RESEARCH STUDY FOR FLOOD CONTROL

AND REHABILITATION PROJECT FOR

MANILA CITY

Represented to:
Engr. Franz Furby Ramos

Represented by:

Abubacar, Junaid
Abucejo, Kevin
Arenzana, Alyanna Elena Marie
Azorez, Tristan Janus
Atienza,Efren Joseph
Balayan, Jobee Rose

CE Water Resources V115

Date
March 10, 2018
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................... ii

INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 4
1.1. Background of the Study ................................................................................................ 4
1.2. Objectives....................................................................................................................... 4
1.3. Limitations of the Study ................................................................................................. 4
1.4. Target Area ..................................................................................................................... 4
Chapter 2 ............................................................................................................................. 6
STUDY AREA ................................................................................................................ 6
2.2. Socio Economic Conditions ................................................................................. 7
2.2.1 Administrations ............................................................................................... 7-11
2.2.2 Population........................................................................................................... 11
2.2.3 Economic Profile ................................................................................................ 12
2.3 Land Use ............................................................................................................ 12
2.4 Baranggay’s with Flooded Areas .................................................................. 12-14
Chapter 3 ........................................................................................................................... 15
CLIMATE AND HYDROLOGY ..................................................................................... 15
3.1 Typhoons ................................................................................................................. 15
3.2 Types of Climate ................................................................................................ 16
Chapter 4 ........................................................................................................................... 18
RIVERS IN MANILA ...................................................................................................... 18
4.1Pasig River ............................................................................................................... 18
4.2 San Juan River.................................................................................................... 18
4.3 Marikina River ................................................................................................... 19
4.4 Tuluhan River .................................................................................................... 20
Chapter 5 ........................................................................................................................... 21
FLOOD DAMAGE ANALYSIS ...................................................................................... 21
Chapter 6 ........................................................................................................................... 23
DREDGING PLAN AND COST ESTIMATE................................................................. 23
Chapter 7 ........................................................................................................................... 29
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT .............................................. 29
7. 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 29

ii
 7.2 THE PROJECT and year 1 activities ...................................................................... 29
7.4 ESIA METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................ 31
7.5 SIGNIFICANT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS ......................... 33
7.6.2 ECOPs AND ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLANS 39
7.7 IMPROVEMENTS ................................................................................................. 40
Chapter 8 ........................................................................................................................... 41
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ................................................................ 41
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 41

iii
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Study

Philippines is considered as one of the most disaster prone countries in the world. Natural
disaster may occur in the country Typhoons, Earthquakes, Tsunami but all of these natural
disaster, typhoon are the most destructive and the one that terrors the Filipino people the most.
According to PAGASA, the typhoon occurrence in the country is at minimum 20 years. It is like
saying that the Philippines is experiencing 20 typhoons a year at minimum. The City of Manila is
not exempted to this. Manila experienced its fair share in some of the typhoons in the past
leading to flooded areas, suspension of classes & works, no electricity and other factors leading
to it. There are many effects of flooding like the roads would not be passable, house would
drown in water. Some establishment would be closed, the transportation would be hard and of
course it would harm people’s health because your surrounded by dirty water/flood. It goes to
show that proper drainage and preparedness is necessary for these effects to lessen. That’s why
topic about flooding occurrence is necessary and a key is solve those problems.

1.2. Objectives
The study aims to critically assess the flood control in manila. For how many years, Manila City
has been battling with flood risk and rising waters. The area has been inundated with flood
waters several times, whether it is due to tropical weather and strong rain fall events resulting in
millions of pesos in damages, some home has been affected several times and worst even taking
someone’s precious life that is why another objective of the study is to determine a more
effective urban planning for the city. Also to classify and evaluate the flood control infrastructure
of the city and to determine the effect of the past floods and typhoons that hit in Manila city.

1.3. Limitations of the Study

The study is only restricted within the Manila Area and will be based on the current situation and
issues about the floods around the Manila Area that will based from the given records, facts and
other research studies that will be presented. It will also discuss the possible actions for the given
issues. The limit of the study is that some resources that the group gather is only limited within
the area and cannot comprehend with the other area other than Manila. The residences of Manila
will be benefit from the research study.

1.4. Target Area

Officially, the City of Manila is the capital of the Philippines and the most densely populated
city proper in the world. It was the first chartered City by virtue of the Philippine Commission
Act 183 on July 31, 1901 and gained autonomy with the passage of Republic Act No. 409 or the
"Revised Charter of the City of Manila" on June 18, 1949.

4
 Figure 1: Manila City Hall

1.4.1 Area and Location Map

The City of Manila is located on the eastern shores of the Manila Bay. The Pasig River
flows through the middle of the city, dividing it into the north and south. Manila is made
up of 16 districts: Binondo, Ermita, Intramuros, Malate, Paco, Pandacan, Port Area,
Quiapo, Sampaloc, San Andres, San Miguel, San Nicolas, Manila City has an area of
42.88 sq.km

Figure 2: Location Map

5
 Chapter 2

STUDY AREA

2.1 River System

Metro Manila, Philippines, is located in the hydraulically complex Pasig River – Laguna
de Bay – Manila Bay watershed, which includes more than thirty tributaries within the urban
area. The following list is sorted by name, with a brief description of each.

