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Tcp/Ip: How The TCP/IP Protocol Stack Maps To The OSI Model OSI Layers TCP/IP Protocols

TCP/IP is a suite of protocols that allow devices to communicate over an internetwork. It includes protocols like TCP, UDP, IP, DNS, and HTTP. TCP/IP maps to the OSI model, with protocols operating at the application, transport, and network layers. TCP provides reliable, connection-oriented communications while UDP is faster but unreliable. Key protocols transmit files (FTP), email (SMTP), web pages (HTTP), and more. TCP uses ports and handshaking to establish reliable connections between devices on a network.

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63 views5 pages

Tcp/Ip: How The TCP/IP Protocol Stack Maps To The OSI Model OSI Layers TCP/IP Protocols

TCP/IP is a suite of protocols that allow devices to communicate over an internetwork. It includes protocols like TCP, UDP, IP, DNS, and HTTP. TCP/IP maps to the OSI model, with protocols operating at the application, transport, and network layers. TCP provides reliable, connection-oriented communications while UDP is faster but unreliable. Key protocols transmit files (FTP), email (SMTP), web pages (HTTP), and more. TCP uses ports and handshaking to establish reliable connections between devices on a network.

Uploaded by

ajithcoumar351
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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TCP/IP

TCP/IP is actually a suite, or stack, of protocols that interconnect and work together to provide
for reliable and efficient data communications across an internetwork. The major protocols of the
TCP/IP suite are:

 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)


 User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
 Domain Name System (DNS)
 Internet Protocol (IP)
 Address Resolutions Protocol (ARP)
 File Transport Protocol (FTP)
 Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP)
 Post Office Protocol (POP3)
 Interactive Mail Access Protocol (IMAP)
 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
 Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
 Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
 TCP/IP Utilities (PING, Telnet, IPCONFIG, ARP, and more)

How the TCP/IP Protocol Stack Maps to the OSI Model

OSI Layers TCP/IP Protocols


Application, Presentation, Session Telnet, FTP, SMTP, SNMP, DNS, HTTP
Transport TCP, UDP
Network IP, ICMP, ARP, RARP
Data Link, Physical Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI*

* These are networking technologies that function at the Data Link and Physical layers.
They aren't TCP/IP protocols or a part of the TCP/IP protocol stack.

Application Layer Protocols

FTP

FTP is a reliable, connection-oriented tool used to copy files from one computer to another over
a TCP/IP network, such as the Internet of an intranet.
Another flavor of FTP is Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP), which is an unreliable (maining
delivery is not guaranteed) file trasfer protocol. Cisco reouters use TFTP to store and retrieve
configuration files from a TFTP server.

Telnet

Telnet is a terminal emulation protocol used on TCP/IP-based networks to remotely log into a
remote device to run a program or manipulate data. Telnet was originally developed for
ARPAnet and is an inherent part of the TCP/IP communications protocol. In the Cisco world,
Telnet is used to access and configure routers from remote locations.

Transport Layer Protocols

Network protocols are either connection-oriented or connectionless.

 Connection-oriented protocols - require that a direct connection be established between two


devices before data can begin to transfer between the devices. Packets are transferred using a
prescribed sequence of actions that include an acknowledgment to signal when a packet arrives,
and possibly resending the packet if there are errors. This method is reliable and, as a result of its
reliability and the overhead involved, much slower than connectionless protocols.
 Connectionless protocols - are largely based on your faith in the technology. Packets are
sent over the network without regard to whether they actually arrive at their destinations. There
are no acknowledgments or guarantees, but you can send a datagram to many different
destinations at the same time. Connectionless protocols are fast because no time is used in
establishing and tearing down connections. Connectionless protocols are also referred to as best-
effort protocols.

Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Protocols

Protocol Type
FTP Connection-oriented
IP Connectionless
IPX Connectionless
TCP Connection-oriented
UDP Connectionless
SPX Connection-oriented

Establishing a connection-oriented connection involves the process of setting up sequence and


acknowledgment fields and agreeing upon the port numbers to be used. This is accomplished by
a three-step handshake process that works like this:

 Handshake one: Host 1 sends a synchronization message to Host 2


 Handshake two: Host 2 acknowledges Host 1's synchronization message and sends back its
own synchronization message.
 Handshake three: Host 1 acknowledges Host 2's synchronizattion message.

At this point, the connection is successfully established and the applications can begin
transferring data.

Both TCP and UDP use port number to move information along to the application layer.

The registering body, IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority), divides port numbers into
three groups:

 Well-known ports - are the most commonly used TCP/IP ports. These ports are in the range
of 0 through 1023. These ports can be used only by system processes or privileged programs.
Well-known ports are TCP ports but are usually registered to UDP services as well.
 Registered ports - are in the range of 1024 through 49151. Registered ports are used on most
systems by user programs to create and control logical connections between proprietary
programs.
 Dynamic (private) ports - are in the range of 49152 through 65525. These ports are
unregistered and can be used dynamically for private connections.

Additional informaiton to know about port numbers:

 Port numbers below 256 are assigned to public applications.


 Port numbers 256 - 1023 are assigned to companies for saleable applications
 Port numbers above 1023 are dynamically assigned in the host application
 Source and destination port numbers don't have to be the same

Well-Known Ports

Port Number Application


21 FTP
23 Telnet
25 SMTP
69 TFTP
80 HTTP

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

TCP is a connection-oriented reliable, delivery protocol that ensures that packets arrive at their
destination error-free. Using TCP is similar to sending a registered letter. When you send the
letter, you know for sure that it will get to its destination and that you'll be notivied that it got
there in good condition.

What to know about TCP:

 Connection-oriented
 Reliable transfer
 Error-checking
 Full-duplex transmission
 Flow control
 Multiplexing
On the Transport layer, packets are referred to as segments. The image below depicts the format
of the TCP segment:

TCP Segment Description


Field Lenght in Bits Purpose
Source port 16 The number of the calling port
Destination port 16 The number of the calling port
Sequence number 32 Used to ensure correct sequencing of data
Acknowledgment # 32 Sequence number of the next expected TCP octet
HLEN 4 Header lenght
Reserved 6 Set to zero
Code bits 6 Functions that set up and terminate the session
Window 16 Size of window sender can accept
Checksum 16 Sum of header and data fields (error correction feature)
Urgent Pointer 16 End of the urgent data
Option 0 or 32 Maximum TCP segment size
Data - Data from upper layers

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

Remember that UDP is connectionless and unreliable.


UDP Datagram

UDP Datagram Description

Field Size in Bits Purpose


Source port 16 The number of the calling port
Destination port 16 The number of the called port
Length 16 The length of the datagram
Checksum 16 Sum of header and data fields (error correction feature)
Data - Data from upper layers
Network Layer Protocols

A number of TCP/IP protocols operate on the Network layer of the OSI Model, including IP,
ARP, RARP, BOOTP, and ICMP. Remember, the OSI Network layer is concerned with routing
messages across the internetwork.

Internet Protocol (IP)

Where TCP is connection-oriented, IP is connectionless. IP provides for the best-effort delivery


of the packets (or datagrams) that it creates from the setments it receives from the Transport
layer protocols. The IP protocol provides for logical addressing on the Network layer.

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