Carbon Monoxide (CO) Concentration

Monitoring System

By:

Krizzia May L. Guimpol

A Thesis Presented to the Faculty

Of the College of Engineering and Architecture
In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering

University of Nueva Caceres

November 2019
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................... 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ......................................................................... 5
2.1 Carbon Monoxide (CO) ............................................................................ 5
2.2.1 Basic Mandate of the Agency about Air Pollution ......................... 7
2.3 Air Pollution Monitoring System ................................................................. 8
2.3.1 Monitoring System for Carbon Monoxide ......................................... 9
2.3.2 First Alert Carbon Monoxide (CO) Detector .................................. 10
2.5 Arduino ....................................................................................................... 12
2.5.1 Arduino Uno ........................................................................................ 13
2.5.2 Arduino Programming ....................................................................... 13
2.6 Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) ............................. 13
2.6.1 SIM900A GSM/GPRS Module ............................................................ 15
2.7 DS3231 Real Time Clock Module ............................................................ 16
2.8 MIT App Inventor ....................................................................................... 17
2.9 Cloud Database ....................................................................................... 18
2.9.1 Structure of Cloud Database ........................................................... 19
2.9.2 Microsoft Azure SQL Database ........................................................ 21
METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................. 23
3.1 Framework of the Study ........................................................................... 23
3.1.1 Input Phase ......................................................................................... 23
3.1.2 Process Phase ......................................................................................... 26
3.1.2.1 Planning and System Design ......................................................... 27
3.1.2.2 System Development ..................................................................... 27
3.1.2.3 Testing and Analysis ........................................................................ 30
References .......................................................................................................... 34

1
 Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Air pollution is defined as the presence of harmful chemicals in the

air — chemicals that can hamper one’s good health (Ambag, 2018).

Worldwide, the main sources of outdoor pollutants are fuel combustion

from vehicular transportation, construction and agricultural operations,

power plants and industries. Pollutants coming from these sources are:

carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (Baldacci, Maio, & Cerrai, 2014).

Inability to measure air pollution accurately and at enough points

throughout an area has hindered air pollution control (Stuck, 1976).

According to (Shalders & Ward, 2017), monitoring the air quality which

circulates in a workplace is a hugely important aspect of employer health

and safety protocol and practice, as any exposure to hazardous

substances is potentially dangerous to health. Research is being

conducted to develop and evaluate new and improved air measurement

technologies and capabilities to enable air quality regulators and

managers to effectively address air quality issues and also to develop

innovative air sensor technology and analysis tools to improve the

availability and accessibility of air quality measurement technology for

communities and citizen scientists (EPA, 2011).

Old methods of inspection involves manual work in which inspectors

would visit the site to collect the data regarding its present condition. The

2
task is to observe and record the amount and kind of air pollutant present,

and analyze it by performing comparisons to provide the output which was

very lengthy and time consuming besides being inefficient (Liang, 2013).

The pollution monitoring system involves the use of sensors that measure the

air pollution concentration and level of harmful gases like carbon monoxide

(CO) (Sharma, Varshney, Maheshwari, & Pandey, 2018). Based on the study

of (Mishra & Tijare, 2011), GIS (Geographic Information System) based

system is designed, implemented and tested to monitor air pollution in an

area and pinpoint its source. A web server with internet connectivity is used

to collect data from different locations along with coordinate’s information

at certain time of a day (Pal, Gupta, Tiwari, & Sharma, 2017).

The problem that this study aims to address is with the current

method of monitoring the carbon monoxide concentration level that is

time consuming due to manual data gathering. The general objective of

this study is to automate and make the data gathering real time.

The goal of this study is to provide a carbon monoxide (CO)

concentration monitoring system that will observe the aggregation of CO,

and log the gathered data to the database consisting of the statistical

measurement of the CO, that would benefit environmental agencies by

turning over the gathered data to notify these agencies to the increase in

carbon monoxide density enables them to act accordingly such us

implementing laws to ensure people’s safety and healthy living.