Alabang River Drains water from Alabang (up to Ayala Alabang Village and
Festival Supermall). Dumps water into Laguna de Bay via Pasong
Diablo River.
Batasan River Drains water from Malabon and Navotas. Dumps water to Tanza
River which leads to Manila Bay via Tangos River.
Dampalit River Drains water from Malabon and Navotas and dumps it to Tangos
River.
Laguna River Major channel. Drains water from Makati, Pateros and Taguig. Dumps
water into Laguna de Bay.
Las Piñas River Major channel. Drains water from Las Piñas and dumps it directly to
Manila Bay.
Magdaong River Drains water from Muntinlupa. Dumps water into Laguna de Bay.
Mangangate River Drains water from Alabang and Ayala Alabang in Muntinlupa and
empties into the Laguna de Bay.
Marikina River Major channel. Drains water from Marikina, Cainta, Rodriguez, San
Mateo and Antipolo in Rizal. as well as some parts of Quezon City. It
leads to Pasig River.
Marilao River Major channel. Drains water from Marilao, Meycauayan and as far as
the northwestern side of the La Mesa Dam area. Two other rivers, the
Meycuayan River and Polo River that drains Malabon and Valenzuela
dump their water here. Another great rivers, the Santa Maria River
and Balagtas River meet up with the Marilao River in the Obando area
before reaching Manila Bay.
Meycauayan River Major channel. Drains water from Valenzuela and Meycauayan in
Bulacan. Dumps water into Manila Bay via Marilao River.
Muzon River Drains water from Malabon and Bulacan. Dumps water to Manila Bay
via the entrance of Marilao River in Bulacan.
Navotas River Major channel. Drains water from Navotas, Caloocan and Manila.
Intersects with Tullahan River at the middle. Dumps water directly to
Manila Bay (southern end) and to Tangos River (northern end).
Parañaque River Major channel. Drains Parañaque, Pasay and Manila areas. Dumps
water directly into Manila Bay.
Pasig River Major channel. Drains water from Laguna de Bay and Marikina River,
6
 and also Makati, Mandaluyong, Manila, Quezon City and San Juan
(including San Juan River). Dumps water directly to Manila Bay.
Pasong Diablo River Drains water from Alabang, Muntinlupa. Dumps water into Laguna de
Bay.
Pateros River Major channel. Drains water from Pateros and Makati area
(Guadalupe and Bonifacio Global City). Dumps most of its water into
Laguna de Bay via Laguna River at its southeastern tip. Dumps some
of its water into Pasig River in Guadalupe.
Poblacion River Drains water from Muntinlupa (Poblacion). Dumps water into Laguna
de Bay.
Polo River Drains water from Malabon, Valenzuela and Bulacan. Dumps water
directly to Manila Bay.
San Juan River Major channel. Drains water from Quezon City (including Tandang
Sora and as far as Sauyo and Fairview), San Juan and Manila. Dumps
water into Pasig River.
Sapang Baho River Its headwaters are in the Sierra Madre in Antipolo crossing the
northern portion of Marikina and nearby municipalities in Rizal before
emptying into the Laguna de Bay.
Sucat River Major channel. Drains water from Parañaque and Muntinlupa. Dumps
water into Laguna de Bay.
Taguig River
Tangos River Drains water from Navotas. Dumps water directly to Manila Bay.
Tanza River Drains water from Navotas. Connects with Dampalit River. Dumps
water to Tangos River.
Tullhana River Major channel. Drains water from La Mesa Dam, as well as the
northern part of Quezon City, Valenzuela, Novaliches, Malabon and
Navotas. Mouth is at Navotas.
Tunasan River Drains water from Muntinlupa. Dumps water into Laguna de Bay.
Zapote River Major channel. Drains water from Las Piñas and parts of Bacoor,
Cavite. Dumps water into Manila Bay directly.

2.2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS

2.2.1. Administration
The Mayor of Manila is the head of the executive branch of the Manila’s government.
The mayor holds office at Manila City Hall. Like all local government heads in the Philippines,
the mayor is elected via popular vote, and may not be elected for a fourth consecutive term. The
current administration holding office in Manila City Hall is shown below:

7
City Mayor: Joseph Marcelo Ejercito Estrada
Vice City Mayor: Maria Sheilah Lacuna – Pangan
District Representatives:

1st District: Hon. Manuel Lopez 2nd District: Hon. Carlo V. Lopez
3rd District: Hon. John Marvin Nieto 4th District: Hon. V.P. Maceda
5th District: Hon. Amanda Bagatsing 5th District: Hon. Rosenda Ocampo

City Councilors:
1st District: Hon. Ernesto Dionisio Sr. 2nd District: Hon. Rolando M. Valeriano
Hon. Moises Lim Hon. Ruben F. Buenaventura

Hon. Martin Isidro Jr. Hon. Ramon M. Robles

Hon. Jesus Fajardo Hon. Rodolfo N. Lacsamana
Hon. Nino M. Dela Cruz Hon. Edward Tan

Hon. Peter Ong Hon. Marlon M. Lacson

3rd District: Hon.Maria G. Fuguso 4th District: Hon. Lousito Chua
Hon. Bernardito C. Ang Hon. Krystle Marie C. Bacani

Hon. Manuel M. Zarcal Hon. Antonio G. Capistrano

Hon. Arlene Maile Atienza Hon. Eduardo Quintos XVI
Hon. Mary Grace Chua Hon. Eduardo Quintos XIV

Hon. Terrence Alibarbar Hon. Joel Villanueva

5th District: Hon. William Tieng 6th District: Hon. Christina Paul L. Uy
Hon. Roberto Ortega Jr. Hon. Priscilla Marie Abante

Hon. Laris Borromeo Hon. Elizabeth Z. Rivera

Hon. Joey S. Hizon III Hon. Casimiro C. Sison
Hon. Ricardo Isip Jr. Hon. Carlos Castaneda

Hon. Anna Yupanco Hon. Joel M. Par

General Management Support A:

City Administrator’s Office: Atty. Ericson A. Alcovendaz

City Budget Office: Ma. Pamela F. Manzano
City Accountant’s Office: Maria Lourdes R. Manlulu
8
 City General Service Office: Francisco Yenko
Manila Barangay Bureau: Arsenio A. Lacson
Electronic Data Processing: Mario Z. Oblefias

Manila Police District: Chief Supt. Joel Coronel

City Security Office: Capt. Jaime De Pedro

General Management Support B:

City Administrator’s Office: Atty. A Alcovendaz
Urban Settlement Office: Danilio C. Isiderio

City Personnel Office: Miguelita B. Alonzo

Manila Tourism & Cultural Affairs Bureau: Atty. Solfia Arboladura
Department of Social Welfare: Benita C. Tanyag

City Development Information Services: Diego C. Cagahastian

Office of the Senior Citizen’s Affairs: Jeffrey C. Manansala

Legal, Public Safety & LGU National Government:

Secretary of the Mayor: Atty. Edward Serapio
City Legal Office: Atty. Jose Alberto Flaminiano

Commission on Audit: Mr. Mario G. Lipana

City Sheriff’s Office: Atty. Jennifer H. Dela Cruz – Buendia
Manila Fire District: Supt. Felixberto F. Abrencia

People’s Law Enforcement Bureau (PLEB): Atty. Francesca Manzano

Department of Interior & Local Government (DILG): Atty. Cherry Canda – Meliodas
Manila City Hall Action and Special Assignment (MASA): PSupt. Jackson Q. Tuliao

