Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar

Chapter-I
Stone
Stone: Stone Rockes classification
1. Geological Classification
2. Physical Classification
3. Chemical Classfication
1. Geological Classification :-Geological Classification made of origan

Classification rocks classficied

1 Igneous Rocks 2. Sedimantry Rocks 3. Metamarphic Rocks
1. Igneous Rocks :- Igneous Rocks volacanic rock
earth surface temperature
silicte melt silicate

cooling set location Igneous rocks classified

1. Plutonic Rock 2. Hypabassel Rock 3. Volcanic Rocks

1. Plutonic Rock : Silicate cooling cooled
plutonic rock
Granite
structure coarse grained
2. Hypabassel Rock:- silicate earth surface
cooling hypabssal rocks
Dolorite
structure fine grained
3. Volcanic Rocks : silicate earth surface top
settel coolling volcanic rock
Ex. Trap Basalt
Note: )
Finally igneous rock example 1 Granite 2. Dolerite 3. Basalt 4. Trap
Note : Igneous rocks unstraified rocks ( )
2. Sedimontry Rocks : Existing rocks weather action [Air, water snow fall]
breack flow
layer to layer
sedimantry

mainly water aqueous rock rocks

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Sedimantry rocks Starified rocks

Ex. Sand stone, Lime stone, gypsum, lignite, laterite, shale, chalk, gravel
Sedimantry Rock : Aqueous rocks -Starified Rocks
3. Metamarphic Rocks existing rocks (igneous rocks, sedimantry rock]
pressure or temperature varivation
metamarphic rocks
Note: Metamarphic rocks structure floited
Ex: (i) Quartzite (ii) Marble (iii) Slate (iv) Genisses
Name of sedimentry /Igneous & Change into metamorphic Rock
(i) Shale Temp./Pr e. Slate

(ii) Lime stone Temp. Marble

(iii) Granite Genisses

(iv) Sand stone Quartzite

Note:
(i) igneous rocks earth surface top set [basalt & trap]
igneous rocks extrusive igneous rocks
(ii) earth surface set [dolierite & granite] intrusive igneous
rocks
Physical Classifiation :
Physical Classification rocks classification
1. Sratified Rock
2. Unstratifed Rock
3. Floited Rocks
1. Stratified Rocks: plan
of strafication Plan of cleavge layers startfied
rocks
sendimantry rocks
Lime stone, sand stone, lignite, chalk, latrite, gravel, gypsum.
2. Unstraifed Rocks : unstraified
rocks
igneoius rocks
granite, dolarite, trap, basalt
3. Floited Rocks: metamorphic rock physically
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Quartzite, marble, slate genous, crenisses
3. Chemical Classification : classification engineering classificatioin
scientific classficatioin
(i) Siliceous Rocks (ii) Calcareous Rocks (iii) Argillaceous Rocks
(i) Siliceous Rocks : rocks silica main componant available
siliceous rocks
granite, sand stone, quartzite
(ii) Calcarous Rocks: rocks calcium oxide (lime) main component
calcerous rocks
Ex.= Lime stone, Marble
(iii) Argillaceous Rocks : clay main component
Argillaceous rocks
Laterite, Slate

(i) Monominral Rocks (ii) Polymineral Rock

(i) Mono minral rocks : minral Monominral
rocks
Ex. Gypsum, Magnesite
(ii) Ployminral Rocks: rock mineral polymineral
rocks
Ex. Granite, Basalt

Natural Bed of Stone: The natural bed of stone in sedimantry rocks have a
distinct of divison along which stone can easily split is called Natural bed of
stone.
Sedimantry rocks plain layers
Natural Bed of Stone plane of cleavage
Note: Sedimentry rocks load pressure direction natural bed of stone
prepandicular (90º) right angle
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Directioin of Natural Bed of Stone for differnet types of work:
Types of Work Direction of Natural Bed of Stone
1. In masonary wall Horizontal
2. In arches Radial direction
3. Cornice string course Vertical direction

Quality of good stone :

)
2. Genral Structure crystel
Parousness stone

4. stone arch light stone

Note:
(i) stone ornamental work carving work
soft varity
(ii) reating wall, harbour work dam structure
load resist heavy weight stone

(iii) Seasoning of stone: mining suficient

moisture content quarry sap
quarry sap (moisture) soft
use hard
time quarry sap remove
period seasoning period stone seasoning
period
(iv) Water adsorption: Building structure stones water adsorpation
capacity
( ) weight self weight 5%
stone water adsorption capacity self weight 10%

(i) A good building stone water adsorption capacity shoud not exceed 5% of the
self weight.
(ii) A stone should be rejected not use for masonary work if water adsorption
0.10 of the the self weight.
5. Easy to working : quality mason
dresssing
6. Heavyness: reatining wall, dam, harbour work

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sufficient heavy
weight test

7. Crushing strength/ compressive strength: stone per unit area load

resist capacity crushing/compressive strenght of stone
Building structure stone min crushing strength 100MPa 100
N/mm2 1000 kg/cm2
1MPa=1N/mm2
1 MPa=1 N/mm2=10 Kg/cm2
Crushing strength of different types fo stone:

Note: rocks strenght shale strength trap

Fire Resistance Capacity : Building Structure fire resis-

tance capacity
(i) Sand stone fire resistance capacity
Specific Gravity : Buillding structure stone specific gravity
2.5
Good building stone specific gravity
Wheather Resistance Capacity:
Building structure weather resistance capacity

Note: Quartzite stone weather resistance capacity

Hardness :Stone measonary sufficiently hard
Percentage of wear: Measonary stones wearing resistaing

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capacity
Toughness : Stoen measonary sufficient tough
Testing for stone: stone properties chack test
conduct
1. Smiths Test: test aggregate soluble material