3
 The study is limited to monitoring the increasing density of carbon

monoxide (CO) and will display the carbon monoxide concentration in

parts per million (PPM). This study will use a carbon monoxide sensor

bounded above the ground and display the concentration on a mobile

application. This monitoring system does not prevent rapid increase of

carbon monoxide nor indicate what action should be taken.

4
 Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Carbon Monoxide (CO)

CO is a poisonous, colorless, odorless and tasteless gas. Although it

has no detectable odor, CO is often mixed with other gases that do have

an odor. CO is a common industrial hazard resulting from the incomplete

burning of material containing carbon such as natural gas, gasoline,

kerosene, oil, propane, coal, or wood (Brei, 2006). Carbon monoxide reacts

with other pollutants in the air to form potentially harmful ground level

ozone. Home firewood burning, petroleum industry, electricity generation,

fuel combustion, coal mining and transportation produce CO (Peirry, 2001).

Figure 2.1 Carbon Monoxide Emissions

CO is harmful when breathed as it displaces oxygen in the blood

and deprives the heart, brain and other vital organs of oxygen. Large

5
amounts of CO can overcome a person in minutes without warning —

causing to lose consciousness and suffocate. (Williams, 2016).

The main legislation monitoring and controlling levels of carbon

monoxide in the Philippines is the Philippine Environmental Management

Bureau (EMB). EMB is initially established as a supporting body for the

Department of Environment and Natural Resources in 1987. EMB became

a line bureau with its own offices and independent enforcement authority

in 2002. It is the national authority responsible for pollution prevention and

control, and environmental impact assessment.

2.2 Agency concerned with the Air Pollution in the Philippines

EMB is guided by the vision of a nation empowered to protect its

finite natural resources in pursuit of sustainable development, to ensure a

healthy environment that enhances the Filipino quality of life for present

and future generations. Its mission is to restore, protect, and enhance

environmental quality towards good public health, environmental integrity,

and economic viability. It is the national authority in the Philippines that sets

air and water quality standards and monitors ambient and point source

pollutants. It manages hazardous and toxic wastes under the Toxic

Substances, Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Control Act and implements

the Philippine Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) system. To promote

compliance with environmental standards, EMB has innovated an

approach to engage industry and environmental agencies in voluntary

self-regulation. Under the Philippine Environmental Partnership Program, the

6
EMB provides a suite of technical and regulatory assistance as an incentive

for industry to explore and implement cost-effective and sustainable

pollution management strategies. EMB has also made public participation

and transparency key elements of its EIA system, involving affected

communities and stakeholders at various stages of project developments

to ensure safe, smart, and sustainable development.

2.2.1 Basic Mandate of the Agency about Air Pollution

The EMB is mandated to implement the following national

environmental laws:

2.2.1.1 Republic Act No. 8749: The Philippines Clean Air Act of 1999

The program covers the full implementation of Clean Air Act. The

objective of the Clean Air Program is to come up with a comprehensive

national program to achieve and maintain air quality that meets the

National Air Quality Guidelines for Criteria Pollutants throughout the

Philippines, while minimizing the possible associated negative impacts on

the country’s economy. Thus, in order to effectively monitor and regulate

all sources of air emissions, the Clean Air Program is divided into three sub

programs: (1) Motor Vehicle Emission Management Program, (2) Industrial

Emission Management Program, (3) Roadside ambient and general

ambient air monitoring. This is to effectively manage the three sources of air

emission namely mobile, stationary, and area sources.

7
 The monitoring of roadside and general ambient air quality is an

essential activity by the agency which enable them to assess the air quality

in their area of jurisdiction and formulate a comprehensive policy /

regulation for the betterment of their locality. Monitoring stations gives

better representation of the air quality nationwide. The installation of Real

Time Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations capable of

monitoring complete criteria pollutants (SO2, NO2, O3, CO, BTX, and

PM10/2.5) and meteorological parameters are being implemented by

making the results available on the website, anybody can see the status of

air quality in their location and elsewhere.

