Modelo Osi
Modelo Osi
This course covers everything you will need to pass the Cisco CCNA 200-120
exam, but it also provides many information about internetworking in general. The
CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate) certification is a famous IT certification
from a company called Cisco.
The course covers the latest version of the CCNA exam (200-120), available
since 2013. It follows the Cisco organization of topics. We start with basics,
explaining what really a computer networks is, the difference between the OSI
and TCP models, what an IP address is, how to configure an IP address on a
Cisco router, etc. In later lessons we will go through some more advanced topics
such as routing protocols, IPv6, NAT, ACLs...
This course is also available as a print book, available on Amazon. If you have
any questions about this application, please contact us at info@geek-
university.com. You can find more IT related tutorials at http://geek-
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Start the course >>
TRADUCCION:
Este curso cubre todo lo que necesitará para aprobar el examen Cisco CCNA
200-120, pero también proporciona mucha información sobre la interconexión de
redes en general. La certificación CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate) es
una famosa certificación de TI de una compañía llamada Cisco.
El curso cubre la última versión del examen CCNA (200-120), disponible desde
2013. Sigue la organización de temas de Cisco. Comenzamos con lo básico,
explicando qué es realmente una red de computadoras, la diferencia entre los
modelos OSI y TCP, qué es una dirección IP, cómo configurar una dirección IP
en un enrutador Cisco, etc. En lecciones posteriores veremos más temas
avanzados como protocolos de enrutamiento, IPv6, NAT, ACL ...
In the picture above you can see that the computer is connected to the router
which is then connencted to the Internet. The computer can send and receive
data on the Internet using Internet protocols such as HTTP and DNS.
To connect two computers together, we would use a device called a switch.
Switches serve as a central point to which all computers on a network connect
to:
TRADUCCION:
Cuando navega por Internet, su computadora forma parte de la red más grande
del mundo: Internet. Si tiene acceso a Internet en casa, sus dispositivos forman
parte de una LAN (Red de área local). Así es como se ve una LAN simple:
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model was created by the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO), the world's largest developer of voluntary
international standards. It is a layered model that was created to enable different
networks to communicate reliably between disparate systems. The OSI model
provides a framework for creating and implementing networking standards and
devices and describes how network applications on different computers can
communicate through the network media.
The OSI model has seven hierarchical layers. Each layer describes a different
network function. The layers are:
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
The layers are usually numbered from the last one, which means that the Physical
layer is the first layer. A mnemonic can be used to remember the seven
layers: Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away
Application - Away
Presentation - Pizza
Session - Sausage
Transport - Throw
Network - Not
Data Link - Do
Physical - Please
Here is a description of each layer in the OSI model:
1. Physical – defines how to move bits from one device to another. It deals with
the physical characteristics of the transmission medium, describing connectors,
pins, cables, connectors, and network interface cards.
2. Data Link – combines packets into bytes and bytes into frames. Each frame
has a header and a trailer. A header contains the source and destination MAC
address. A trailer contains the Frame Check Sequence field, used for errors
detection. The Data Link layer is divided into two sublayers:
Logical Link Control – used for flow control and error detection and
Media Access Control – used for hardware addressing and controlling the access
method.
3. Network – provides logical addressing used by routers for path determination.
Logical addressing is used to identify a host on a network (for example, by its
IP address).
4. Transport – provides reliable or unreliable delivery and error recovery and flow
control.
5. Session – determines how to establish, control and terminate a session
between the two systems.
6. Presentation – defines data formats. Processes such as compression and
encryption are handled at this layer
7. Application – provides a user interface and enables network applications to
communicate with other network applications.
The following list shows which protocols reside on which layer:
Application – HTTP, Telnet, FTP
Presentation – MIME
Session – SSL, NetBIOS
Transport – TCP, UDP
Network – IP, ICMP
Data Link – PPP, HDLC, Ethernet
Physical – Ethernet
TRADUCCION:
The TCP/IP model is the network model used by computer networks today. It was
created in the 1970s by DARPA (Defense Advance Research Project Agency) as
an open, vendor-neutral, public networking model. Just like the OSI reference
model, the TCP/IP model provides general guidelines for designing and
implementing network protocols.
The TCP/IP model has fewer layers than the OSI model, just four. These layers
describe different network functions and have their own standards and protocols.
