7th Standard History

700-750 CE
 In 13th Century Paper was costlier compare to 14th century when paper was available very easily
 Shia Muslim believed that the prophet’s son in law Ali was the legitimate leader of the Muslim
Community, whereas. Sunni Muslims believed in the Khalifas and the Succeeding Khalifas
 1154 CE Arab Geographer Al Idrisi made a map of India Wherein he showed Srilanka in north
 A brief illustration of map was made in 1720 by French Cartographer Guillaume de I’sle
 Minaj-i-Siraj Used the term Hindustan for the first time
 Rashtrakutas ruled the Deccan from 753-982. Initially they were subordinate of the Chalukyas of
Karnataka but later on in mid 8th century Dantidurga a Rashtrakuta chief overthrew a chalukya
and performed a ritual called Hiranya Garbha which led to people believing in him that he had a
rebirth as a Kshatriya whereas he wasn’t one by birth
 The kadamban Mayurasharman and the Gujaraparithara Harichandra were Brahmins and gave
up their religious belief and took up arms and took successfully the kingdoms of Karnataka and
Rajasthan
 Kings Started taking powerful names
i) Maharaja Adiraja
ii) Tribhuvana Chakravartin (Lord of three worlds)
 The Cholas of Tamil Nadu referred 400 Terms of Taxes
i) Vetti was the most frequently used tax by the Cholas and it was not taken in terms of
money but labor
ii) Kadamai – Land Revenue
iii) Other taxes included Thatching of house, using a ladder to climb palm trees, a Cess on
succession of family Property
 Prashasti (IAST: Praśasti, Sanskrit for "praise") inscriptions are eulogistic inscriptions issued by
Indian rulers from 1st millennium CE onwards. Written in form of poetry or ornate prose, the
prashastis were generally composed by the court poets. These were generally not true but it
depicted how rulers wanted to depict themselves
 Kalhana was one such unique writers from Kashmir during twelfth century who unlike praising
which was usually mentioned in prashastis sticked to criticizing rulers
 Kanauj was one such place which every king wanted to lay their hands on for centuries ruler
from Gurjara-Pratihara, Rashtrakuta and Pala dynasties fought for control over Kanauj
 Mohammad of Ghazni Afghanistan was one such rulers who raided india every year he ruled
during 997-1030 and establish his control over central Asia, Iran and North Western Part of the
Subcontinent. His targets in were usually large temples and he raided India every year and his
raid even included Somnath temple, Gujarat. The wealth he acquired was used to make the city
of Ghazni splendid he was often interested in knowing about the people he conquered as a
result he hired a scholar named Al Burani to write an account of the Subcontinent and the Book
was called Kitab al Hind
 Other Kings who engaged in warfare included Chahamanas later called as Chauhans who ruled
Delhi and Ajmer. They tried to expand their rule in East and West although they were opposed
by Chalukyas of Gujarat and Ghandalavas of Western Uttar Pradesh. The best known Chauhan
Ruler was Prithviraj III who defeated an Afghan Ruler Named Mohammad Sultan Ghori in 1191
but lost to him a year later in 1192
 CHOLA DYNASTY - A Family known as Muttaraiyar held power in the Kaveri Delta they were
subordinate to the Palava King of Kanchipuram. Vijayalaya who to the ancient chief family of
Cholas from Uriyar defeated the Muttaraiyar in the 9th century and he built the town of
Thanjavur and the Temple of Goddess Nishumbhasudini. Rajaraja I was considered the
most powerful king of the Chola Dynasty who ruled in 985 and ruled and conquered
almost most of the Chola territories. Rajaraja’s Son Rajendra continued his policies and
raided the Ganga Valleys, Srilanka and South East Asia for which he established a Navy.
