos (π/2) │ = │−2 + 0│ = 2 (m/sec)

Its acceleration at the same time is

a(π/2) = −2 cos (π/2) − sin (π/2) = 0 − 1 = −1 (m/sec2)

You might also like