The layers are:
Application
Transport
Internet
Link
The Link layer is sometimes referred to as the Network access layer. The
Transport layer is sometimes called the Host-to-Host layer.
Here is a brief description of each layer:
Link - defines the protocols and hardware required to deliver data across a
physical network.
Internet - defines the protocols for the logical transmission of packets over the
network.
Transport - defines protocols for setting up the level of transmission service for
applications. This layer is responsible for reliable transmission of data and the the
error-free delivery of packets.
Application - defines protocols for node-to-node application communication and
provide services to the application software running on a computer.
Differences between the TCP/IP model and OSI model
The TCP/IP model and the OSI model are similar in concept, but have a different
number of layers, sometimes with different names:
As you can see from the picture above, the Application, Presentation, and
Session layers of the OSI model are merged in only one layer - the Application
layer, in the TCP/IP model. The Physical and Data Link layers of the OSI model
are merged into one layer, the Link layer, in the TCP/IP model.
The following list shows which protocols reside on which layer:
Application - HTTP, POP3, SMTP
Transport - TCP, UDP
Internet - IP
Link - Ethernet, PPP
TRADUCCION
El modelo TCP / IP es el modelo de red utilizado por las redes informáticas de
hoy. Fue creado en la década de 1970 por DARPA (Agencia de Proyectos de
Investigación de Defensa Avanzada) como un modelo de red público abierto,
neutral para el vendedor. Al igual que el modelo de referencia OSI, el modelo
TCP / IP proporciona pautas generales para diseñar e implementar
protocolos de red.
El modelo TCP / IP tiene menos capas que el modelo OSI, solo cuatro. Estas
capas describen diferentes funciones de red y tienen sus propios
estándares y protocolos. Las capas son:
• Solicitud
• Transporte
• Internet
• Enlace
La capa de enlace a veces se denomina capa de acceso a la red. La capa de
transporte a veces se denomina capa de host a host.
Aquí hay una breve descripción de cada capa:
• Enlace: define los protocolos y el hardware necesarios para entregar datos a
través de una red física.
• Internet: define los protocolos para la transmisión lógica de paquetes a través
de la red.
• Transporte: define protocolos para configurar el nivel de servicio de transmisión
para las aplicaciones. Esta capa es responsable de la transmisión confiable de
datos y de la entrega de paquetes sin errores.
• Aplicación: define protocolos para la comunicación de aplicaciones de nodo a
nodo y proporciona servicios al software de la aplicación que se ejecuta en una
computadora.
Diferencias entre el modelo TCP / IP y el modelo OSI
El modelo TCP / IP y el modelo OSI son similares en concepto, pero tienen un
número diferente de capas, a veces con diferentes nombres:
DATA ENCAPSULATION
Each data packet (header + encapsulated data) defined by a particular layer has
a specific name:
Frame - encapsulated data defined by the Network Access layer. A frame can
have both header and trailer.
Packet - encapsulated data defined by the Network layer. A header contains the
source and destination IP addresses.
Segment - encapsulated data defined by the Transport layer. Information such as
the source and destination ports or sequence and acknowledgment numbers are
included in the header.
The term decapsulation describes a process of removing headers and trailers as
data passes from a lower to the upper layer. This process transpires on a
computer that is receiving data.
EL ENCAPSULAMIENTO DE LA DATA:
El término encapsulación describe un proceso de colocar encabezados (y a
veces trailers) alrededor de algunos datos. Cada capa agrega su propio
encabezado (los protocolos de enlace de datos también agregan un avance) a
los datos suministrados por la capa superior. Este proceso puede explicarse con
el modelo TCP / IP de cinco capas (la capa de enlace del modelo TCP / IP a
veces se divide en dos capas, enlace de datos y física, de ahí el modelo TCP /
IP de cinco capas), con cada paso correspondiente al papel de cada capa.
The term local area network (LAN) is used to describe a network of devices inside
a limited area (in the same room, building...). A typical SOHO (small office/home
office) LAN consist of PCs, printers, switches, routers, and cabling that connects
all these devices together. The following figure shows a typical LAN:
This type of network is usually capable of achieving a high data transfer rate of
(up to 10 Gbps) at relatively low cost. The twisted-pair cabling is commonly used
in LANs for connections between end user devices and switches, while fiber-optic
cabling is used for links between network devices, such as switches and routers.