Smith's test are done to determine the presence of soluble matter in aggre-
gate.
Test Processure: Agg. sample
completly
clean soluble matter turbid
solubale matter
2. Curshing Test: Stone compressive strenght crushing test

test three 40 mm stone cube [40 mm X 40 x 40 mm]stone

submerse
compression testing machie stone cube thick
plaster of paris plywood
13.72 N/mm2 per minute loand
Data : Curshing test
(i) Test Spacimen : 3 cube 40 mm in size.
(ii) Before testing 72 hours submerse in water
(iii) 5 mm thick plaster or playwood are period between C.T. Maching & stone
cube
(iv) Load Intensity is 13.72 N/mm2 per minute are applied

Commpressive force at time failure

(v) Test result :
Cross sec tion area of cubes
3. Attriation Test: Attriation Test stone rate or water

devel attriation testing machine

Test :-
devel attriation testing cylender horizontal
30º length 34 cm dia 20 cm

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cylenders 30 RPM
(Revoluation per mint)
test sample mm sieve pass

Weight of sample pas sin g 1.5mm sieve

Precentage of wear : 100
total weight of sample

rate of wear 3% quality stone

stone rate of wear 3% tolerable
3. stone rate of wear 3% stone measonary works

Hardness Test: Stone Hardness dorry testing machine

Test Processor: Stone hardness test 25mm X 25 mm cylendrical

in size aggrgate
aggregate doarry testing machine stone
piece 12.5 N pressure darry testing maching 28 RPM

20 - lossinweight in gram
Cofficient of Hardness=
3

Note:
stone hardness cofficent greater 17 stone hard
stone road work suitable
stone hardness cofficient medium hard
3. stone hardness coffiecnet very poor, hard

5. Impeat Test:
Stone toughness impact test test cast iron
anvil testing machine

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Test Processer: test mm height cylendrical
shape aggregate
test 20 N (aproxi. 2 Kg) hammer stone test spacimen
height increase height break
toughness coefficent

Example:-
Toughness Coefficnet=6

Note:
(i) stone toughness coefficient poor quality
(ii) stone toughness coefficient 13 stone moderate
tough
(iii) stone toughness 19 tough
Acid Test:Stone weather resistance capacity
acid test
stone sample hydrochloric acid solution

stone edge sharp stone surface powder farm

stone resist
Quarring of stone :
Mining process quaring of stone
Mining method
1. Excavation Method 2. Wedging Method
3. Heating & Burning method 4. Blasting Method
1. Excavation Method: condition
excavation method
Wedging Method: method sedimantry rocks
method hammer Chisel layers
3. Heating & Burning Method: method rocks
thermal variation layers method sedimantry
rocks case
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4. Blasting Method: Method Igneous meatamorphic rocks stone

method rocks hole dia 20 40 mm

depth 2.5
method tools
(i) Jumper (ii) Scrapping spoon
(iii) Priming Needle (iv) Datonaters or Blasting Metarials
(v) Tmpering Road
(i) Jumper :Rocks stone jumper
hammer rocks pentration
hole
(ii) Scrapping spoon: Jumper rocks hole stone
scrapping spoon
(iii) Priming Needle: Rock Hole copper
Blasting material connect
(iv) Datonaters Blasting Material : method
material datonaters blasting material
(v) Tempering Rod :Jumper hole blasting material
tempering rod
Tempering rod dia end 15 mm end
Dressing of Stone:
proper shape size process dressing of
stone
Note: (at the time of qurraing) rough dressing
quarry safe (moisture contant)
stone soft dressing
Stone rough dressing spalling hammer
Other Important point:
(i) Granite mainly mineral quartz or felspar
(ii) Granite Strength contributio mainly quratz
(iii) Important minerla which is found in igneous rocks
Ex. Augite, Chlorite, Felsphar, Quratz, Horn blanded, Mica, plagio clase, ser-
pentine etc.
(iv) Important mineral which is found in sedimantry rocks.
Ex. Calcite, megnesite, glauconite, dolemite, limonite gypsum, antydrate.

Use of Stone for different types of work:

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(i) Abutment & pier:- Granite
(ii) Damp proof course or roofing material : Slate
(iii) Ornamental or carving work :- Marble, sand stone
(iv) Retaining wall :- Quartzite
(v) Paving work : Genisses
(vi) Manufactaring of cement:- Chalk
(vii) Manufactoring of Putly:- Chalk
(viii) Rough stone work :- Genisses, Laterite
(ix) Balast & Road matel :- Basalt & trap, granite, limestone quartzite
(x) Roubble measonary:- Basalt & trap
(xi) Foundation work :- Basalt & trap
(xii) Flooring work :- Lime stone, marble, sand stone
(xiii) Steps:- Granite, Lime stone, sand stone
(xiv) Facing work :- Granite, marble, sand stone
(xv) Kankar:- Manufacture of Hydraulic lime, lime stone

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LESSON - 2
BRICKS

Brick are classified mainly two types:

1. Traditional Brick
2. Standerd Brick Modular brick

1. Traditional Bricks : brick BIS Indian Standard

size fix size fix
Traditional Bricks
Standard Brick Modular Brick: Bricks BIS
size fix standard modular bricks
Relation between Lenght of brick, width of brick & thickness of mortor joint.
Incase of modular bricks.
L=2B+t
L= Lenght of Brick
B=Width of Brick
t= Tickness of Mortar
Actual Size of Modular size:
(190 mm X 90 mm X 90 mm) (19 cm X 9 cm X 9 cm)
Nominal size of Modular ratio:(With mortar)
(200 mm X 100 mm X 100 mm)
or
(20 cm X 10 cm X 10 cm)
Weight of modular size of brick : Approximate 3 Kg
Classificatioin of Modular standard Brick :
Modular standard brick classified
(i) First class brick (ii) Second class brick
(iii)Third Class Brick (iv) Pilla Brick
(v) Jhama Brick