Health Care:
Ospital ng Maynila Medical Center: Dra. Rachael S. Marinas

Ospital ng Sampaloc: Dra. Leonora P. Pascual

Ospital ng Tondo: Dr. Isaias R. Cando Jr.
Gat. Andres Bonifacio Memorial Medical Center: Dra. Ma. Luisa D. Aquino
9
 Sta. Ana Hospital: Dra. Clara C. Reyes
Justice Jose Abad Santos General Hospital: Dra. Merle Dy Sacdalan – Faustino
Manila Health Department: Dr. Benjamin M. Yson

Veterinary Inspection Board: Dr. Virgil Benedict C. De Jesus

Infrastructure and Sanitation:

Department of Engineering & Public Works: Engr. Rogelio Y. Legaspi

Department of Public Service: Lilybelle T. Borromeo – David
City Electrician’s Office: Engr. Lorenzo Alconera

Building Official: Engr. Rogelio Legaspi

Parks Development Office: Arsenio A. Lacson Jr.
Youth Development & Welfare Bureau:

Youth Development & Welfare Bureau: Robin Carlos H. Reyes

Public Recreation Bureau: Atty. Jassyr J. Garcia
Manila Sports Council: Philip Cesar

NGO Secretariat: Von Francis C. Mesina

Revenue Generation:

City Treasurer’s Office: Ma. Jasmine M. Talegon

Bureau of Permits: Atty. Fortune Opinion – Mayuga
Department of Assessment: Engr. Jose V. De Juan

Manila Traffic & Parking Bureau: Dennis Alcoreza

City Civil Registrar: Maria Josefa Encarnacion A. Ocampo
City Planning & Development Office: Arch. Danilo Victor H. Lacuna Jr.

Market Administration Office: Annie A. Balboa

10
Education:
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila: Dr. Maria Leonora V. De Jesus
Division of City Schools: Wilfredo E. Cabral

Universidad De Manila: Atty. Ernesto VP. Maceda Jr.

EARIST: Dr. Editha V. Pillo
Manila City Library: Mr. Renan C. Santos

Museo ng Maynila: Ofelio Co

2.2.2. Population
The total area of the city is 42.88 km2 or 16.56 sq mi. The area of the Urban is
1,474.82 km2 or 569.43 sq mi while the area measured in the Metro is 619.57 km2 or
239.22 sq mi. There are 897 baranggays in Manila and the total density is 71,263/km 2 or
184,570/sq mi. For the urban the density is 22,710,000 while the metro is 12,877,253
According to the 2015 census, the population of the city was 1,780,148, making it
the second most populous city in the Philippines. Manila is the most densely populated
city in the world, with 71,263 inhabitants per km 2 in 2015. District 6 is listed as being the
most dense with 68,266 inhabitants per km 2, followed by District 1 with 64,936 and
District 2 with 64,710, respectively. District 5 is the least densely populated area with
19,235. In the 2016 electoral roll, it had 974,479 registered voters.Manila has been
presumed to be the Philippines' largest city since the establishment of a permanent
Spanish settlement with the city eventually becoming the political, commercial and
ecclesiastical capital of the country.he city continued to grow until the population
somehow "stabilized" at 1.6 million and experienced alternating increase and decrease
starting the 1990 census year. This phenomenon may be attributed to the higher growth
experience by suburbs and the already very high population density of city. As such,
Manila exhibited a decreasing percentage share to the metropolitan populationfrom as
high as 63% in the 1950s to 27.5% in 1980 and then to 13.8% in 2015.

Figure 2: Population Census of Manila City

11
2.2.3. Economic Profile

Manila is a major center for commerce, banking and finance, retailing, transportation,
tourism, real estate, new media as well as traditional media, advertising, legal services,
accounting, insurance, theater, fashion, and the arts in the Philippines. Around 60,000
establishments operate in the city. The National Competitiveness Council of the Philippines
which annually publishes the Cities and Municipalities Competitiveness Index (CMCI), ranks the
cities, municipalities and provinces of the country according to their economic dynamism,
government efficiency and infrastructure. According to the 2016 CMCI, Manila was the second
most competitive city in the Philippines. Manila placed third in the Highly Urbanized City
(HUC) category. Manila held the title country's most competitive city in 2015, and since then has
been making it to the top 3, assuring that the city is consistently one of the best place to live in
and do business. Lars Wittig, the country manager of Regus Philippines, hailed Manila as the
third best city in the country to launch a start-up business. In the 2016 Annual Financial Report
for Local Government published by the Commission on Audit, it is stated that the City of
Manila's total income was ₱12.8 billion. It is one of the cities with the highest tax collection and
internal revenue allotment. Tax collection alone accounts for ₱8.6 billion out of the total ₱12.8
billion city income in 2016, while the city's total Internal Revenue Allotment from the National
Treasury amounts to ₱2.086 billion. Its total asset was worth ₱36.1 billion in 2016.

2.3. Land Use

According to the 2015 census, the population of the city was 1,780,148, making it
the second most populous city in the Philippines. Manila is the most densely populated city in
the world, with 71,263 inhabitants per km2 in 2015. District 6 is listed as being the densest with
68,266 inhabitants per km2, followed by District 1 with 64,936 and District 2 with 64,710,
respectively. District 5 is the least densely populated area with 19,235. In the 2016 electoral roll,
it had 974,479 registered voters. Manila has been presumed to be the Philippines' largest city
since the establishment of a permanent Spanish settlement with the city eventually becoming the
political, commercial and ecclesiastical capital of the country. The city continued to grow until
the population somehow "stabilized" at 1.6 million and experienced alternating increase and
decrease starting the 1990 census year. This phenomenon may be attributed to the higher growth
experience by suburbs and the already very high population density of city. As such, Manila
exhibited a decreasing percentage share to the metropolitan population from as high as 63% in
the 1950’s to 27.5% in 1980 and then 13.8% in 2015.

12
 Figure 3: Manila City

2.4 Baranggay’s with flooded areas

Figure 5: 5 year flood

hazards

13
 Figure 6: 25 year flood
hazards

Figure 7: 100 year flood

hazards

Legends:

14
 Chapter 3

CLIMATE AND HYDROLOGY

3.1 Typhoons

Approximately twenty tropical cyclones enter the Philippine Area of Responsibility yearly of
which ten will be typhoons with five being destructive. The Philippines is "the most exposed
country in the world to tropical storms" according to a Time Magazine article in 2013. In
the Philippine languages, typhoons are called bagyo. Typhoons can hit the Philippines any time
of year, with the months of June to September being the most active, with August being the most
active individual month and May the least active.