Some of the LAN technologies are Ethernet, Token Ring and FDDI. Ethernet is
by far the most popular wired LAN technology. It defines wiring, signaling,
connectors, frame formats, protocol rules, etc. Most modern LANs also support
the wireless LAN (WLAN) technology, defined by the IEEE 802.11 standards.
WLANs use radio waves instead of wires or cables for links between devices.
What is Ethernet? >>
<< Data encapsulation in the OSI model
QUE ES INTERNET:
El término red de área local (LAN) se utiliza para describir una red de
dispositivos dentro de un área limitada (en la misma habitación, edificio ...). Una
LAN típica de SOHO (oficina pequeña / oficina doméstica) consta de PC,
impresoras, conmutadores, enrutadores y cableado que conecta todos estos
dispositivos. La siguiente figura muestra una LAN típica:
Algunas de las tecnologías LAN son Ethernet, Token Ring y FDDI. Ethernet es,
con mucho, la tecnología LAN cableada más popular. Define cableado,
señalización, conectores, formatos de trama, reglas de protocolo, etc. La
mayoría de las LAN modernas también admiten la tecnología LAN inalámbrica
(WLAN), definida por los estándares IEEE 802.11. Las WLAN usan ondas de
radio en lugar de cables o alambres para enlaces entre dispositivos.
What is Ethernet?
The term Ethernet refers to an entire family of standards that define wiring,
signaling, connectors, frame formats, protocol rules, etc. Ethernet is standardized
by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) as
the 802.3 standard. The standard defines several wiring variants, such as
coaxial, twisted pair and fiber optic cabling. Coaxial cables are rarely used
anymore, while twisted pair cables are usually used in SOHO environments.
Optical fibers are the most expensive option, but they allow longer cabling
distances and greater speeds.
Ethernet uses the Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection
(CSMA/CD) access method and supports speeds up to 100 Gbps. It is by far the
most popular LAN technology today.
The term Ethernet LAN refers to a combination of computers, switches, and
different kinds of cables that use the Ethernet standard to communicate over the
network.
TRADUCCION:
El término Ethernet se refiere a toda una familia de estándares que definen
cableado, señalización, conectores, formatos de trama, reglas de protocolo, etc.
Ethernet está estandarizado por el Instituto de Ingenieros Eléctricos y
Electrónicos (IEEE) como el estándar 802.3. El estándar define varias variantes
de cableado, como el coaxial, el par trenzado y el cableado de fibra óptica. Los
cables coaxiales rara vez se usan más, mientras que los cables de par trenzado
se usan generalmente en entornos SOHO. Las fibras ópticas son la opción más
costosa, pero permiten distancias de cableado más largas y mayores
velocidades.
Ethernet utiliza el método de acceso Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Detection (CSMA / CD) y admite velocidades de hasta 100 Gbps. Es, con mucho,
la tecnología LAN más popular en la actualidad.
ETHERNET FRAME
We have already learned that encapsulated data defined by the Network Access
layer is called an Ethernet frame. An Ethernet frame starts with a header, which
contains the source and destination MAC addresses, among other data. The
middle part of the frame is the actual data. The frame ends with a field called
Frame Check Sequence (FCS).
The Ethernet frame structure is defined in the IEEE 802.3 standard. Here is a
graphical representation of an Ethernet frame and a description of each field in
the frame:
Preamble - informs the receiving system that a frame is starting and enables
synchronisation.
SFD (Start Frame Delimiter) - signifies that the Destination MAC Address field
begins with the next byte.
Destination MAC - identifies the receiving system.
Source MAC - identifies the sending system.
Type - defines the type of protocol inside the frame, for example IPv4 or IPv6.
Data and Pad - contains the payload data. Padding data is added to meet the
minimum length requirement for this field (46 bytes).
FCS (Frame Check Sequence) - contains a 32-bit Cyclic Redundancy Check
(CRC) which allows detection of corrupted data
MAC address >>
<< What is Ethernet?
MAC ADDRESS:
MAC addresses are usually written in the form of 12 hexadecimal digits. For
example, this is a valid MAC address: D8-D3-85-EA-1B-EE. Each hexadecimal
character is 4 bits long, so the first six hexadecimal characters represent the
vendor (in this case, Hewlett Packard).