(i) First class brick: First class brick property

(i) Brick should be proper size:- (190 X 90 X 90 mm)
(ii) Brick earth free from pebbles & Stone piece
(iii) The texture of birck should be homogenous.
(iv) bricks ringing matellic sound

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(v) First class brick minimum compressive strenght 10.5 MPa N/mm2
105 Kg/cm2
(iv) first class brick [sumberge] brick
water observation capacity dry weight 20%
Note: First class brick water observation capacity saturated weight
16%
2. Second Class Brick :
(i) bricks first class brick ringing matellic sound

(ii) Second class brick minimum compressive strength 7N/mm2/MPa 70

Kg/cm2
(iii) second class brick water observation
capacity dry weight 22%
3. Third Class Bricks:
(i) bricks dull sound
(ii) Third class brick minimum compressive strength 3.5 N/mm2/MPa 35
Kg/cm2
(iii) Bricks dry weight 25%

S.No. Types of Sound Water Minimum

Bricks observant compressive
Capacity dry strength
weight not not less
more then than
1 First class Matllic or Dry weight­20% 10.5 N/mm2
brick Ringing Saturated weight­ (105 Kg/cm2)
16%
2. Second class Matllic or Dry weight 7 N/mm2
brick Ringing 22% Or ( 70 Kg.cm2)
3. Third class Dull ( ) Dry weight 3.5 N/mm2
brick 25% Or
(35 Kg/cm 2)

4. Pilla Bricks :
Pilla Bricks surkhi

5. Jhama Brick : shape size proper

masonary work

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balast railway track concerte

Note: Measonar work brick minimum compressive

strength 3.5 N/mm2 35 Kg/cm 2

first, second third class brick

Manufactring of Bricks : shale
composition
1. Silica :
60%
Function of Silica:
(i) Silica function burn shape retained
burn shape
(ii) Raw Bricks cracking, shrinkage, warping

Disadvantage:
premissible limit loss
of cohession( )
2. Aluminium : number alumina
Alumina 30%
Function of Alumina :
Alumina plasticity
Disadvantage of Alumina:
Alumina permissible limit
shrinkage warping hard
3. Lime:
lime 5%
Lime Lump Lime
fine powder
Function of Lime :
Lime shrinkage (retained)
Lime flux silica temperature burn

Disadvantage :
lime 5% burn shape
melt

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4. Iron Oxide: Iron oxide 6%
Function of Iron Oxide:
Iron oxide pigment (colouring agent)
iron oxide
Iron oxide lime flux
temperature burn
Disadvantage:
Iron oxide premissible limit dark
blue blaking
Iron Oxide Permissible limit burn yellow colour

Iron pyrites pyrites burn

Colour of Bricks:

S.No. Colours Pigment Or Qty Available Brick

1. Black ) & Large proposition
of Iron
2. Bluish Green Alkalies & Burn at High Temperature
3. Brow Lime in axcess ( )
4. Green Iron & little qty. of lime
5. Red Iron in axcess
6 white Pure clay

7. Yellow Iron & magnesia small qty.

s5. Magnesia : Magnesia small brick yellow colour

shrinkage
Disadvantage: magnesia excess brick
(Decay of brick)
6. Alkalies : Alkalies Alkalies Highgrospic
nature brick weakest quality
brick efflorance (white patches shown on the brick surface after drying
of brick)
Note: Clay, silt sand
Liquid Limit, Plastic Index, Shirnakage Idex for A brick earth.

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Name of Compound Qty.
Sand 35-45%
Silt 20-35%
Clay 20-35%

1. Liquid Limit : 25-35%

2. Plastic Index : 7-13%
3. Shrinkage Index: 15-25%

Brick process
(i) Preparation of clay
(ii) Moulding of brick clay
(iii) Drying of brick
(iv) Burning of brick

1. Prepration of clay: Brick preparation of clay process

adopt
(i) Unsoling (ii) Digging (iii) Cleaining
(iv) Weathering (v) Blending (vi) Tempering & kneading

(i) Unsoling : top layer 150 200 mm

remove
(ii) Diggin: unsoling heels
height 600 1200 mm
(iii) Cleaining : pebbles stone piece
remove
(iv) Weathering : mix
properly mix
(v) Blending : content process
blending
(vi) Tempering & Kneading : Weathering properly mix
process tempering
tempering animals tempering
pugmill
Note: pug mill
2. Moulding of Brick :
shape process moulding
mould
(i) Wooden mould (ii) Steel mould
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(i) Wooden Mould : wodden mould well sea-
soned timber
brick production wodden mould

(ii) Steel Mould : Steel Mould 6 mm thick steel plate brick

production large amount stell mould
Note: Mould burnt brick %

moulding
(i) Slope Moulding (ii) Sand Moulding
(i) Slope Moulding: surface spray
slope moulding
(ii) Sand Moulding: surface sand ash spray
sand moulding
Note : Brick Mould Horiontal member pallel board
mould frog member stock board
Note: (i) Frog Brick top surface depression part size
9x4x1 cm
2. Brick manuall process hand moulding
moulds brick
machine moulding
3. Dryning of brick : burn properly dry
moisture content 2%
method
(i) Natural process (ii) Artificial Process
(i) Natural Process : method open to Atmosphere
period 3 10
(ii) Artifical Process: tem.
120ºC peirod
(iv) Buring of brick : burn temperature 900 1200ºC mantain
burn clamp (Kiln)
Clamp temprary structure kiln parmanant structure
Burning unit