3.1.1 Typhoon Rosing (1995)

Typhoon Angela inflicted damages worth $241 million (10.8 billion pesos) to the
country, especially to Metro Manila, Calabarzon Region and Bicol Region. More than
96,000 homes and roads and bridges were ruined by storm surges, extreme winds, and
flooding. About one-third of the Philippines were also affected by the power cut due to
the raging storm.

3.1.2 Typhoon Frank (2008)

Typhoon Fengshen took its destructive course through Metro Manila and other provinces
in Luzon, causing an estimated $301 million (13.5 billion pesos) worth of damages. The
Philippine National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) reported that 99,687 families
were affected. In all ten regions afflicted by the typhon, about 155,564 houses were
damaged, 53,706 were completely destroyed, and 109,837 were partially impaired. It also
damaged 3.2 billion pesos worth of agricultural and fish products.

3.1.3 Typhoon Ondoy (2009)

The worth of agricultural and infrastructure damages incurred by the typhoon Ketsana in
the Philippines has reached to $244 million (11 billion pesos). The typhoon made its
landfall on the borders of Baler, Aurora. In just a matter of hours, it quickly approached
Metro Manila, resulting to widespread flooding in all of its cities. Main roads, including
EDSA, were also declared untraversable due to the strong flood currents and clogged
vehicles. Failure in power, water connection, and communication were also experienced
in the major cities during the said typhoon.

15
 3.1.3 Typhoon Glenda (2014)

Typhoon Rammasun took $871 million (38.6 billion pesos) from the country with its
devastating visit in 2014. Though there were enough advisories by the authorities, people
caught off guard by the effects of typhoon Rammasun. In some parts of Luzon and
Visayas, more than 1,300 villages were warned about the disastrous impact of the typhoon
and about 6,000 residents fled to evacuation centers. Landslides, flash floods, strong rains
and winds have put the Philippines in Red Alert status. The typhoon has caused a major
power blackout within Metro Manila as it ruined the poles and lines--at least 90% were
affected.

3.2 Types of Climate

The Climate of the Philippines is either tropical rainforest, tropical savanna or tropical monsoon,
or humid subtropical (in higher-altitude areas) characterized by relatively high temperature,
oppressive humidity and plenty of rainfall.
There are two seasons in the country, the wet season and the dry season, based upon the amount
of rainfall. This is dependent as well on your location in the country as some areas experience
rain all throughout the year (see Climate Types).
The seven warmest months of the year are from March to October. The winter monsoon brings
cooler air from November to February. May is the warmest month, and January, the coolest.
There are four recognized climate types in the Philippines, and they are based on the distribution
of rainfall. They are described as follows:

Type I.. Two pronounced season: dry from November to

April and wet during the rest of the year.
Type II. No dry season with a pronounced rainfall from
November to January.
Type III. Seasons are not very pronounced, relatively dry
from November to April, and wet during the rest of the year.
Type IV. Rainfall is more or less evenly distributed
throughout the year.

Figure 8: Philippine Map with Climate type

16
17
 Chapter 4

RIVERS IN MANILA

4.1Pasig River
The Pasig River, known as Ilog Pasig in Filipino, is a popular river in the Philippines that
connects Manila Bay (one of the best natural harbors in Southeast Asia and one of the finest in
the world) in Manila and Laguna de Bay (the largest lake in the Philippines and the third largest
freshwater lake in Southeast Asia) in Laguna.

The Pasig River stretches about 25 kilometers and serves as a major transport route and source of
water. As such, it is a vital ecosystem and an irreplaceable natural resource. Since the early
1500s, commerce and day-to-day needs have pressed Pasig River and its tributaries into tireless
service.

Because of the vast amount of wastes dumped into the Pasig River daily, it has been declared
dead. Over 330 tons of industrial and domestic wastes are discharged everyday in this waterway,
depleting the biochemical oxygen needed to support marine life.

Figure 9: Pasig River

4.2 San Juan River

The San Juan River is one of the tributaries of Pasig River. It borders the Tullahan River in the
north, the Marikina River basin in the east, and Pasig River in the South. The River originates
south of La Mesa dam as the San Francisco River and changes its name to San Juan River after
joining the Mariablo River at about 7.3 km from the river mouth. Five tributaries, namely:
Talayan Creek, Diliman Creek, Salapan (Ermitanyo) Creek, Maytunas Creek, and Buhangin
Creek feed into the main channel that eventually drains to the Pasig River.

The entire San Juan River basin including its tributaries has a catchment area of 90.4 sq. km,
comprising the lower half of Quezon City, the municipality of San Juan and parts of

18
Mandaluyong City, Pasig City and Manila City. Of the total area, about 78sq km is located in
Quezon City.

Figure 10: Map of San Juan River and San Juan River (L-R)

4.3 Marikina River

Marikina River (Tagalog: Ilog Marikina) is a river in eastern Metro Manila, Philippines. It is
a tributary of Pasig River with headwaterslocated in the Sierra Madre
Mountains in Rodriguez, Rizal province. Marikina River has a total length of 38 km with an area
of catch basin of 514 km2.

Figure 11: Map of Marikina River

19
4.4 Tullahan River
The Tullahan River is a river of the Philippines. It is located to the north of Manila and has an
approximate length of 7.6 miles or 15 kilometers.It starts at the La Mesa Reservoir in Quezon
City and flows through Malabon and Valenzuela and empties into the Manila Bay.[1]

Figure 12: Tulahan River (L-R)

20
 Chapter 5

FLOOD DAMAGE ANALYSIS

5.1 Flooding Conditions

A flood risk assessment study for the entire Metro Manila and surrounding basin area was
undertaken to prepare a comprehensive flood risk management plan for the same and to
determine a set of priority structural measures, which will still undergo individual feasibility
studies and detailed design prior to implementation, including nonstructural measures that will
provide sustainable flood management up to a designated safety level and serve as the
roadmap/vision of the government until 2035. As shown in figure 1, the study area covers the
entire Metro Manila and the surrounding areas, particularly, provinces of Rizal, Laguna, and
parts of Bulacan, with a total area of 4,354 sq. km or 435,400 hectares, which is seven times the
size of Metro Manila and two-thirds that of Singapore. It also encompasses the Pasig-Marikina
River Basin, Malabon-Tullahan, Meycauayan, South Parañaque-Las Piñas, and the Laguna Lake
Basins, including drainage basins. Administration Areas in and around the study area include 16
cities and one municipality in the National Capital Region (NCR), 63 cities/municipalities in the
Calabarzon area and eight cities/municipalities in Bulacan with a population of 20,433,722 in
and around the Study Area and estimated population of 17,147,658 in the study area