How to find the MAC address of your computer
You can find out the MAC address your computer is using. The process depends
on your operating system:
Windows
Go to the Command Prompt (Start - Programs - Accessories - Command
Prompt on Windows XP, for newer versions of Windows, just type cmdfrom
the Start screen). Once inside the Command Prompt, type
theipconfig/all command. The MAC address is shown in the Physical
Address field:
TRADUCCION:
TRADUCCION:
DIRECCIONES DE DIFUSIÓN UNICAST, MULTICAST
Existen tres tipos de direcciones Ethernet:
Cada puerto de NIC y conmutador tiene una configuración dúplex. Para todos
los enlaces entre hosts y conmutadores, o entre conmutadores, se debe utilizar
el modo dúplex completo. Sin embargo, para todos los enlaces conectados a
un concentrador LAN, se debe usar el modo semidúplex para evitar una falta
de coincidencia dúplex que podría disminuir el rendimiento de la red.
TRADUCCION_
Duplex medio y completo
En telecomunicaciones, un sistema de comunicación dúplex es un sistema
punto a punto de dos dispositivos que pueden comunicarse entre sí en ambas
direcciones. Existen dos tipos de sistemas de comunicación dúplex en entornos
Ethernet:
Cada puerto de NIC y conmutador tiene una configuración dúplex. Para todos
los enlaces entre hosts y conmutadores, o entre conmutadores, se debe utilizar
el modo dúplex completo. Sin embargo, para todos los enlaces conectados a
un concentrador LAN, se debe usar el modo semidúplex para evitar una falta
de coincidencia dúplex que podría disminuir el rendimiento de la red
In the picture above we have a network of four computers. The network is divided
into segments by a bridge. Each segment is a separate collision domain with its
own bandwidth. Let's say that Host A wants to communicate with Host C. Host A
will send the frame with the Host C's destination MAC address to the bridge. The
bridge will inspect the frame and forward it to the segment of the network Host C
is on.
Network bridges offer substantial improvements over network hubs, but they are
not widely used anymore in modern LANs. Switches are commonly used instead.
TRADUCCION:
What is a network bridge?
Host A is trying to communicate with Host C and sends a packet with the Host
C's destination MAC address. The packet arrives at the switch, which looks at the
destination MAC address. The switch then searches that MAC address in its MAC
address table. If the MAC address is found, the switch then forwards the packet
only out the port connected to the frame's destination. Hosts connected to other
ports will not receive the frame.
Differences between a switch and a bridge >>
<< What is a network bridge?
TRADUCCION:
Un conmutador (SWITCH) de red es un dispositivo que conecta
dispositivos en una LAN. Un conmutador es esencialmente un puente de
red multipuerto y realiza las mismas funciones básicas que un puente, pero
a velocidades mucho más rápidas y con muchas características
adicionales. Cada puerto en un conmutador está en un dominio de colisión
separado y puede ejecutarse en el modo dúplex completo, lo que significa que
los hosts conectados a un puerto del conmutador pueden transmitir al
conmutador al mismo tiempo que el conmutador les transmite.
Switches are basically multiport bridges. Although both types of devices perform
a similar function, segmenting a LAN into separate collision domains, there are
some differences between them:
most bridges have only 2 or 4 ports. A switch can have hundreds of ports.
bridges are software based. Switches are hardware-based and use chips (ASICs)
when making forwarding decisions, which makes them much faster than bridges.
switches can have multiple spanning-tree instances. Bridges can have only one.
switches can have multiple broadcast domains (one per VLAN).
To better understand the difference between a bridge and a switch, consider the
following example. Let's say that we have a network of four computers. First, we
will connect them together using a two-port bridge:
Because the bridge has only two ports, we need to use hubs in order to connect
all computers together. Only two collision domains are created. If Host A wants
to send a frame to Host C, all computers on the network will receive the frame,
since hubs forward the frames out all ports.
Now consider what happens if we replace the bridge with a switch. Since the
switch has plenty of ports, no hubs are necessary. Each port is a separate
collision domain and four collision domains are created. If Host A wants to send
a frame to Host C, the switch will forward the frame only to Host C. Other hosts
on the network will not receive the frame:
TRADUCCION:
Los interruptores son básicamente puentes multipuerto. Aunque ambos tipos de
dispositivos realizan una función similar, segmentando una LAN en dominios de
colisión separados, existen algunas diferencias entre ellos:
• los conmutadores pueden tener múltiples dominios de difusión (uno por VLAN).