Clamp (Temprary Structure) Kiln (Permanent Structure)

Intermittant Kiln Contineous Kiln

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Contineous kiln classified
(i) Bull trench kiln (ii) Hoff man kiln
(i) Bull Trench Kiln : trench partically
under the ground and partically over the ground ground
ground completly under the ground bull trench kiln

(ii) Hoff men kiln : continous kiln completely ground

trench hoff man kiln flame
kiln
Difference between Bull trench kiln or Haff man kiln :

S.N. Item Description Bull trench kiln Hoff Man Kiln

1 Burning capacity About 3 lakh in 12 About 40 lakh in
days one season
2. Continuety of Season
working

3.
)
4. Drying space

5. Initial cost

6. Popularity

7. Quality of Brick Brick Brick

8. Suitability ( ) Brick
season hoff
man Kiln

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Difference between clamp & kiln :
S.N. Item D escription C la mp Kiln
1 C apacity Clamp A verage per day 25
Bu rn

2. C ost of Fu el L ow - local H igh-

grass, cowdig

3. Initial cost Cla mp kiln

Perm anent
clam p structu re Kiln

5. Q u ality o f brick 60% first class

brick fi rst cla ss brick

6. Fire control fire fire proper

cont ro llin g controllin g

7. S ui tabil ity large

am oun t
cla mp kiln

skilled
supervi si on

9. Tim e bu rn ing & burni ng and

coo ling perio d
cooling period

Testing of Brick & Insperction of Brick:

Brick properties testing inspection
1. Inspection of Brick:
(i) hard earth surface Break
(ii) Ringing Mettelic sound
(iii) proper shape uniform texture
(ii) Testing Of brick:

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Brick properly check test
(i) Dimenstion Test :
Brick proper shape size dimension test
dimension test Bricks lenght, width,
thciknes Range

First class Brick:

Dimension Test:
Range Tolerance
Length : 380 cm 12 cm 380 cm cm
Width: 180 cm 6cm 174 186 cm 6 cm
Thicness: 180 cm cm 174 186 cm 6 cm

IInd & IIIrd class Brick:

Tolerance
Length : 380 cm 30 cm 350 410 cm cm
Width: 180 cm 15cm 165 195 cm 15 cm
Thicness: 180 cm 15cm 165 195 cm 15 cm
2. Compressive strength test :
Brick compressive strength 5 brick
average strength compressive strength of brick
Brick compressive strength check surface frog
mortar cement or sand (1:1) brick
compressive test
3. Efflorence test: brick surface ulternate wetting & drying (sur-
face
surface white patches defect
efflorence
white patches coverd area total surface area 10%
efflorence feebly
White patches coverd area 50% moderte

white poatches coverd area total surface area 50%

Note:
(i) Brick strength 12.5 N/mm2 permissible efflorence 10
50% moderate
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(ii) brick strength 12.5 N/mm2 permissible efflorence
10% & light
Refectory Bricks:
bricks higher temperature resist refectary brick
Refectory brick blast furnace boiler higher
temperature resist condition

fluxing material lime & Iron oxide

reduce silica temperature burn
Refectar brick classified
(i) Acid Brick
(ii) Basic Brick
)
1. Acid Brick : Boiler acidic effect
surface lining
Ex.: Silica, Brick, Fire Brick
(i) Silica Brick : brick 95% silica 5%
silica brick
(ii) Fire Brick: brick 75% silica+20 40% Alumina 10%
fire brick
(ii) Basic Brick :
brick effect
Ex. Magnestic Brick, Dolemite Brick, brick.
3. Netural Brick
Boiler Netural brick

Ex. Chrome Brick, Spinal brick, Forrestrite brick, Chrome-magnesite brick.

Refectory Brick:
(i) Water Observation Capacity : 4-10%
(ii) Commperssive Strength : 200-250 N/mm2
(iii) Density of Masonary work : 2400 Kg/m3 24 KN/m3
Note: Normal Brick denstiy refactory brick 1920-2000 Kg/m3
19.20-20 KN/m3
Refectory Brick temperature resistance capacity 1700 1800ºC
Note :The coloure of a mineral in its powder form is know : Streak
Note : Brick measonary hollow bricks structure sound proof, heat

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proof, Dam proof Thermal insulation

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Chapter: 3
Timber
Timber mainly classified
(i) Standing Timber (ii) Rough Timber (iii) Converted Timber
(i) Standing Timber : timber standing timber

(ii) Rough Timber : timber rough timber

(iii) Converted Timber:
timber converted timber
Classification of tree: manully classfied
(i) Exogenous Tree (ii) Endogenous Tree

(i) Classfication of tree

Exogenous tree Endogenous tree

Conifer tree Decidous tree

Soft wood Hard wood

Exogenous tree : exogenous tree

classifed
(i) Confier tree
(ii) Decidous tree
(i) Conifer tree: Ever green tree
Conifer tree soft vairiti light weight annual
ring clearl
2. Decidous Tree: timber hard
heavy weight annual ring

S.N. Item Description Conifre tree (Ever Decidous tree

green tree)
1. Wood Soft Hard
2. Annual Ring Distinct ( Indistinct (
) )
3. Colour Light Dark
4. Density Low High
5. Fire Resistance Poor High (Good)
6. Weight Light Heavy
7. Modular Rays Indistrinct Distinct
8. Example Fir Babul, Mahagony,
Oak, Sal, Teak

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Engineering (Timber) Exogenous tree

Ex.: Cane, Bamboo, Palm

Genral Structure of Exogenous tree

(i)

'(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)
(vi)