Figure 14: Boundary of Study Area and River Basins

21
 As shown in Figures 15 and 16, the Master Plan’s optimum recommendations for structural
measures in combination with nonstructural measures for the Pasig -Marikina River Basin and
adjacent areas. In order to reduce the peak discharge of inflow equivalent to 3,600 m3/s under a
100-year return period from flowing downstream, a dam is proposed to be constructed in the
upstream portion of Upper -Upper Marikina River in Rodriguez, Rizal (Montalban) so that only 900
m3/s discharge of outflow will go down. To further reduce the peak discharge of 900 m3/s from
flowing down the Upper-Upper Marikina River, the area between the Tumana Bridge and the San
Mateo Bridge, and the area upstream of the San Mateo Bridge, with a combined total length of 4.0
km and maximum width of 1.5 km will be utilized as a natural retarding basin by constructing small
dikes beside natural levees alongside river area management and flood plain management. In
addition to the above, river improvements such as a combination of dike/river wall construction and
excavation, dredging/excavation only, or river wall construction only will be carried out at different
locations, as applicable, along the Pasig and Marikina Rivers and adjacent areas including river area
management and flood plain management when needed, to ensure that the target safety level for
mitigation measures will be achieved. For the other river basins, except Laguna Lake Basin, river
improvements combined with river area management and flood plain management were
recommended to ensure that the target safety level for mitigation measures for each will be
achieved.

Figure 15: Flood Risk Map on Danger Casualty Level Figure 16: Mechanisms of flood occurence

22
 Chapter 6

DREDGING PLAN AND COST ESTIMATE

6.0 MASTER PLAN FOR FLOOD MANAGEMENT

The main elements of the Master Plan for Flood Management are as follows:
1. Structural measures to reduce flooding from river systems that run through Greater Metro
Manila;
2. Structural measures to eliminate long-term flooding in the flood plain of Laguna de Bay;
3. Structural measures to improve urban drainage;
4. Non-structural measures, such as flood forecasting and early warning systems, and
community-based flood risk management; and
5. Improved institutional organization and capacity to deal with flood management in an
integrated manner.

Several agencies are involved in flood management activities, including DPWH, MMDA, LGUs,
and PAGASA (weather agency), but there is a lack of overall inter-institutional coordination and
management. The aim of the institutional studies to be financed with trust funds is to determine
the best organization that can provide overall leadership, management, and responsibility for
flood management, and to bring flood management within the government's proposed integrated
water resources management agenda, as an integral part of river basin planning.

6.1 PROJECT COMPONENTS

The Project objective is to improve flood management in selected areas of Metro Manila.
This will be achieved by constructing new pumping stations and modernizing existing ones,
rehabilitating the supporting infrastructure and improving the associated drainage system;
improving solid waste management practices within the vicinity of the drainage systems of

6.1.1 COMPONENT 1: MODERNIZATION OF DRAINAGE AREAS (US$375.2

MILLION)

A program of dredging and cleaning of waterways and drainage systems and increasing the water
retention capacity within the project drainage areas will also be developed and implemented.
This could include rooftop rainwater collection, retention of drainage water in public areas such
as basketball courts, parking garages, etc. The component will also provide modern dredging and
drainage cleaning equipment for DPWH and MMDA.

23
 Figure 17: Pumping Stations operated by MMDA for Metro Manila flood Control

6.1.2 COMPONENT 2: MINIMIZING SOLID WASTE IN WATERWAYS (US$48

MILLION)

Since the enactment of RA 9003, awareness of the threat posed by improper disposal of solid
waste to the natural environment has increased, however, enforcement of this legislation varies
significantly across and even within LGUs. Solid waste remains a major challenge threatening
Metropolitan Manila’s waterways and severely hampers the optimal functioning of the pumping
stations. Urban drainage has been hampered by the accumulation of solid waste in waterways
and at pumping stations, which intensifies the flood hazard and increases the risk of direct
damage and economic losses. As seen in Figure 17, pumping stations are directly affected by the
accumulation of solid waste: numerous pumping stations are functioning at less than their rated
capacity, and this is compounded by functional obsolescence

Figure 18: Solid Wastes screen installed in Vitas Pump Station (left) and solid wastes collectec by the trash traps (right)

24
Component 2 will support the following main activities:

1. Strengthening solid waste collection systems, including necessary equipment;

2. Implementing an incentive-based approach to improve solid waste management efforts;
3. Conducting targeted Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) campaigns on
solid waste management; and

6.1.3 COMPONENT 3: PARTICIPATORY HOUSING AND RESETTLEMENT

(US$55.76 MILLION)

This component will support a community participatory approach to resettlement of Informal

Settler Families from the technical footprint in a drainage area. Almost all pumping stations, both
existing and proposed, are found in densely populated areas, with ISFs living along many of the
waterways served by the pumping stations. Existing pumping stations to be modernized under
the project are typically well fenced in with no informal settlers.

6.1.4 COMPONENT 4: PROJECT MANAGEMENT & COORDINATION (US$20

MILLION)

The component will provide support for the operation of the Project Management Offices
(PMOs) in DPWH and MMDA to manage and coordinate their respective activities. This may
include: (i) payment of
incremental operating costs; (ii) provision of office equipment and materials; (iii) training,
knowledge sharing and peer-to-peer learning activities; (iv) technical assistance in engineering,
monitoring and evaluation for the Project, and design of activities for the implementation of the
Project; and (v) management of a grievance redress mechanism (GRM).

6.2 ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED

6.2.1 Non-structural measures

Non-structural measures are proposed in the Master Plan to complement the structural measures.
These measures include flood monitoring, warning and evacuation systems, as well as land use
management. These measures are proposed to minimize flood damage in the floodplain when an
unexpected large scale flood or more than the design scale happens in the basin

25
6.2.2 Dredging Works

Dredging is an activity under the Project to increase the flow capacity and also as part of the
maintenance of the esteros. Options evaluated include the deepening of the esteros or channels or
enlargement of the width of the esteros. The main effect of deepening of the estero will be the
lowering of the flow velocity at a certain discharge, thereby, lowering the needed hydraulic
gradient. Widening of the estero also lowers the flow velocity but the hydraulic resistance is not
lowered as much as in the case of the deepening. Widening has an advantageous effect on the
storage capacity of the drainage area, thereby lowering the flood levels. However, considering
that most of the esteros have already defined drainage channels with revetments, and that there
are settlements on both sides of the esteros, widening will require resettlement of affected
households.