This program formulates a holistic national program of air pollution

that shall be implemented by the government through proper delegation

and effective coordination of function and activities. This shall include

setting up of a funding or guarantee mechanism for clean-up and

environmental rehabilitation and compensation for personal damages.

2.3 Air Pollution Monitoring System

Air pollution monitoring system is a system, which monitors air-

polluting materials produced by places of business and creates basic

statistical data for calculation of emission charges and for administrative

disposition (Boobalan & Rohini, 2015). It is considered as a very complex

task but nevertheless it is very important. Monitoring provides raw

measurements of air pollutant concentrations, which can then be analyzed

and interpreted. This information can then be applied in many ways.

8
Analysis of monitoring data allows us to assess how bad air pollution is from

day to day, which areas are worse than others and whether levels are rising

or falling. We can see how pollutants interact with each other and how

they relate to traffic levels or industrial activity. By analyzing the relationship

between meteorology and air quality, it is possible to predict which

weather conditions will give rise to pollution episodes (Khedo, Perseedoss,

& Mungur, 2010).

2.3.1 Monitoring System for Carbon Monoxide

Carbon Monoxide Monitoring System for Environmental Monitoring

Application system that totally minimizes the hazardous gas that prolonged

exposure through different vehicles has causing the ozone layer depletion

causing skin cancer, global warming, stress, headache, dizziness, asthma

problem and also it decreases the life of a vehicle. Therefore the need of

monitoring air pollution around the city and the public transport and private

vehicles is a very important issue today. CO is exhausted from vehicles,

furnace, oven, stove, fireplace, water heater, portable generator,

charcoal grill but a major source of CO is vehicles exhaust due to

incomplete combustion of carbon-containing fuels. This instrument reduces

manpower and also increases the overall flexibility, compatible with any

petrol vehicle and has the ability to work independently. The majority of the

population in the world do prefer vehicles for even short distance for

travelling but no one actually cares about what would be the adverse

effects of CO if it is exhausted in a large amount and not taking the serious

9
measures of the same so this instrument will help to overcome the effects

of CO. The sensor is used to detect the amount of CO that has been

exhausted from the vehicles silencer. The CO here is measured in the form

of PPM (Parts per Million), in percentage as well as it shows the levels (low,

medium or high) and this is displayed respectively. The PPM is calculated,

the levels are displayed. If the level goes low, medium or even high the

same is displayed and then that is to be acknowledged to the owner of the

vehicle so, after crossing the high level an alert/warning is given in the SMS

form to an owner of a vehicle. These alert messages will be for taking serious

measures to reduce the CO factors so the driver doesn’t come up with

ending up stopping his/her vehicle all sudden. There will be total 3 alerts

given with a particular interval of time. The last warning will be of only to

inform the owner that within how much time span the vehicle will stop so

that even he/she is well known for the action that is going to be taken. Now

after restricting the vehicle for a certain period of time, to start again the

vehicle we are giving another chance to the owner for maintaining the

vehicles CO level so we allow them to restart the vehicle through this

instrument only. These above steps will keep on continue so that on an

average the CO level is taken into consideration for strictly reducing the

level of CO to make our city as well country pollution free (Kaneri, Bhalekar,

& Kharvatkar, 2017).

2.3.2 First Alert Carbon Monoxide (CO) Detector

10
 First Alert CO615 is a real-time CO detector fits for home and other

places; it is a perfect item for alerting people from the danger of carbon

monoxide. The item uses 120V to 240V, installing easily and is durable for

home use. Alarm Density: 2500PPMn -3500PPM.

The First Alert CO615 CO Detector’s (see figure 2.4 below) carbon

monoxide concentration (PPM) readings will be compared with the

readings of the carbon monoxide concentration of the proponent’s system

device.