Note:
sap pith medula
2. branch leaf sap sap wood

sap Medular rays

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Note :
(i) Maximum strength of ordinary timber: Parallel to grain
(ii) Minimum strength of oddinary timber : Perpendicular to grain
Age of felling of tree (

Season of felling
(i) hilly area mid summer
heavy rain fall
(ii) plane area best period mid winter
Note: best period sap rest condition
condition sap rest condition
Sawing of Timber Conversion of timber

defect

(i) Flat sawing, Baster sawing, Ordinary Sawing

(ii) Quarter sawing
(iii) Radial & rift sawing
(iv) Tangential Sawing
1. Flat sawing, Baster sawing, ordinary sawing:
westage of timber
2. Quater sawing: timber part divid

3. Raidail & Rift sawing : wastage of timber

method quality timber
high quality work method
4. Tangential sawing : method
method medular rays break timber
strength
Defect in timber : classified
(i) Deffect In timber before cutting
(ii) Deffect in timber after cutting
(i) Defect in timber before cutting : defect
(ii) Star Shake: defect outer surface (bark) winder crack
inside star
shake
Star Shake : Wider crack at bark & narrow of dismissing toward the center of
tree
2. Heart shake: defect heart wood wider crecks
defect
heart shake
Heart Shake: If wider creack at heart wood & narrow or dismissing toward
the bark (oiuter surface) In called heart shake
3. Cup shake & ring shake: continously direction
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annual ring damage defect cup
shake annual ring demage defect ring
shake
4. Twisted fiber: continously direction
condition fibers direction twist defect
twisted fiber
5. Rind gaill : branch
cutting properly extra sapwood
defect rind gall
6. Knot: branch
properly defect
knot
7. Upset: This defect also not-as rupture and they indicate the wood fiber which
are injured by crushing and compression.
upset defect particls compressioin crushing injured
rupture
8. Foxiness: Foxiness defect in timer is indicated red or yellow or reddish brown
spot round the pith of tree.
defect pith red, yellow, reddish brow spot
foxiness
2. Deffect in tree/timer after cutting: defect

(i) Bow: The defect of bow in timber is indicated the curvature in the direction of
the lenght
bow
(ii) CUP: width cup
The defect of cup in timber is indicated the curvature in the direction width.
(iii) Twist : tibmer twisted twist
When A piece of timber spirally destroyed along its lenght is known twist.
(iv) Case harding: timber outer surface
inner surface shrinkage equal outer surface Shrinkage
inner surface compare timber outer surface
compressiong develep surface tension develop
timber defect case harding
Due to this defect in timber the outer suface is under compression or inner
surface in under tension is called case hardning.
5. Honey combing : timber shrinkage
nature stress develp partical
Seperation defect honey combing
Seasoning of timber : timber sap moisture
timber dry weight 50% timber use
proper strength durable
seasoning of timber

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timber (well seasoned timber) moisture content
12%
Note: Timber standerd property weight density, strength 10 12%
moisture content (well seasoned timber)
Timber seasoning method
(i) Natural process
(ii) Artifical proces

(i) Natural process : air seasoning method

method timber ground 300 mm height platform
part air circulation

method
moisture content 15%
(ii) Artificial method :Timber method adopet

(i) Water seasong

(ii) Boiling
(iii) Chemical seasoning
(iv) Electrical seasoning
(v) Kiln seasoning

(i) Water seasoning: Artifical method timber eco-

nomical
timber

sap washout
seasoning timber shrinkage warping
2. Boiling : seasoning timber
Boiling quick method category
seasoning shrinkage warping reduce timber
elasticity, strength durability costly
Note:
(i) This is quicker method
(ii) Boiling in water 3-4 hours
(iii) Sharinkage & warping is reduce
(iv) Strength, durability, elastisity is effected
(v) This method is costly

3. Chemical seasoning :Chemical seasoning method salt seasoning method

timber seasoning timber salt solution

timber moisture absorb
4. Electrical Seasoning: method timber Seasoning timber high

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frequancey current ulternate way flow
timber wet green electric current flow
resistance current flow timber dry
eletric flow resist capacity timber heated
electrical seasoning
Note:
(i) timber uniform seasoning seasoning)
(ii) High quaility timber plywood seasoning
(iii) Electric seasoning method Costly
5. Kiln Seasoning :
seasoning timber kiln chember stack

hard type timber chember temp. 30º 40º C mantain

soft quality timber 50 90ºC temperature mantain
condition seasoning period 7
Decay of Timber
timber
(i) Dry rot
(ii) Wet Rot
1. Dry Rot proper ventilation (lake of ventila-
tion, poor ventilation)
Timber sap wood attack
timber powder form convert
2. Wet Rot Timber ulternate wetting & drying
possible timber timber continously
wet timber continously dry
Preservation of timber atmospher
duribility life timber
Note: timber properly timber average life 10
years
Timber process
(i) Preservation of brushing
(ii) preservation by Spraying
(iii) Preservation by dipping
(iv) Preservation by pressure injecting
Note: Preservation effective method presserve injecting
effective method brushing

Pressure injecting > dipping > spreaying > brushing

preservation
(i) Charring (ii) Tarring
(iii) Painting (iv) Creosoting
(v) Wolmen salt (vi) Asscu treatment

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(i) Charring : timber ends
charming method
(ii) Tarring: timber surface coal
condition timber apperance

