SHORT ANSWER TYPE

QUESTIONS

THEORY OF MACHINES-1

3RD SEMESTER

PREPARED BY:-
GURKIRAT SINGH

SIMPLE MECHANISMS

Q.1 What is machine? Give example. Differentiate between machine and structure.
Ans. Machine – A machine is a device which receives energy and transforms it in to some useful
work. A machine consists of a number of parts or bodies.

Q2 .Difference between machine and structure-

Difference between a machine and structure is given below:-
1) The parts of a machine move relative to one another, whereas the members of a structure
do not move relative to one another.
2) A machine transforms the available energy into some useful work, whereas in a structure
no energy transformed into useful work.
3) The links of a machine may transmit both power and motion, while the members of a
structure transmit forces only.

Q.3 What is the Kinematics link or element?

Ans. Kinematics links- Each part of a machine, which moves relative to some other part, is known
as a kinematics link or element. A link may consist of several parts, which are rigidly fastened
together, so that they do not move relative to one another. For example , in a reciprocating steam
engine , piston, piston rod and small end bearings constitute a second link ; crank, crank shaft and
flywheel a third link and the cylinder, engine frame and main bearings a fourth link.

Q.4 What is the kinematics chain?

Ans. Kinematics chain -When the kinematic pairs are coupled in such a way that the last link is
joined to the first link to transmit definite motion, it is called a kinematic chain. In other words, a
kinematic chain may be defined as a combination of kinematic pairs, joined in such a way that
each link forms a part of two pairs and the relative motion between the links or elements is
completely or successfully constrain.

Q.5 What is the instantaneous centre/?

Ans. The instantaneous centre method of analyzing the motion in a mechanism is based upon the
concept than any displacement of a body having motion in one plane. Can be considered as a pure
rotational motion of a rigid link as a whole about some centre, known is instantaneous centre.
Q.6 What is the meaning of inversion of mechanism? What are the inversions of single slider crank
shaft?
Ans Inversion of mechanism
When one of the links is fixed in a kinematic chain, it is called a mechanism. So we can obtain as
many mechanisms as the number of links in a kinematic chain by fixing, in turn, different links in
a kinematic chain. The method of obtaining different mechanism by fixing different links in a
kinematic chain is known as inversion of the mechanism.

Q.7 Define turning pair and screw pair with example.

Ans. Turning pair- When the two elements of a pair are connected in such a way that one can only
turn or revolve about a fixed axis of another link, the pair is known as turning pair. The crankshaft
in a journal bearing in an engine, lathe spindle supported in head stock, cycle wheels turning over
their axles etc. are the examples of a turning pair. A turning pair also has a completely constrained
motion.
Screw pair- When two elements of a pair are connected in such a way that one element can
turn about the other by screw threads, the pair is known as screw pair. The lead screw of lathe with
nut, and bolt with a nut are examples of a screw pair.

Q.8 What is the meaning of inversion of mechanism?

Ans. Inversion of mechanism
When one of the links is fixed in a kinematic chain, it is called a mechanism. So we can obtain as
many mechanisms as the number of links in a kinematic chain by fixing, in turn, different links in
a kinematic chain. The method of obtaining different mechanism by fixing different links in a
kinematic chain is known as inversion of the mechanism.

Q.9 What is scotch yoke mechanism?

Ans. This mechanism used for converting rotary motion into a reciprocating motion. The inversion
is obtained by fixing either the link 1 or link 3(link 1 is fixed).in this mechanism. When the link 2
rotates about as centre, the link reciprocates. The fixed link1 guides the frame.
Q.10 What is the meaning of inversion of mechanism? Ans. Inversion of mechanism
When one of the links is fixed in a kinematic chain, it is called a mechanism. So we can obtain as
many mechanisms as the number of links in a kinematic chain by fixing, in turn, different links in
a kinematic chain. The method of obtaining different mechanism by fixing different links in a
kinematic chain is known as inversion of the mechanism.
It may be noted that the relative motions between the various links is not changed in any manner
through the process of inversion, but their absolute motions may be changed drastically.
Inversion of single slider crank chain

Q 11 What are the inversion of single slider crank shaft?

These inversions are found in the following mechanisms:-
1)Pendulum pump or Bull engine
2)Oscillating cylinder engine
3)Rotary internal combustion engine
4)Crank and slotted lever quick return motion mechanism
5)Whitworth quick return motion mechanism.

Q.12 What is mechanism of a machine?

Ans. It is links of the of a kinematics chain is fixed the chain is known as mechanism these are
many mechanism of a machine area as.
 Simple mechanism
 Compound mechanism

Q.13 Define lower pair and higher pair with example?