6.3 Cost and Financing

The total Project cost is estimated at US$500 million. The Project will be jointly co financed
by the Bank and the WB (Table 1) as follows: (i) a sovereign-backed loan of$207,603,205 from
the Bank with a 25-year term; level repayments, including a grace period of14 years in
accordance with the Bank’s standard pricing; (ii) a sovereign-backed loan ofUS$207,603,205
from the WB with the same terms; and (iii) about US$84,793,590 counter part financing by GoP,
to finance land acquisition, site development and housing construction under Component 3 and
10 percent of the costs for the other components..

26
6.3.1 Implementation Arrangements

Following a programmatic approach for the Project, drainage areas will be selected in each
of the first three years based on an objective set of technical, economic, and social criteria
(detailed in paragraph 44). The Project has sufficient flexibility to include schemes from a long
list of prioritized sites that meet the defined criteria. Surveys, investigations and mapping will be
undertaken for each selected drainage area under the leadership of DPWH, with full involvement
of the MMDA, NHA or Social Housing Finance Corporation (SHFC), relevant LGU, Housing
and Urban Development Coordinating Council (HUDCC) and other stakeholders. These detailed
studies will inform the required interventions for a drainage area in line with the overall scope of
each component.

6.4 Project Assement

6.4.1 Technical

Central to the understanding of urban flooding in Metro Manila is an appreciation of the

interplay between different natural and physical systems, including demographic growth,
topography, urban development, climate change and technology. Surveys, mapping and
investigations will generate a feasibility report that will list the proposed interventions, safeguard
requirements, initial cost estimates and benefits. Detailed design and implementation of proposed
activities will only commence after the feasibility report has been reviewed and cleared by the
WB. In case of unforeseen complexities highlighted during review, the WB team may also seek
advice from its management and relevant advisors on required instruments before
implementation of proposed interventions in a particular drainage area.

27
6.4.2 Economic and Financial

Cost benefit analysis was carried out to assess the economic benefits of the Project, in which the
monetized benefits and costs were compared in “with” and “without project” scenarios. income
and disruption in commercial activities; avoided productivity loss due to traffic disruption and
other services; avoided opportunity loss for school age children and for the general public with
regard to access to public services; and avoided health costs. Estimated annual damages are
based on a 10-year return period of rainfall. The value of damages was assumed to grow by two
percent per year in real terms, since flood damages in a without-project scenario are expected to
increase in future.

6.4.3 Environmental and Social

The improvements in the flood management systems involve several measures, such as
enhancing the capacity of the pumping stations and the appurtenant infrastructure, that will lead
to displacement of ISFs along the waterways. Together with the interventions for the pumping
stations and related waterways and drainage channels, the Project will also support
improvements to solid waste management in waterways that are served by the pumping stations.

The Project will utilize various gender analytical tools, especially for activities under
Components 2 and 3, to ensure that the differentiated needs of men and women and boys and
girls affected by the Project are properly responded to, and appropriate monitoring and reporting
tools are developed to keep track of the gender-related progress of the Project.

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 Chapter 7

SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

7. 1 INTRODUCTION

i. Metro Manila, the center of economy and trade in the Philippines and home to about 17
million people, has suffered recurrent flooding resulting in adverse consequences to
people’s lives and the economy. The effects of a changing climate, an increased frequency
of stronger typhoons and storm rainfall, coupled with sea level rise, leads to a higher level
of flood risk to Metro Manila. In 2009, Typhoon “Ondoy” (internationally named
“Ketsana”) caused substantial damage and losses equivalent to about 2.7 percent of the
Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Normal business operations were hampered by access
problems, power and water shortages, damaged machinery, and absent employees.
Flooding has both short and long term effects on jobs, the economy and livelihoods.

ii. The Government of the Philippines, with the technical and financial support from the
World Bank, has prepared a Flood Management Master Plan for the Greater Metro Manila
Area. The plan, approved by the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA)
Board on September 4, 2012, sets out priority structural and non-structural measures to
facilitate sustainable flood management in the Metro Manila area. The total estimated cost
for implementation of the Master Plan is up to PhP 352 billion (about US$8 billion) over a
20-25 year period.

iii. The Master Plan envisions three separate and distinct elements related to structural
interventions: (1) flood protection works to reduce flooding from rivers that run through
the city; (2) flood protection works along the floodplain surrounding Laguna de Bay; and
(3) improvements to urban drainage capacity through modernization of existing pump
stations, construction of new pump-stations serving flood-prone areas of an expanding
Metro Manila, and cleaning of waterways and drainage channels that serve the pumping
stations.

7.2 THE PROJECT and year 1 activities

iv. The Metro Manila Flood Management Project (MMFMP) – Phase 1 (the “Project”) relates
to the key element of the Master Plan that addresses drainage issues in Metro Manila.
Besides the interventions for the pumping stations and related waterways and drainage
channels, the Project will also support improvements to solid waste management in
waterways that are served by pumping stations and also physical resettlement and
economic rehabilitation of project affected persons (PAPs) that would be obstructing the
29
 proper operation and maintenance (O&M) of the drainage systems. The majority of the
PAPs are Informal Settler Families (ISFs) residing within the technical footprint areas of
existing pumping stations which are to be rehabilitated or upgraded.

v. The components of the Project are:

 Component 1: Modernization of drainage areas;

 Component 2: Minimizing solid waste in waterways;
 Component 3: Participatory housing and resettlement; and
 Component 4: Project management and coordination.

vi. The Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA) and the Department of Public Works
and Highways (DPWH) will implement the Project together with partner local government
units, key shelter agencies and project-affected communities.

vii. There is a long-list of drainage areas, identified by MMDA, DPWH, and Local
Government Units (LGU). Out of this long-list five (5) drainage areas have been identified
for modernization during Project Year 1 (PY1). These are drainage areas served by: (i)
Vitas Pumping Station; (ii) Balut Pumping Station; (iii) Paco Pumping Station; (iv) Tripa
de Gallina Pumping Station; and (v) Labasan Pumping Station. Vitas, Balut, and Paco are
located within the City of Manila, while Tripa de Gallina is located in Pasay City and
Labasan Pumping Station is located in Taguig City (see Map at the end of this Executive
Summary).

viii. A program of rehabilitating and augmenting the capacity of each of the five pumping
stations will be implemented under Phase 1. This will involve the replacement of pumps
and related equipment with new, more efficient, and higher capacity units. There will also
be clearing of waterways through dredging and removal of solid waste.