Figure 2. 2 First Alert CO615 CO Detector

2.4 CM-31910 CO Sensor Module

11
 This carbon monoxide sensor is designed to an accurate and reliable

way to measure up to 10,000ppm CO by volume. The circuit board's

microprocessor provides zero and span calibration as well as barometric

pressure, temperature and % relative humidity sensors. Features on-board

memory to log data when used in a remote device (CO2Meter, Inc., 2014).

Figure 2.3 Carbon Monoxide Sensor Module

2.5 Arduino

Arduino is an open source computer hardware and software

company, project, and user community that designs and manufactures

single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital

devices and interactive objects that can sense and control objects in the

physical and digital world. The project's products are distributed as open-

source hardware and software, which are licensed under the GNU Lesser

General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public License

(GPL),permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and software

distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially in

preassembled form, or as do-it-yourself (DIY) kits.

12
2.5.1 Arduino Uno

Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P

(datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as

PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection,

a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains everything

needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer

with a USB cable or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get

started.

Figure 2.4 Arduino Uno Board

2.5.2 Arduino Programming

Arduino consists of both a physical programmable circuit board

(often referred to as a microcontroller) and a piece of software, or IDE

(Integrated Development Environment) that runs on your computer, used

to write and upload computer code to the physical board.

2.6 Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is wide area wireless

communications system that uses digital radio transmission to provide

13
voice, data, and multimedia communication services. A GSM system

coordinates the communication between a mobile telephones (mobile

stations), base stations (cell sites), and switching systems. Each GSM radio

channel is 200 kHz wide channels that are further divided into frames that

hold 8 time slots. GSM was originally named Group Special Mobile. The GSM

system includes mobile telephones (mobile stations), radio towers (base

stations), and interconnecting switching systems. The GSM system allows up

to 8 to 16 voice users to share each radio channel and there may be several

radio channels per radio transmission site (cell site). The figure below shows

an overview of a GSM radio system. This diagram shows that the GSM

system includes mobile communication devices that communicate

through base stations (BS) and a mobile switching center (MSC) to connect

to other mobile telephones, public telephones, or to the Internet. This

diagram shows that the MSC connects to databases of customers. This

example shows that the GSM system mobile devices can include mobile

telephones or data communication devices such as laptop computers

(Harte, 2005).

14
 Figure 2.5 Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

2.6.1 SIM900A GSM/GPRS Module

GSM/GPRS Modem-RS232 is built with Dual-Band GSM/GPRS engine-

SIM900A works on frequencies 900/1800 MHz. The Modem is coming with

RS232 interface, which allows connection to PC as well as a microcontroller

with RS232 Chip(MAX232). The baud rate is configurable from 9600-115200

through AT command. The GSM/GPRS Modem is having internal TCP/IP

stack to enable connection with internet via GPRS. It is suitable for SMS,

voice as well as data transfer application in M2M interface. The onboard

Figure 2.6 SIM900A GSM Module

15
Regulated Power supply allows you to connect wide range unregulated

power supply. Using this modem, you can make audio calls, SMS, Read SMS,

attend the incoming calls and internet through simple AT commands.

2.7 DS3231 Real Time Clock Module

The DS3231 is a low-cost, highly accurate Real Time Clock which can

maintain hours, minutes and seconds, as well as, day, month and year

information. Also, it has automatic compensation for leap-years and for

months with fewer than 31 days. The module can work on either 3.3 or 5 V

Figure 2.7 DS3231 Real Time Clock Module

16
which makes it suitable for many development platforms or

microcontrollers. The battery input is 3V and a typical CR2032 3V battery

can power the module and maintain the information for more than a year.