Ans. Lower Pair-When the two element of a pair have a surface contact when relative motion takes
place. The pair is known as lower pair. E.g. Sliding pair, screw pair.
Higher Pair-When the two element of a pair have a point contact when relative motion take
place, is known as higher pair. E.g. belt and rope drives, ball bearings, cam
 LOWER PAIRS AND HIGHER PAIRS

Q.1 What is the Hook joint?

Ans. Hook joint- A Hook joint is used to connect two shafts, which are intersecting at a small
angle. The end of each shaft is forked to U-type and each fork provides two bearings for the arms
of a cross. The motion is transmitted from driving shaft to driven shaft through a cross.

Q.2 What is the difference between Ackerman and Davis steering gear mechanism ?
Ans :- The difference between Ackerman and Davis steering gear mechanism is –
1. The whole mechanism of the Ackerman steering gear mechanism is on the back of the front
wheels but in the Davis steering gear mechanism it is on the front of the wheels.
2. The Ackerman steering gear mechanism consists of turning pair, but in Davis steering gear it
consists of sliding pair.

Q3. What is pantograph?

Ans. Pantograph
A Pantograph is an instrument use to reproduce to an enlarge or a reduced scale and as exactly as
possible the path described by a given point.

Q.4 Write the straight line mechanisms.

Ans. Straight line mechanisms
One of the mot common forms of the constraint mechanism is that it permits only relative motions
of an oscillatory nature along a straight line.
The mechanisms used for this purpose are called straight line mechanisms
These mechanisms are of two types
 In which only turning pairs are used
 In which one sliding pair is used

Q. 5What is the condition for correct steering?

Ans. The condition for correct steering are:
 All the four wheels must turn about the same instantaneous centre.
 The axis of the inner wheel makes a larger angle “B” than angle “A” Suspended by
the axis of outer wheel.

Q6.What is Fundamental Equation for Correct Steering?
Ans CotA - CotB=c/b
 BELT ,ROPE AND CHAIN DRIVES

Q.1 Explain what do you understand by initial tension in a belt?

Ans. When a belt is wound the two pulleys (i.e. driver and follower) its two ends are joined
together; so that the belt may continuously move over the pulleys, since the motion of the belt
from the driver and the follower is governed by a firm grip, due to friction between the belt and
the pulleys .In order to increase this grip, the belt is tightened up. At this stage, even when the
pulleys are stationary, the belt is subjected to some tension is called initial tension.

Q.2.What is centrifugal tension?

Ans. the belt runs over the pulley with some speed having certain mass, so it is subjected to
centrifugal force .centrifugal force causes tension in the belt which is known as centrifugal tension

Q.3What are the different types of chains?

Ans. The chains are only two types-

1. Block chain:-a block chain also known as bush chain. It is use to transmitting the power.

2. Bush roller chain:-a bush roller chain consists of outer plates or pin link plates, inner plates,
pins, bushes and rollers. A pin press through bush which is secured in the hole of the roller b/w
two sides of chain.
3. Silent chain: - the silent chain is designed to eliminate the bad effect caused by stretching
and produce noiseless running. When the chain stretches and the pitch of chain increases it
produces evil effect in power transmitting.

Q.4 What are material uses for belt?

Ans. The material use for belt r leather, rubber balata, canvas etc.

Q.5 What is the initial tension in belt?

Ans. a belt fitted on the pulley is having some tension because of which it can run continuously
over the pulley. This tension is known as initial tension to while transmitting power by belt, it is
assumed that total length of the belt remains unchanged and the belt material is elastic.

Q.6 Discuss the various types of belt uses for transmission of power?
Ans. Types of belts
 Open Belt:-We know that in open belt drive both the pulleys rotate in the same direction.
 Cross Belt:-we know that both the pulleys rotate in the opposite direction.

Q.7 Explain the phenomena of slip in a belt drive?

Ans Slip: - the term slip is defined as the relative motion b/w belt and pulley when there is
difference b/w the linear speed of pulley rim and belt covering it. It is only because of slip.
The presence of slip b/w the belt and pulley reduces the velocity ratio of the drive.

Q.8 Explain the phenomena of creep in a belt drive?

Creep-: there is relative motion b/w the belt and pulley; this term is known as creep. There is a loss
of power because of it; it reduces the velocity ratio also.

Q.9 What is centrifugal tension, in belt how does it affect the power transmitted?
Ans. the belt runs over the pulley with some speed having certain mass, so it is sujected to
centrifugal force .centrifugal force causes tension in the belt which is known as centrifugal tension
.centrifugal force tends to lift the belt from the pulley there by reduced the normal reaction and
hence the frictional ratio. The value of centrifugal tension is negligible at low speeds.
 CAMS

Q.1 Write the application of cam.