Temples - The Big Temples of Thanjavur and Gangaikondacholapuram were built by Rajaraja and
Rajendra Cholan Period was known for its Bronze Images and it was considered world class
 The peasants during this Era was called UR who later formed group and were called as Nadu
they were known in the village to carry justice and collect taxes. Rich peasants of the Velala
Caste control the Administraion of the Nadu’s
 The Chola King gave Some rich landowners titles
i) Muvendavelan – A Velan serving 3 Kings
ii) Araiyar – Chief
 Types of Land during Chola Dynasty
i) Velanvagai – Land of Non Brahma Peasant proprietor
ii) Brahmodeya – Land for the Brahmins
iii) Shalabhoga – Land for the Maintenance of the School
iv) Palichchandam – Land Donated to Jain Institutions

 Brahmins in the Chola Dynasty usually received land as a result lot of Brahmin moved to this
kingdoms their decisions were of far more importance and was maintained in the form of
inscription Inscriptions from Uttaramerur in Chingleput district, Tamil Nadu, provide
details of the way in which the sabha was organised
 IMPORTANT DATES TO REMEMBER
1) 1154 Al Idrisi Illustrated a map of India
2) 1720 Guillaume de I’sle illustrated a map of India
3) 753-982 Rashtrakutas ruled the Deccan
4) Mid 8th Century Dantidurga Defeated the Chalukyas and performed Hiranya Garbha
5) 997 – 1030 Mohammad of Ghazni Afghanistan’s rule
6) 985 Rajaraja Most powerful Chola King
 Delhi Sultanate
 Delhi became an important city only in 12th century
 Delhi first became a capital of a kingdom under Tomara Rajput who were defeated by the
Chauhans of Ajmer in the 12th century
 Coins minted here were well supplied and were known as dehliwal
 The Rulers of Delhi
1) Rajput Dynasties 1165 - 1192
a) Tomaras early 12th Century 1165
b) Ananga Pala 1130 – 1145
c) Chauhan 1165 – 1192
d) Prithviraj Chauhan 1175 – 1192
2) Early Turkish Rulers 1206 – 1290
a) Qutubdin Aybak 1206 – 1210
b) Shamsudin Ilthumish 1210 – 1236
c) Raziya 1236-1240
d) Ghiyasuddin Balban 1266-1287
3) Khalji Dynasty 1290 – 1320
a) Jalaluddin Khalji 1290 1296
b) Allaludin Khalji 1296 – 1316
4) Tughlaq Dynasty 1320-1388
a) Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq 1320 – 1325
b) Muhammad Tughlaq 1325 -1351
c) Firoz Shah Tughlaq 1351 – 1388
5) Sayir Dynasty 1414 – 1451
a) Khizr Khan 1414 – 1421
6) Lodi Dynasty 1451 – 1526
a) Bahlul Lodi 1451 – 1489

 Military expedition in the south started during the reign of Allaludin Khalji and culminated
during Mohammad Tughlaq
 The territories during the Khalji and Tughlaq Dynasty were called Iqta and their holders were
called Iqtadar or Muqti
 There were 3 types of taxes levied
a) On cultivation called Kharaj which nearly was about 50% of the peasants produce
b) On Cattle
c) On Houses
 The Mongols under Genghis Khan invaded Transoxiana in North East Iran in 1219; this led to the
onslaught of Delhi sultanate. A majority of this occurred during the reign of Allaudin Khalji and
early years of Mohammad Tughluq
 Sher Shah Suri 1540-45 Started as a manager for a small town in Bihar under his uncle and
eventually defeated the Mughal Ruler Humayun (1530-40, 1555-56)
 Important Dates to Remember
1) 12th Century Rajput Tomara lost to the Chauhans of Ajmer
2) 1165-92 Rajput Dynasty
3) 1206 -90 Early Turkish Rulers
4) 1290-1320 Khalji Dynasty