2.8 MIT App Inventor

App Inventor is a web application integrated development

environment originally provided by Google, and now maintained by

the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). It uses a graphical user

interface (GUI) very similar to the programming languages Scratch and

the StarLogo TNG user interface, which allows users to drag and drop visual

Figure 2.8 MIT App Inventor Logo

17
objects to create an application that can run on mobile devices. In

creating App Inventor, Google drew upon significant prior research in

educational computing, and work done within Google on online

development environments. App Inventor and the projects on which it is

based are informed by constructionist learning theories, which emphasize

that programming can be a vehicle for engaging powerful ideas through

active learning. It also supports the use of cloud data via an

experimental Firebase Realtime component.

2.9 Cloud Database

A database can be accessed by the clients via the internet from the

cloud database service provider and is deliverable to the users when they

demand it. In other words, cloud database is designed for virtualized

computer environment. The cloud database is implemented using cloud

computing that means utilizing the software and hardware resources of the

cloud computing service provider. Cloud computing is growing at a very

high pace in the IT industry around the world. Many companies have

started moving towards cloud computing and accessing their data from

cloud database. A survey has shown that almost 36 percent of the

companies are running applications through cloud services. Cloud

computing can be referred as a new dimension in IT world in terms of cost

saving and faster application performance. This trend of the companies

18
shows that in the near future, companies will start relying on the cloud

applications. Cloud database is mostly used as a service. It is also called

Database as a Service (DBaaS). (Nick, 2011).

2.9.1 Structure of Cloud Database

The cloud database holds the data on different data centers

located at different locations. This makes the cloud database structure

different from the rational database management system. This makes the

structure of the cloud database a complex one. There are multiple nodes

across a cloud database, designed for query services, for data centers that

are located in different geological locations and the corporate data

centers as well. This is linking is mandatory for the easy and complete

access of the database over the cloud services. There are different

methods for accessing the database over the cloud services, the user can

access it via computer through the internet, or a user using a mobile phone

can access the cloud database via 3G or 4G services. To better understand

the structure of the cloud database we will demonstrate the example of a

Business Intelligence application. The BI applications are used for storing

huge data as the corporations use it for storing data for their customers

(Pizzete & Cabot, 2012).

Assuming that the user is accessing the cloud database from a

computer through the internet. The internet is the joining point; that act as

a bridge among the data centers, cloud data centers and the user who is

accessing the data. It is important to note here that only a single node is

19
not used in cloud database; however there are different nodes that are

used for the cloud database. For this purpose, peer-to-peer

communications are preferred. The purpose to adopt peer-to-peer

communication is that, a single node can handle any sort of the query

implemented by the user. This seems complex, but an easy solution for this

sort of node system that each node in the cloud database has the map to

the data stored in each node. This map to the data stored helps in the easy

access of data for the specific query (Bloor, 2011).

Once the query is generated from the user via computer, the node

first decides the sort of query, and which node will be best for the query.

After the query is identified by the node, then it is transferred to that specific

node. Then the specific node takes care of the query and responds to the

user. For example, when the query is received then maybe it is first sent to

Node 1, then Node 1 identifies that which Node will solve the query will be

suitable. May be Node 7 holds the data, Node 1 will send the query to Node

7 after checking the data map. Once the query is sent to the specific query,

then data is directly sent to the user without any further delay. The figure

20
below shows the basic architecture of the cloud database; or it can be

considered as an overview (Shehri, 2013).

2.9.2 Microsoft Azure SQL Database

Microsoft Azure was created by Microsoft to build, test, deploy and

manage applications and services though their data centres. It was

released in 2010. Microsoft Azure not only offers database as a service but

Figure 2.10 Architecture of Cloud Database

also platform as a service, software as a service and infrastructure as a

service. With Azure, clients can use the services purely on the cloud or it can

be combined with any existing applications, data centre or infrastructure

21
you may already have in place. Azure’s SQL database has the familiar look

and feel of Microsoft. It has a strong SQL engine compatibility and machine

learning. The service offers all SQL tools and applications needed for

creating a database. It's easy to use.