(iii) Painting: Timber timber

surface solignum surface
(iv) Creosoting: timber surface creosoting oil
creosting oil disttilination
method bethal method
Croeosting method timber timber chamber
chamber temperature 50ºC maintan chamber
creosoting oil 0.70 to 1 N/mm 2
pressure timber apply
(v) Wolman Salt Method: method creo-soting oil
sodium floride timber surface apply
(vi) ASCU treatment : forest reserch insitute dehradun
timber chemical mix
(i) Hydrate Arsentic Penta Oxide. [AS2O32H2O]=
(ii) Cuppar sulphate [CUSO4.5H2O]
(iii) Potesium Dicromate [K2Cr2O7.2H2O]
solution timber 100 gram water 6 gm
ASCU solution mix timber surface
Fire resistance : fire resistance Sir Abel's process

timber fire resistance timber surface sodium

silicate surface slaked fat lime
surface sodium silicate [Na2SiO3]
timber completly fire resistance
Solidium silicate - Slaked fat lime - sodium silicate

Sodium silicate : Slaked fat lime - sodium silicate

Veneer's : sharp knife timber very
thing layer [0.40 mm to 6 mm] divide thin
layers vener
Venner's plywood plywood batten board,
lamin board, block board
Veener's are very thin layer whin in obtain by high quality timber & they are
also useful making plywood
Veener's Mahogany, oak, teak, rosewood Timber
Teak wood veener's
Plywood:-

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Plywood thickness specified plywood odd number
( veener's connect plywood
veener's plywood
Plywood thickness 3mm mm vary

Thickness of plywood:-
No. of Veneers (No. of Ply) Thickness of Plywood
3 play 3-5 mm
5 play 5-9 mm
7 Play 12-16 mm
9 Play 12-19 mm
11 Play 19-25 mm
ply Hot process tem. 150 2600c Mantane
Plywood cold process Tem., Room tem. [ 27 0 c 20 c ]
[equal] Mantane

Advantage of Plywood:-
(1) Ply are placed at right angle [900] to each other the expension or shrinkage is
very low.
Ply Right Angle [900 perpendicular] Expension or
shrinkage
(2) Ply compare Light weigth
(3) Ply Atmosphere
(4) Ply [Longitudnal, Lateral] tensile strength
(5) Ply ordinary timber compare apperance
(6) Ply ordinary timber compare stronger impact loading
High
(7) Plywood elasticity ordinary timber compare

Important tree & there uses:-

(1) Chier:-
(i) Weight light Soft varity
(ii) Low quality work

(2) Deoder :-
(i) weight ligth soft varity
(ii) Railway sleeper's, structural work, Bridge, piling

(3) Sal:-
(i) hard heavy weight
(ii) Ornamental work [ ]

(4) Babul:-
(i) Hard timber Weight Heavy
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(ii)

(5) Teak:-
(i) strong hard timber weight heavy
(ii) high quality furniture, sleeper

(6) ]:-
(i) strong Heavy weight timber
(ii) Quality table & chair Beam

(7) Mulberry:-
(i) Timber elasticity
(ii) Mulberry timber sport good's

(8) Jack:- Timber musical Instrument, table & chair

(9) Benteak:- Boat [ ]

(10) Kail:-

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Lesson-4
Paint & Varnish
structure good Apperance paint varnish
types of point:-
Paint classified
(1) Oil paint:- oil paint content
(i) Base (ii) Filler Extenderd (iii) Pigment
(iv) Vehical (v) Solvent thinner (vi) Drier
(1) Base:- Paint Base metal oxide [ oxide] paint main part
paint shrinkage cracking paint
Base
(i) Red lead (ii) White lead (iii) Iron oxide
(iv) Zinc oxide (v) Titanium
(i) Read Lead:- paint condition paint
base Red lead Paint [corrosion
Resistance capacity] High
(ii) White Lead:- paint [Timber] White
lead base Base
(iii) Iron oxide:- primer coat iron oxide
(iv) Zinc oxide:- supher effect [ ] condition
Zinc oxide base paint
(v) Titanium:- surface (enamel) paint base

(2) Filler & Extender:- paint mass volume cost

Reduce member filler extender
Paint extender filler silica, magnesium, silicate, Alumina, gyp-
sum, coal, berium, sulphate
(3) Pigment:- Pigment paint colour
Pigment paint coluring agent
Name of pigment:-

S.No. Colour Name of pigment

1 Black Graphite
2 Blue Indigo
3 Brown Brunt umber, Raw umber
4 Green Copper sulphate
5 Red Caremine
6 yellow Zinc chrome

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Pigment value Construction number:- P.V.C.N

V1
P.V.C.N = 100
V1 V2

V1 = volume of pigment in paint

V2 = volume of non-volatile vechicl in paint.

P.V.C.N

S.No. P.V.C.N. Use & types of paint

1 25 to 40 Paint use for prime coat on metal [/krq]
2 28 to 40 Paint use for exterior surface
3 35 to 40 Paint use for prime coat on wood surface
4 35 to 45 Semi-glass paint
5 50 to 75 Faint[gYdk] paint

(4) Vechal:- Paint vechal oil paint

linsed oil [ ]
(5) Solvent thinner:- Paint reduce voletile
liquid [ ] solvent thinner
Oil paint
(6) Drier:- Paint content direr paint
8%
Note:- Paint Drier ]

(2) Aluminium paint:- paint

]
Resist
(3) :- resist
paint
(4) :- effect Resist
effect
Bitumen
(5) Cellulose paint:-

paint Automobile industries

(6) :-
paint [
(7) :- cold condition
surface
Method of Painting:-
(1) Painting of new surface of wood:- Process
Cleaning of new wood surface Knotting Primming Stopping

(1) :- paint surface sand peper

clean
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(2) :- timber surface knots Knoting

(i) Patent knoting (ii) Size ordinary knoting

(iii) lime knoting
(i) Aluminimum shallac varnish

(ii) Size knoting knots

mix timber surface
layer red lead + linsed oil + tarpin oil mix

(iii) :- timber surface knot Lime

(3) Priming:- timber surface Primer layer

Paint surface
(4) :- timber surface wider
creack Nail holes puttly process

Note:- Putty chalk powder linssed oil mix

(5) Painting:- timber surface painting
paint layers

(2) Painting on old surface/Existing surface of wood:-

Painting on existing surface of wood

Paint in Better conding, but spot, gress, oil, Paint is not better condistion

Dust etc.