5) 1320-88 Tughlaq Dynasty
6) 1414-51 Sayir Dynasty
7) 1451-1526 Lodi Dynasty
8) 1540-45 Sher Shah Suri
9) 1219 Genghis Khan ivaded Transoxiana
 Rulers and Buildings
 Qutub Minar was constructed around 1199
 Kandariya Mahadeva Temple dedicated to Shiva was made in 999 by king Dhandadeva of the
Chandelas Dynasty
 Quwwat Al Islam Mosque was made during the Reigns of Qutub-ud-din Aybak and Ghiyas-ud-
din Ilthumish
 The Iron Pillar in the Qutub Minar Complex was placed by Chandragupta II Vikramaditya (375-
414 AD)
 Rajarajeshwara Temple has the Largest Shikhra and its situated in Thanjavur
 Qibla means direction and it usually indicated the direction of Mecca where one is supposed to
pray
 Hauz-i-Sultani, a Reservoir in Delhi was built by saif-ud-din Ilthumish
 A similar Tank can be find in Amritsar’s Golden Temple called Holy Sarovar Tank
 Chahar Bagh a kind of design of gardens was mentioned in Babur’s Biography wherein he
mentioned he wanted to make a garden in a rectangular space with 4 symmetrical quarters with
artificial channels dividing it on the four sides
 Humayun’s Tomb Created from 1562 and 1571
 THE MUGHALS
 The Mughals belonged to two great descendants from their mother side Genghis Khan died
1227 Ruler of China, Central Asia, and Mongolia From the Father side they were successor of
Timur died 1404, the ruler of Iran, Iraq and modern day Turkey
 The family tree of the Mughals
a) Timur
b) Miran Shah (Timur’s Son and Babur’s Great Great Grandfather)
c) Sultan Mohammad Mirza (Babur’s Great Grandfather)
d) Abu Said (Babur’s Grandfather)
e) Umar Shaikh (Babur’s Father)
f) Babur (1526-1530)
g) Humayun (1530-40)
h) Akbar (1556-1605)
i) Jahangir (1605-27)
j) Shahryar (1627-28)
k) Shahjahan (1628-1658)
l) Aurangzeb (1658-1707)
m) Bahadur Shah (1707-12)
n) Jahandar Shah (1712-13)
o) Farrukhsiyar (1713-19)
p) Raf-ud-Darajat, Rafi-ud-Dallah (1719)
q) Mohammad Shah (1719-48)
r) Ahmad Shah (1748-54)
s) Alamgir II (1754-59)
t) Shah Alam II (1759-86)
u) Akbar II (1806-1837)
v) Bahadur Shah II (1837-58)
 The Mughals weren’t proud of their Mongol dynasty unlike The timurid which they cherished
more often
 Babur (1526-30) the first Mughal emperor succeeded the Throne of Fergana at just the age of 12
years in 1494 which eventually he was forced to leave and after years of wandering he claimed
the throne of Kabul in 1504. In 1526 in the Battle of Panipat he defeated Ibrahim Lodhi and
claimed the throne of Delhi and Agra
 Mughal Emperor Major Campaign
1) Babur 1526-30
a) 1526 – Defeated Ibrahim Lodhi and his supporters in the Battle of Panipat
b) 1527 – Defeated Rana Sanga Rajput rulers and Allies in Khanua
FOR FURTHER DETAILS REFER 7th STANDARD NCERT HISTORY BOOK PAGE 50
 The Mughals didn’t believed in Primogeniture instead they believed in Coparcenery
 Todar Mal Was Akbar’s Revenue Minister
 Suk-i-Khul was an idea of religion by Akbar based on the principles of Honest, Justice, and Peace.
With the help of Abul Fazal, Akbar made the framed the Governance. This Principal of
Governance was even followed by Jahangir and Shahjahan
 Mirza Hakim Akbar’s half brother, his capital was Kabul
 The Five Deccan Sultanates were Berar, Khandesh, Ahmednagar, Golconda, and Bijapur
 Important Dates to Remember
1) 1227 The Death of Genghis Khan
2) 1404 Timur Died
3) 1526-30 Babur Reign