Chapter III

22
 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Framework of the Study

Figure 3. 1 Conceptual framework of the study

The conceptual framework (shown in Fig. 3.1) of the study is based

on the input-process-output (IPO) model to provide a clear interpretation

of the steps on how a gathered data produces an output after processing

it. The study started with the gathering of related work and research by

different researchers. In order to make the solution to the presented

problem, the initial step to collect data was studied and thoroughly

analyzed. Eventually a system was developed and designed to meet the

requirements when the solution presented itself. And so, after the

monitoring system was developed, the last step was to test and analyze the

data.

3.1.1 Input Phase

23
 This phase contains the data gathering, software requirements, and

hardware requirements. These inputs are to be processed and provide an

output. The inputs gathered through information from different researchers

and contributors and software requirements were met to make the

proposed idea possible.

3.1.1.1 Data Gathering

The goal of this phase is to acquire knowledge from previous studies

which can be used to come up of software and hardware requirements

which will be needed for the development of carbon monoxide

concentration monitoring system. The information such as transmission of

sensor data to the microcontroller, logging the data to the database, and

carbon monoxide sensor capable of measuring the concentration in ppm

are gathered and will be used as a reference in developing the system.

3.1.1.2 Software Requirements

Software requirements are needed to achieve and develop a fully

functional proposed carbon monoxide concentration monitoring system.

The software requirements for the development of the system are the

following:

 Arduino 1.8.10

Arduino 1.8.10 will be used for writing the

program code and upload it to the Arduino Uno.

24
  Microsoft Azure SQL Database

The database is necessary for logging the data

from the sensor. The proponent will use Microsoft Azure

SQL Database as it is a managed cloud database.

Microsoft Azure SQL Database includes built-in

intelligence that learns app patterns and adapts to

maximize performance, reliability, and data

protection.

 MIT App Inventor

MIT App Inventor will be used for creating an

application that enable the user to access the

database.

 Android Phone

An android device should be used for running

the mobile application.

3.1.1.3 Hardware Requirements

Hardware requirements are needed to integrate the required

software and to make possible the development of the device. The

hardware requirements based on the development and testing of the

system are the following:

For development:

 Arduino Uno Microcontroller

25
  CM-31910 CO Sensor Module

 DS3231 Real Time Clock Module

 SIM900A GSM/GPRS Module

For Testing:

 First Alert CO615 CO Detector

Arduino Uno can perform specific operations of the CO sensor and

having 14 digital i/o pins and 3 ground pins is necessary for connecting the

components to the required pins. The CM-31910 CO sensor module will be

used due to its high sensitivity to CO that measures CO concentration

ranging from 0ppm up to 5,000ppm. The First Alert detector is chosen as the

industrial device for comparison as it is an ideal CO detector manufactured

by the trusted company First Alert.

3.1.2 Process Phase

Process phase presents the step by step procedures for the

development of the monitoring system and ensures that the data gathered

functions accordingly and shall show results for the system development.

This phase contains the Planning and Design, Development, Testing, and

Analysis.

The purpose of this phase is to make use of the gathered data from

the preceding phase of the study and transform it into a working and

functional device. The monitoring system shall undergo testing to check its

efficiency and accuracy at the end of this phase.

26
3.1.2.1 Planning and System Design

The part that administers the architectural design such as the

construction of the device, integration of the software, and its structure to

accomplish the task being done is the planning and design phase. In this

phase, identifying the necessary materials and requirements for the system

is being done. These are the components and requirements:

 Arduino Uno

 CM-31910 CO Sensor Module

 DS3231 Real Time Clock Module

 SIM900A GSM/GPRS Module

 First Alert CO615 CO Detector

In order to successfully design, develop, test and analyze the system,

this phase requires the components listed above.

3.1.2.2 System Development

CO
Arduino
GSM/GPRS Database Mobile
Sensor
Uno Module Application
Real-Time

Clock

Figure 3.2 Block Diagram of the System

27
 Figure 3.2 shows the block diagram of the system. Real-Time Clock

module keeps track of the current time. CO sensor measures the amount

of carbon monoxide, the sensor that transmit raw data to the Arduino Uno

Microcontroller which is also be used as the gateway to the GSM/GPRS

module connected to it through the necessary AT commands. The

GSM/GPRS module will send the sensor’s provided data to the cloud

database using internet. The mobile application will be used for displaying

the current measurement of CO in ppm and also for accessing the

database.