Frist all removing of old paint by paint

remover (blue, lamp) solution of castic

soda.

Cleaning of paint surface by lime-water Stopping

Solution

Applying Nos of paint laying Applying Nos of paint layer

Note:- paint castic soda Blue, Lamp

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Painting on plaster surface:- Plaster surface paint plaster

paint plaster surface paint zinc

sulphate
Painting on metal surface:-
Cleaning of metal surface by wire Brush (Washing of Metal
Surface by petral, Benzine Lime-water Solution to
Removing of grees, oil, dust spot ) Priming Painting
* Defect in painting:-
surface paint defect
(1) Blistering :- This defect is caused by the water vapour which is trapped be-
hind the paint surface & the formation of bubbles on paint surface.
surface Paint moisture [vapour]
paint surface bubbles paint
defects Blistering
(2) Bloom:- In this defect th formation of dull patches on the paint surface and
this defect in develop due to bed ventilatshion.
Paint Bloom defect Paint surface dull patches
Paint defect proper ventilastion develop
(3) Fading:- Due to this defect the gradully loss of colour of the paint surface
with respect to time is called fading.
Paint surface colour time fed [ ] Fadding

(4) Flaking:- Due to this effect a small portion of paint surface sometime seen
loose is called Flaking & this defect is due to poor Addeshion [ ]
Paint defect paint surface loose Paint
defect Flaking
(5) Grinning:- When the final coat of paint has not sufficent opacity & the back
ground it clearly seen is called grinning.
paint surface final coat Back ground suface clear
paint defect grinning
(6) Sagging:- When a vertical or Inclined surface is too thickly painted then due
to this defect is called sagging.
vertical inclined surface paint paint
defect sagging
(7) Wrinkling:- When a horizontal surface a too thickly painted then this defect
is called wrinkling.
horizontal surface paint paint defect
wrinkling

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(8) Sponification:- Due to this defect the formation of soap patche on paint sur-
face is called sponification & this defect due to chemical action on alkalies.
Paint surface defect alkalies chemical action
defect Paint surface soap bubbles spots

Varnish:- mix

Hard, shining atmosphere effect

classified

(1) Oil varnish:- Oil varnish linsced oil, copal mix

Varnish
(2) Spar Varnish:- varnish marine effect resist
Outer part spare
(3) Asphalt varnish:- varnish Asphalt
linseed oil mix
Asphalt varnish
(4) Flat varnish:- varnish shine reduce varnish
fine varnish flat varnish
(5) Sprit varnish:- varnish mix
sprit varnish furniture

Ex. Sprit varnish:- Shallac varnish, Lacguer varnish, sub & sprit varnish, french
polish varnish
Note:- French polish varnish High quality furniture

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CHAPTER-5
LIME
Lime concerte plaster work, pointing work Binding material

Lime Mainly classification

(1) Fat lime (2) Hydralalic lime
(3) Poor lime

(1) Fat lime:- High calcium lime, pure lime, Rich lime, white lime
Lime Pure lime carbonate
Lime 95% calcium oxide +5%
(i) lime set Lime set Air
CO2 Absorb
lime slaking action
[Fat lime slaking action is vigrously]

Note:- Lime React Slaking

of lime
(ii) Fat lime setting action slow
(iii) Fat lime High
(iv) Fat lime colour perfectly white
(v) Fat lime original volume expand
(vi) use of fat lime:-
Fat lime plaster work, pointing work, white washing work,
Lime set Fat lime

(2) Hydralic lime:- lime dam place set set

air Hydralic lime Lime property
Hydrolocity
lime set Hydralicity Hydrolocity Lime
clay lime clay
Lime Hydrocity
Hydralic lime clay 5% 30% Hydralic lime
classified
(1) Feebly Hydralic lime
(2) Moderate Hydralic lime
(3) Eminently( Hydralic lime
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(1) Feebly Hydralvic lime:- Hydralic lime clay 10%
lime Hydralic propeties
lime
(2) Moderate Hydralic lime:- hydralic lime 11% 20%
lime Hydrocity medium
lime Measonary work
(iii) Eminently Hydraulic lime:- clay 21% 30% Lime
Hydrocity heigh
Lime Damp place
(3) Poor lime:- Lime clay 30% Poor lime
Lime slacking or setting action slow
Lime

S.No. Fat Lime Hydraulic Lime

1 Fat Lime Pure lime Lime Stone
corbonate (C aCO3) 5%
30% Clay

2. Fat Lime Slacking Hydraulic Lime Slacking

Action Action slow
volume original volume

3. Fat Lime dks set Hydraulic Lime set

Air Air

set
4. Fat Lime hydrolocity Hydraulic lime
hydrolocity properly

5. Fat lime strength Hydraulic Liime

strength
6. Fat, Lime Hydralic lime
plaster, pointing, white mortar
washing
hydraulic lime

7. Fat Lime Hydraulic Lime

white white

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CHAPTER-6
Mortar
* Mortar:- Binding Material [lime or cement finer Agg. sand or surkhi]
water Paste mortar
Mortar cement lime, Binding material Finer
Aggregat sand surkni unalternate
* Natural socure of sand:- sand Natural source
(1) Pit sand
(2) River sand
(3) Sea sand