Debido a que el puente tiene solo dos puertos, necesitamos usar concentradores
para conectar todas las computadoras. Solo se crean dos dominios de colisión.
Si el Host A quiere enviar una trama a la Host C, todas las computadoras en la
red recibirán la trama, ya que los concentradores envían las tramas a todos los
puertos.
What is a router?
The term collision domain is used to describe a part of a network where packet
collisions can occur. Packet collisions occur when two devices on a shared
network segment send packets simultaneously. The colliding packets must be
discarded and sent again, which reduces network efficency.
Collisions occur often in a hub environment because all devices connected to the
hub are in the same collision domain. Only one device may transmit at time, and
all the other devices connected to the hub must listen to the network in order to
avoid collisions. Total network bandwidth is shared among all devices.
In contrast to hubs, every port on a bridge, switch, or a router is in a separate
collision domain. This eliminates the possibility of collisions and enables the
devices to use the full-duplex mode of communication, which effectively doubles
the maximum data capacity.
To better understand the concept of collision domains, consider the following
example:
In the picture above you can see a network of seven computers, two hubs, a
bridge, a switch, and a router. The collision domains created by these devices
are marked in red. Remember, all devices connected to the hub are in the same
collision domain. Each port on a bridge, a switch or router is in a seperate collision
domain. That is why there are seven collision domains in the network pictured
above.
TRADUCCION.
El término dominio de colisión se usa para describir una parte de una red
donde pueden ocurrir colisiones de paquetes. Las colisiones de paquetes
ocurren cuando dos dispositivos en un segmento de red compartido envían
paquetes simultáneamente. Los paquetes en colisión deben descartarse y
enviarse nuevamente, lo que reduce la eficiencia de la red.
In the picture above we have a network of six computers, two hubs, a bridge, a
switch, and a router. The broadcast domains are marked in red. Remember, all
devices connected to a hub, a bridge, and a switch are in the same broadcast
domain. Only routers separate the LAN into multiple broadcast domains. That is
why we have four broadcast domains in the network pictured above.
Ethernet broadcasts are usually used by Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)to
translate IP addresses to MAC addresses.
El término dominio de difusión se utiliza para describir un grupo de dispositivos en un
segmento de red específico que pueden comunicarse entre sí con transmisiones de
Ethernet. Las transmisiones enviadas por un dispositivo en un dominio de transmisión no
se reenvían a dispositivos en otro dominio de transmisión. Esto mejora el rendimiento de
la red porque no todos los dispositivos en una red recibirán y procesarán transmisiones.
Los enrutadores separan una LAN en múltiples dominios de difusión (cada puerto en un
enrutador está en un dominio de difusión diferente). Los conmutadores (por defecto)
inundan la transmisión Ethernet enmarca todos los puertos, al igual que los puentes y
concentradores. Todos los puertos en estos dispositivos están en el mismo dominio de
difusión.
Para comprender mejor el concepto de dominios de difusión, considere el siguiente
ejemplo:
CSMA/CD explained
In the picture above we have a network of four hosts connected to a hub. Since
hubs work in the half-duplex mode and each port on a hub is in the same collision
domain, packet collisions can occur and CSMA/CD is used to prevent and detect
them. Host A detects that there are no other signals on the network and decides
to send a packet. However, Host B also assumes that no other station is
transmitting and sends a packet as well. A collision occurs and it is detected by
Host A and Host B. The sending stations send a jamming signal telling all hosts
on the segment that a collision occured. After a random period of time, Host A
and Host B resend their packets.
Since switches have replaced hubs in most of today's LANs, CSMA/CD is not
often used anymore. Switches work in full-duplex mode and each port on a switch
is in a seperate collision domain, so no collisions can occur.
Las redes Ethernet semidúplex utilizan un algoritmo llamado Acceso múltiple con
detección de portadora con detección de colisión (CSMA / CD). Este algoritmo
ayuda a los dispositivos en el mismo segmento de red a decidir cuándo enviar
paquetes y qué hacer en caso de colisiones. CSMA / CD se usa comúnmente en
redes con repetidores y concentradores porque estos dispositivos se ejecutan en
el modo semidúplex y todos sus puertos están en el mismo dominio de colisión.