Ans. Application of cam- The cam is one of the simplest as well as one of the most important
mechanisms found in modern machinery today. The cams are widely used for operating the inlet
and exhaust valves of internal combustion engines, automatic attachment of machineries, paper
cutting machines, spinning and weaving textile machineries, feed mechanism of automatic lathes
etc.

Q.2 what are the different types of motion with which a follower can move?
Ans. There are some important motions of the follower, which are given blow-
1. Uniform velocity,
2. Simple harmonic motion,
3. Uniform acceleration and retardation,
4.cycloidal motion.

Q.3 Write the term used in radial cam?

Ans. following terms are used in radial cam
1-base circle-it is the smallest circle that can be drawn to cam profile
2-pitch point – it is a point on the pitch curve having max pressure angle
3- Pressure angle – it is angle b/w the direction of follower motion and a normal to pitch curve
4-pitch circle –it is a circle drawn from centre of the cam through the pitch point
5-trace point-it is a reference point on the follower
6-lift-it is the max travel of follower from its lowest position to top most position

Q: 4 How to classify the cam?

Ans. The two types are
1- Radial cam –in radial cam the follower reciprocate in a direction perpendicular to cam axis.
2- Cylindrical cam –in this cam the follower reciprocate in a direction parallel to cam axis.
FRICTION DEVICES
Q.1 What is the difference between absorption and transmission dynamometers?
Ans. In absorption dynamometers, the entire energy or the power produce by the engine is
absorbed by the friction resistance of the brake and is transformed into heat during the process of
measurements, but in transmission dynamometers the energy is not wasted in friction but is used
for doing work. The energy or power produced by engine is transmitted through the dynamometer
to some other machines where the power developed is suitably measured.

Q.2 What are the leading and trailing shoes of an internal expanding shoe brake?
Ans. The friction between the shoes and the drums produce by the breaking torque and hence
reduce the speed of the drum. The shoes are normally held in off position by a spring. When the
drum rotates in anti-clockwise direction the left hand shoe is known as leading shoe and the right
hand shoe is known as trailing shoe.
It may be noted that the relative motions between the various links is not changed in any manner
through the process of inversion, but their absolute motions may be changed drastically.

Q3 Name various types of brakes.

Ans. Types of brakes:-
1. Block or shoe brake
2. Band brake brakes.
3. Band and block brake.
4. Vacuum brake..

Q.4 What is the difference between brake and dynamometer?

Brake Dynamometer

A brake is device by means of which Dynamometer is a device by means of

artificial resistance is applied to moving which the energy by prime mover can be
machine member to retard. measured.
Q.5 What is rope brake dynamometer?
Ans. This type of dynamometer is used for the absorption of wider range of powers. It consist of
a drum which is usually provided with internal flanges on the rim, forming a channel for the flow
of water just to cool down.

Q.6 What is angle of repose?

Ans. A body b of wt. is resting on an inclined planes .If the angle of the inclined plane is such that
the body b starts moving downwards on its own, then a is called the angle of repose. Hence, the
angle of repose a is equal to the limiting angle of friction.

Q.7 What is the principle of single plate friction clutch?

Ans. Single plate friction clutch is based upon the engagement of the clutch pedal.

Q.8 Name types of friction?

Ans. There is three type of friction:-
1. dry friction
2. skin friction
3. film friction
 FLYWHEEL

Q.1. What is the maximum fluctuation of energy?

Ans. The difference between the maximum and minimum energies is known as maximum
fluctuation of energy.

Q.2. What is coefficient of fluctuation of energy?

Ans. It may be defined as the ratio of the maximum fluctuation of energy to the work done per
cycle. Mathematically, coefficient of fluctuations of energy,
Maximum fluctuations of energy
CE = work done per cycle

Q.3. What is crank-effort diagram?

Ans. The turning moment diagram (also known as crank-effort diagram)is the graphical
representations of the turning moment or crank-effort for various positions of the crank. It is plotted
on Cartesian co-ordinates, in which the turning moment is taken as the ordinate and crank angle
as abscissa.