(1) Pit sand:- sand ground level 2 mtr

sand partical anggular shape

Pit sand mortar concerte
sand free from salt, organic matter, corbonic matter, clay
(2) River sand:- sand
River sand partical Rounded shape
River sand India Larger scale
(3) Sea sand:- sand
Sea sand salt contant sea sand

size:-
(1) Finer sand:- sand 1.5875 mm sieve pass Finer sand
(2) Coarser sand:- sand 3.175 mm sieve Pass coarser sand
(3) Gravel sand:- sand 7.63 mm sieve pass 3.175 mm sieve
greval sand
Note:-
(1) Fine sand plaster
(2) Coarser sand
(3) Gravel sand concerte

* Function of sand in Mortar:-

(1) Bulk:- Sand Mortar unalternate or inhernt hearant material [ ]
Mortar volume
(2) Setting:- Mortar fat lime Binding material
setting action effecatively fat lime sand voids Co2
obserb
(3) Shrinkage:- Sand Mortar Mortar shrinkage

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* Substitute far sand:- Mortar sand surkni Ashes [ ] mix

sand substitute surkni
Mortar sand surkni mix mortar Hydrolocity properly
surkni Atmosphere plaster or pointing

Note:- Mortar Lime+cement, sand mix gauge mortar

Gauge mortar Initial setting time two

hours

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Note:-
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(1) Gauge mortar Lime+cement+sand
(2) Gypsum mortar Gypsum Mortar Initial
setting time 4 6 min.
(3) Gypsum mortar Gypsum [ CaSO4 2H 2O ] 79.1%
calcium sulphate 20.9% water
(4) Gypsum mortar final setting time 30 min
1
(5) Gypsum c heat plaster of pairis [ CaSO 4 H 2O ]
2
Gypsum heat 14.7% water plaster of pairis 6.2
water
(6) Fire Resistance mortar Alumina cement fire brick
Fire Resistance mortar Alumina cement fire brick powder mix
mortar High tem. Blast furnace, Boiler

(7) X- Ray mortar Berium sulphate X-Ray

Rooms

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CHAPTER-7
Ferrous and Non ferrous material

(1) Ferrous metal:- Ferrous metal

Ex. Mild steel, Cast iron, Wrought iron, Pig Iron.
(2) Non-ferrous Metal:- metal Non-ferrous
metal
Ex. Aluminium, lead, Mageisia, Nickel, cobalt etc.

* Iron ores[ ]:- Earth surface Earth

surface Earth surface 5%
ores
(i) Magnesite
(ii) Pyrites iron ores [ FeS 2 ]
(iii) Siderites iron ores [ 2Fe 2O3 3H 2o ]
(iv) Limonite iron ores
(v) Hemetite iron ores [ Fe 3O3 ]

(i) Magnesite iron ores:- % Black

colour
[ Fe 3O 4 ]
(ii) Pyrites iron ores:- Iron Pyrites %
Brittel
(iii) Siderites iron ores:- % yellow Brown
colour
(iv) Limonite iron ores:- % colour yellow
Brown
Note:- Iron ores
(v) Hemetite Iron ores:- 70%
Quality Hemetite Iron ores

(1) Manufacture of Pig Iron:- Iron ores pig iron Process

(1) Dressing of Iron ores

(2) Calcination of Iron ores
(3) Sintering of Iron ores
(4) Smelting of Iron ores

(1) Dressing of Iron ores:- Iron ores 2.5 5cm

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(2) Calcination of Iron ores:- Roasting action Iron
ores Iron ores
Moisture, CO2 sulphate Remove
(3) Sintring of Iron ores:- Iron ores powder form convert
calcination sintring process process Iron ores powder
sieve pass Air flow
Remove
(4) Smelting of Iron ores:- pig Iron process Iron ores carbon
remove process
Working of Blast furnace:- Blast furnace Iron ores,
coal, lime
% Iron ores, 25% coal) 15% lime
1 tonne pig Iron tonne iron ores, 0.9 tonne coal, 0.40 ton
lime mix
Balast furnace 500 c Blast
furance Bottom Slag
slag slag cemen
Slag % lime, 35% silica, % Alumina

Composition slag = 45% Lime + 35% silica + 12% Alumina

Blast furnace Pig iron 94% iron + 2 5% carbon + 1.3 silica +
1.2 Magnese 1% sulphat phasphores
Classification of Pig Iron:- Pig Iron are Classified as different types-
(1) Pig Iron
(2) White Pig Iron
(3) Grey Pig Iron
(4) Motteled Pig Iron

(1) Bessemer Pig Iron:- Bessemer Pig Iron Pig Iron

copper, Phaspores, sulpher free Iron small quantity silicon
magnese Iron guality improve
Bessemer pig iron bessemer process open heart process mild steel

(2) Grey Pig Iron:- Pig iron foundary pig iron

Pig iron furnace suffiecient fuel High temperature
pig iron cast iron
(3) White pig iron:- forge pig iron Blast furance low
temperature iron wrought iron
(4) Motteledpig iron:- pig iron grey white pig iron type
heavy casting
Note:- Pig Iron Blast furnace
(1) Electric reduction method

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(2) Low shaft furnace
(3) Spange Iron process

* Manufacture of steel:- Mild steel

(1) Bessemer process
(2) Cementation process
(3) Crusibel steel process
(4) Duplex process
(5) Electric process
(6) L.D process
(7) Open heart process
Note:- Mild steel 0.15 0.25%
Steel Properly steel
steel Brittle steel ductile

* Manufacture of cast Iron:- Cast Iron coupla furnace

Note:- Cast Iron carbon 4.5%

* Manufacture of wrough Iron:- Wrought Iron

0.15%
Process
(1) Pudding process - Reverbetoray furnace
(2) Aston process

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