7.3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF ESIA

ix. The Project triggers the World Bank’s Environmental Assessment Operational Policy
(OP4.01) and the Involuntary Resettlement Policy (OP 4.12) and has been classified as
Category A in accordance with the World Bank’s Operational Guidelines. Therefore, an
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) is required as part of Project
financing.

x. The objectives and scope of the ESIA are to: (i) assess the current environmental and
social conditions; (ii) identify key environmental and social issues; (iii) assess the
magnitude of impacts; (iv) develop mitigation measures through an Environmental and

30
 Social Management Plan (ESMP) and Environmental Codes of Practice (ECOP) that
address the potential impacts and risks of the subprojects; and (v) determine the
environmental monitoring and reporting requirements, emergency response procedures,
institutional or organization arrangements, and capacity development measures to ensure
the implementation of the ESMP.

xi. The Social Impact Assessment (SIA) which forms part of this ESIA aims to examine the
potential social impacts (positive and negative) of the proposed Project and to propose
ways to avoid negative impacts while exploring ways to improve and ensure
sustainability of the project through the following five entry points: (i) gender and
diversity; (ii) institutions, rules, and behavior; (iii) stakeholder analysis; (iv) stakeholder
participation; and (v) social risks. A Social Management Plan which includes elements
of the Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF), Resettlement Action Plan (RAP),
grievance redress system, and communication and participation framework has been
prepared to ensure that impacts of land acquisition, resettlement and physical or
economic displacement of people in influence areas are addressed.

7.4 ESIA METHODOLOGY

xii. The information presented in this ESIA report is based on field visits and assessment of the
project sites, focused group discussions with government agencies and sectoral groups, and
from related studies and available secondary information. Discussions were carried out
among representatives of flood-prone communities across economic classes, age, and
gender in Makati, Manila, Pasay, and Taguig while key informant interviews were done
with local government officials, pumping station engineers, and representatives of civil
society organizations such as youth groups, homeowners associations, and organization of
senior citizens. The assessment was carried out following the Project’s draft Environmental
and Social Management Framework (ESMF) and Resettlement Policy Framework.

xiii. Several site visits and informal interviews with potential Project Affected Persons were
conducted jointly by MMDA and World Bank between February and November 2015.
Visits were also done in off-city and in-city resettlement sites and interviews conducted to
understand their situation and assess significant difference between the two approaches.
Dialogues with the National Housing Authority (NHA), Social Housing Finance
Corporation (SHFC), and people’s organizations engaged in resettlement were also
conducted to understand the opportunities and constraints encountered.

xiv. Water quality and sediment samples were collected from the various waterways where the
five pumping stations are located. The samples were analyzed for the physico-chemical
characteristics, total coliform, oil & grease, nitrate, phosphate, and heavy metals. The
toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) was used to determine the sediment
toxicity. In addition, ambient noise monitoring at each pumping station site was conducted

31
 to determine baseline noise levels and the impacts of noise on workers and adjacent
communities.

xv. Demographics relevant to analyzing the social impacts of flooding were gathered. The
main contention is that flooding affects different segments of society differently. Social
dimensions with vulnerable groups such as women, children, the elderly, the unemployed,
and the poor are given emphasis. As such, impacts were evaluated across gender, age,
schooling, employment, livelihoods, and poverty rates.

xvi. Since the subprojects involve existing pumping stations and waste disposal systems, due
diligence on the offsite waste disposal facilities of solid waste collected at the pumping
stations and at the existing pumping station facilities was conducted to assess the
environmental performance and the management measures that are being undertaken and
to recommend measures to improve the current environmental management system.

xvii. A screening was carried out using the Environmental and Social Screening Matrix in the
ESMF which confirmed that the environmental impacts are not expected to cause
significant adverse environmental impacts and that negative impacts can be managed by
implementation of appropriate mitigation measures. Particular attention was given to the
effects of dredging activities, effects on floodplain ecology, water quality, construction
impacts, waste disposal, occupational and community safety and hazards, and socio-
economic impacts on populations in the impact areas.

xviii. A number of impact assessment criteria were used to determine the significance of the
impact. These include impact balance, spatial extent, temporal context, and magnitude and
level of confidence. For every Project activity identified, expected impacts are identified
and rated for their significance using these criteria.

xix. Environmental Codes of Practice were prepared that will apply to all pumping stations that
will undergo modernization or rehabilitation works, require construction of resettlement
sites, and other activities that may potentially result to construction-related impacts.
Guided by the results of the environmental screening, other impacts which are not covered
in the ECOP will be addressed in the ESMPs and RAPs. Construction contractors will be
required to implement the ESMP and ECOPs as part of contract stipulations. They will also
be ordered to desist from undertaking civil works in areas with PAPs until after a notice-to-
proceed has been given by the PMO and the Bank after meeting all agreed safeguards
requirements. Oversight will be provided by MMDA or DPWH (depending on what
agency will be responsible for the drainage area) to assure that these measures are
effectively implemented.

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 7.5 SIGNIFICANT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS

7.5.1 Benefits of the Project

xx. Flood Reduction. The main benefit of the Project is the reduction in human risks to life
and property arising from flood protection. People currently residing in flood-prone areas
will directly benefit from the Project. Considering that the rivers served by the pumping
stations are affected by tidal flows or high main river water levels, the pumping stations are
particularly important in periods of high tide when Manila Bay and Laguna de Bay water
levels or receiving river water levels are much higher than the level of the flood control
channels.

xxi. Improvement of Quality of Life. With reduced flood incidence in these areas, there is
anticipated improvement in the quality of life, health and sanitation of the people affected
by flooding, ease of transport during rainy days, continuation of economic activities,
increase in land values and property prices, and poverty reduction. Project benefits also
include the reduction of damage to properties and infrastructure, income loss (livelihood
and business), and of loss of lives and injuries. During typhoons and the rainy season,
project beneficiaries composed of households, small businesses and economic enterprises,
commuters, school goers, employees, and all other segments of society within the project
areas will be able to carry on with their daily lives with minimal or less (flooding of urban
areas can never be completely eliminated, with the level of flooding dependent on the
rainfall intensity) disruption due to evacuation, unpassable roads, and absence of utility
services. Diseases that occur from exposure to flood waters such as skin rashes,
gastrointestinal infection, leptospirosis and other water-borne diseases will also be
minimized. There is also a lesser need for evacuation of people to safe areas during
periods of intense rainfall and typhoons and resulting floods.

xxii. Based on the assessment of effects of flooding on gender and diversity, men are more
exposed to health risks than women and that poor families take more time to fully recover
their asset base. With the proposed project, men will have less exposure to health risks
while women will carry on with their normal household routines. Those living in poor
areas need not reestablish their asset base as frequently as before allowing them to have a
steadier economic growth path while the elderly and children will have less trauma from
flooding as experienced in past devastating typhoons in Metro Manila.