Q.4 What you mean by turning moment diagram for crank shaft engine?
Ans. A turning moment for a single cylinder double acting steam engine, the vertical ordinate
represents the turning moment and the horizontal ordinate represents the crank angle.
Q.5 What is coefficient of fluctuations of speed?
Ans. The ratio of the maximum fluctuations of speed to the mean speed is called the coefficient of
fluctuations of speed.
N1 and N2 maximum and minimum speeds in r.p.m during the cycle.
N = mean speed in r.p.m

CS = N1-N2
N
Q.6 What is the Function of flywheel in prime mover?
Ans. A flywheel used in machines serves as a reservoir, which stores energy during the period
when the supply of energy is more than the requirement, and releases it during the period when
the requirement of energy is more than the supply.

Q.7 What do you understand by turning moment diagrams?

Ans. The plot of turning moment “T” against the various positions of the crank,’0’are called
turning moment diagrams or (T.M.) (T-0) Diagrams. These are sometimes referred to as crank
effort diagrams.

Q.8 What is the use of turning moment diagram of reciprocating engine?

Ans. The turning moment diagram also known as crank effort diagram is the graphical
representation of turning moment or crank effort for various position of crank. In case of four
stroke cycle internal combustion engine there is one working stroke after the crank has turned
through two revolutions.
 GOVERNORS

Q. 1 What is the function of governors?

Ans. The function of governor is to regulate the mean speed of an engine. It depends upon variation
in the load. When the load on an engine increases its speed decreases thus high working fluid is
required. When the load on an engine decreases, its speed is increases thus less working fluid is
required.

Q.2 How did it differ from flywheel?

Governor controls the speed variation caused by the fluctuation of the engine turning moment
during each cycle of operation but flywheel doesn’t control the speed of variation.

Q.3 Write types of Governor?

Ans. Governors are of two types
1- Centrifugal Governor
2- Inertia Governor

Q.4 What is principle of centrifugal governor?

Ans. It is based on balancing of centrifugal force on the rotating balls by an equal and opposite
radial force known as controlling force it consist of two balls of equal mass which are
attached two arms these balls are known balls or fly bolls .the balls revolves with the spindle
which is driven by the engine through bevel gears the upper end of the arm pivoted on the
spindle so that the balls may rise up or falls down as they revolves about the vertical axis.

Q.5 Explain the term used in governor?

Ans. 1-Height of a Governor – it is the vertical distance from center of the ball to a point where
the axis of the arm intersect on the spindle axis
2-Equilibrium speed – it is speed at which the governor balls are in complete equilibrium
3- Mean equilibrium- it is the speed at mean position of the balls or sleeve
 4- Max &min equilibrium speed – the speed at the max & min radius of rotation of the balls
without tending to move other way are know as max &min equilibrium speed
5- Sleeve lift – it is the vertical distance which the speed travels due to change in equilibrium
speed.

Q.6 Define (one mark each)

 power of governor and effort of governor,
 stability,
 isochronous,
 hunting,
 sensitivity,
 controlling force
Ans. Power of governor-it is the work done at sleeve for a given %age of a speed. It is the product
of the mean value of the effort and the distance through which the sleeve moves.
Power=mean effort*lift of sleeve
Effort of governor-It is the mean force exerted at the sleeve for a given %age change or speed.
When the governor is running steadily there is no force at the sleeve.
Stability-a governor is said to be stable when every speed within the working range there is defined
configuration. When the equilibrium speed increases, the radius of the governor ball also increase.
Isochronous-A governor is said to be isochronous when the equilibrium speed is constant for all
radii of rotation of the ball within the working range, neglecting friction. The isochronism’s is the
stage of infinite sensitivity.
Sensitiveness -The ratio of difference between the maximum and minimum equilibrium speed of
the mean equilibrium speed.
2(𝑁2−𝑁1)
Sensitiveness of governor =
𝑁1+𝑁2
Hunting-A governor is said to be hunt if the speed of the engine fluctuate continuously above and
below the main speed. This is caused by too sensitive governor.

Q.7 What are the effects of friction and adding a central weight to sleeve of watt governor?
Ans. The porter governor is a modification of watt governor, with central load attached to sleeve.
The load moves up and down the central spindle. The additional downward force increases the
speed of revolution required to enable the walls to rise to any pre determined level.

Q.8 Write a short note on coefficient of insensitiveness of governor?

Ans. The speed of rotation may varies within the limits N1and N2 without causing any
displacement upward or downward of the governor sleeves. The governor is said to be insensitive
if the speed fluctuates over this range.

Q.9 What is the limitations watt governor.

Ans.The height of governor h, is inversely proportional to N square therefore at high speed, the
value of h is small. At such speed, the change in value of h corresponding to a small change in
speed is insufficient to enable a governor of this type to operate the mechanism to give the
necessary change in the fuel supply. This governor may only work satisfactorily at relatively low
speed such that from 60 to 80 r.p.m.