Earth Materials and Resources

EARTH MATERIALS AND RESOURCES – ENERGY The graph shows the total primary demand, by
RESOURCES fuel type, in MTOE.
EARTH SCIENCE Where do we usually use these energy?
LEARNING TARGETS: Agriculture, Transportation, Residential,

Commercial, and Industrial
 I CAN DESCRIBE HOW FOSSIL FUELS
ARE FORMED. In the presented graph, what form energy has
 I CAN EXPLAIN HOW HEAT FROM the greatest usage/demand?
INSIDE THE EARTH IS TAPPED AS A
On the graph below, which sector has the
SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR HUMAN
greatest usage of energy?
USE.
 I CAN EXPLAIN HOW POTENTIAL
ENERGY OF WATER IS HARNESSED
FROM FLOWING WATER.
 I CAN CREATE A MODEL
EXPLAINING HOE FOSSIL FUELS ARE
FORMED, AND HOW GEOTHERMAL
AND HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY ARE
HARNESSED FOR HUMAN USE.
ENERGY- ITS FORMS AND SOURCES Reflection:
 What is energy? Can you give some  “How important is energy to the
importance of energy? advancement of society and how do
 What are the sources of energy? ensure self-sufficiency for the current
and future generations.?”
Non-renewable and renewable sources
CONCEPT RECALL
 NON-RENEWABLE SOURCES
a) Coal  What do you remember from your
b) Oil previous lessons about fossil fuels,
c) Natural gas geothermal and hydroelectric energy?
d) Nuclear
What are fossil fuels? What are the different
 RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
kinds of fossil fuels?
a) Solar
b) Wind  They are formed by natural processes
c) Hydroelectric such as anaerobic decomposition of
d) Biomass buried dead organisms.
e) Geothermal  Typically millions of years, and
sometimes exceeds 650 millions years.
Study the graph below. What is the graph all
 Contain percentage of carbon and
about?
include coal, petroleum, and natural
gas.
What is coal and how is it formed?

How oil deposits are formed?
What is coal and how is it formed?  Are formed from organic matter; from
plants and animals. These hydrocarbons
 It is a type of fossil fuel.
take millions of years to form under
 Started forming over 350 million years
very specific pressure and temperature.
ago.
 When a living organism dies. Eaten by
 It is a combustible black or brownish-
predators, scavengers, or bacteria.
black sedimentary rock usually
 Through exposure to air or oxygen-rich
occurring in rock strata or veins called
water, it oxidizes.
coal beds or coal seams.
 Anthracite is a metamorphose coal. Oxidation process
 Coalification – the formation of coal
 This means that the hydrogen, carbon,
from plants through diagenesis and
nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus
metamorphism. It is called
contained in the matter combined with
bituminization or carbonification.
oxygen atom present in the air.
Types of coals  This results to the breaking down of
matter into water, carbon dioxide,
 Anthracite – 86 to 98% pure carbon;
nitrates, sulfates and phosphates.
excellent fuel that is used to heat
homes. How oil and gas forms?

 When the source rock sinks further, to
 Bituminous coal – 70 to 86% carbon;
between 3800 to 5 000 meters,
used to make coke and in metallurgy.
production of liquid hydrocarbons
 Coke refers to the product derived from
peaks. The liquids produced become
law ash and low sulfur bituminous coal.
increasingly lighter and gradually turn
(coking)
into methane gas, the lightest
 Sub-bituminous coal – 70 to 76%
hydrocarbon.
carbon; used in industrial boilers
 With an estimated average
 Lignite – 65 to 70% carbon; low-grade
sedimentation of 50 meters every
fuel with high moisture content and
million years, it takes 60 million years
also used for industrial boilers.
for dead animals to become liquid
 Peat – is partially decomposed
hydrocarbons.
vegetation; is used throughout Europe
 Hydrocarbon – a substance that
in the form of dried briquettes for
contains only carbon and hydrogen.
heating.
What is petroleum and how is it formed?

Fossil Fuel Power Generation  Financing
Geothermal Energy
 This heat can be recovered using What are the advantages and disadvantages of
different geothermal technologies Hydropower plant?
depending on the temperature. But the
heat resources in geothermal reservoirs
are not inexhaustible.
 What are the different types of
geothermal energy?
 Low-temperature geothermal energy –
20 to 90 degrees
 Medium-temperature geothermal
energy – 90 to 160 degrees
 High-temperature geothermal energy –
above 160 degrees;
Types of hydropower plant
 Small hydro – dams less than 25 meters

high
 Off-stream plant – energy can be
produced on demand, with dams used
to create reservoirs that can be
released as required.
 Pumped storage power plant – has two
reservoirs at different heights.
Advantages of Hydropower
 The water used to generate

hydropower is renewable and storable.
 It is extremely efficient, with 90% of the
water’s energy converted into
electricity.
 While construction is a capital intensive,
operating and maintenance costs are
low.
Things to consider
 Site selection

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EARTH MATERIALS AND RESOURCES – ENERGY The graph shows the total primary demand, by

RESOURCES fuel type, in MTOE.

EARTH SCIENCE Where do we usually use these energy?

LEARNING TARGETS: Agriculture, Transportation, Residential,

ENERGY- ITS FORMS AND SOURCES Reflection:

What is coal and how is it formed?

What is petroleum and how is it formed?

Types of hydropower plant

 Small hydro – dams less than 25 meters

 The water used to generate

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