28
3.1.2.2.1 Carbon Monoxide (CO) Concentration Monitoring System

Figure 3.3 Flowchart of the System

In figure 3.3 shows the process on how the system will monitor the

carbon monoxide concentration and log the data to the database. The

monitoring system includes the RTC, measurement of CO concentration,

transmission of data using GPS/GPRS module to the database and display

for CO concentration on a mobile application. The development of this

monitoring system also include programming. The design will be translated

into machine readable instructions.

29
3.1.2.2.2 Programming

The development of the CO concentration monitoring system

includes the programming of the software. The design of the program will

be based from the requirements obtained during the planning and design,

and the flow chart presented in figure 3.3.

3.1.2.2.3 Database

The proponent will use Microsoft Azure SQL Database for data

logging and also for accessing and managing the cloud database of the

system. Microsoft Azure SQL Database includes built-in intelligence that

learns application patterns and adapts to maximize performance,

reliability, and data protection with encryption, authentication, limiting user

access to the appropriate subset of the data, continuous monitoring and

auditing to help detect potential threats.

3.1.2.3 Testing and Analysis

After the development of the monitoring system, testing is essential

to check if the proponent’s device meets the requirements identified the

planning and stage design and also to test if the developed CO

concentration monitoring system is accurate and reliable. As stated from

the previous paragraphs, the system should be able to measure the CO

concentration level and log it into the database. The preferred

environment for testing and measuring concentration of CO is inside the

campus of University of Nueva Caceres.

30
Table 3.1 Results of the Proponent’s Device

First Alert CO615 CO Detector Proponent’s Device

Tests Status - PPM Status - PPM
1
2
3
4
..
..
..
50
Mean
Standard Deviation

3.1.2.3.1 Two-Sample Z-test

The proponent will use a two-sample Z-test. Z-test is a statistical

method used in order to prove the accuracy of the proponent’s device in

accordance to the existing carbon monoxide detector. A z-test is an

analysis of two population means through the use of statistical examination

with the condition (n>30) sample is greater than thirty; analysts commonly

use a z-test with two samples with large sample sizes.

31
 To test the accuracy, z – value was determined using the formula:

(3.4)

Where:

X̄1 = Proponent device sample mean

X̄2 = First Alert CO Detector sample mean

n = samples

σ = standard deviation

The equation contains different variables in conducting the test.

These are x̅1, x̅2, n and σ. With ‘x̅1’ being the mean of the first set of data

gathered from the proponent’s device, ‘x2’ the mean of the second set of

data gathered from an actual CO device detector which is the First Alert

CO615 CO Detector device, ‘σ’ which is the standard deviation, and ‘n’ is

the sample size.

The data to be used will be based on the proponent’s analysis and

testing after a completed prototype of the device. The sample size (n) will

32
be fifty (50) trials each for the proponent’s device and the First Alert CO615

CO Detector.

The null hypothesis (N0) is that no difference exists between the

mean value of both devices’ readings in ppm and the alternative

hypothesis (H1) when there is a difference between the mean of both

devices’ accuracy measurement.

After getting the z-value, the next step will be to conduct the actual

z-test. The proponent shall use significance level of 0.05. Since = 0.05 and

we are using the z-distribution, H0 will be rejected if the test statistic is > 1.96

or < -1.96.

33
References

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 Price/Component List

Component Name Quantity Price

CM-31910 Sensor with EC 1
PHP 10,401.83
Board
First Alert CO615 1 PHP 3,800.00
SIM900A Module 1 PHP 552.00
DS3231 RTC Module 1 PHP 242.00
Arduino UNO 1 PHP 261.50

37