7.5.2 Impacts during Construction Works

xxiii. Construction wastes. Demolition and removal of equipment and facilities at the pumping
stations will result in the generation of wastes consisting of old equipment, scrap metal,
wires, lighting fixtures, aggregate and other construction spoils. Part of this waste is
33
 considered as recyclable, but the Project will produce residual waste materials that require
appropriate disposal to prevent adverse environmental impacts. Solid waste will also be
generated from the installation of equipment and facilities. These wastes generally consist
of scrap metal, aggregates, empty cement bags, and other construction spoils. These
materials should also be disposed properly to avoid negative impacts to land and
waterways.

xxiv. Solid wastes. The presence of construction workers at the site will generate solid wastes
that consist of biodegradable wastes (food wastes, paper) and non-biodegradable wastes
such as plastics, food containers, glass, bottles, and aluminum cans. These wastes will
have a negative effect on the environment when improperly disposed on land and in
waterways.

xxv. Oily wastes. Waste oil and lubricants from the dismantling of motors, pumps, and other
auxiliary equipment may result in negative impacts to land and waterways when disposed
inadvertently. There are no anticipated PCB-containing transformers that will be
decommissioned during Project implementation. The impact of waste oil will be confined
to the working area and will occur during the extent of the construction activity only. In
addition, the generation of waste oil and lubricants is limited in volume since most of these
will be contained in dismantled motors and pumps. Adverse effects of waste oil may come
from accidental spill or leaks from the dismantled equipment, but these will be cleaned up
immediately and will result in a limited effect on the environment.

xxvi. Fugitive dust. Dust will be generated from the movement of construction vehicles and
from construction sites for the rehabilitation of pumping station buildings. Airborne dust
will have a negative impact to health of workers and to communities along the access roads
to the site. Dust will be mitigated through watering and dust abatement activities.

xxvii. Noise. Noise impacts to surrounding communities are expected to be limited since noise
dissipates with distance from the source. Most of the impacts will be confined within the
site since the rehabilitation works will occur within existing property occupied by the
pumping stations. Nevertheless, noise producing construction works will not be allowed to
take place at night.

xxviii. Occupational safety. Construction activities may result in negative impact to workers due
to accidents and mechanical, electrical, tripping, and fall hazards at the workplace. The
impact of occupational hazards is not significant because occupational health and safety
measures will be implemented as part of ECOP for construction.

7.5.3 Impacts of Dredging Activities

34
xxix. Resuspension of sediments. The dredging of sediments from the waterways will result to
resuspension of sediments which could cause a temporary negative impact on the water
quality and aquatic life remaining in the rivers. Based on the results of secondary data
review and actual sampling indicating the current poor water quality conditions in the
esteros, resuspension of sediments will only have a limited and short-term effect and
change to water quality.

xxx. Generation and disposal of dredged materials. The disposal of dredged materials
removed from waterways will cause a negative impact to the environment since these
contain organic materials and in certain cases also contaminants such as heavy metals such
as chromium (Cr+6), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni) as experienced
during previous sediment sampling conducted at Manila Bay. Considering that the
sediments in Manila Bay are eroded materials that were deposited from the estuaries and
tributaries in Metro Manila, the dredged materials from the pumping station channels could
be contaminated with these heavy metals as well. However, based on the toxicity analysis
conducted on samples from the five PY1 waterways, the sediments were found not to be
hazardous using the TCLP criteria. Before any desilting starts, there will be sampling to
determine contamination of dredged material as part of the selection of final disposal sites.

xxxi. Removal of water hyacinths. The waterway clearing operations will involve the removal
of water hyacinth which proliferate in some waterways in Metro Manila. Limited impacts
will occur on fisheries and other aquatic resources because of the deterioration of habitat of
fish. The removal of water hyacinth will occur sporadically over the life of the Project
where absolutely necessary for the proper O&M of the drainage system. The extent of
water hyacinth is expected to persist due to the presence of high nutrient conditions. This
impact is not applicable to all pumping station sites but rather in selected areas near the
Laguna Lake and in Pasig River tributaries.

xxxii. Odor. Foul odor is emitted during dredging because of the decomposition of organic
materials that occurs in the river water and bottom sediments. When anaerobic conditions
worsen, pollutants such as ammonium ions, nitrogen, phosphate, and hydrogen sulphide
are released. Odor impacts will be minimized by removing dredged sediments from
pumping stations on a regular basis and by reducing the amount of waste materials that
enter the water ways, as addressed under Component 2.

7.5.4 Impacts during Operations

i. Generation of noise. The operation of pumps and equipment at some pumping stations
can generate noise levels that can harm hearing of workers and pose a nuisance
disturbance to nearby communities. Signage and hearing protection will protect workers,
35
 while disturbance to nearby communities is expected to be minimal. Installation of
modern pumps and electrification will reduce the generation of noise.

ii. Disposal of Solid Wastes. The solid waste management practices of the communities,
particularly the improper disposal of garbage in waterways, has an impact on the long-term
sustainability of a flood control project. A major operational concern for drainage areas is
the accumulation of solid wastes trapped immediately upstream of the pumping stations
and in the waterways. This affects the proper performance of the pumps and waterways
and will also have a negative impact on the environment without regular collection and
appropriate disposal methods. This waste will be removed by licensed contractors or
directly by MMDA and disposed of in appropriate locations.

iii. Health and safety issues for workers. The operation of pumps, motors, generator sets,
conveyors, trash racks and other equipment at pumping stations are potential sources of
mechanical hazards due to the presence of dangerous moving parts. Mechanical accidents
may also be caused by unsafe methods and the lack of safety guards that are fitted to the
machine and pumping station facilities. There are open channels at the pumping stations
which require adequate guard rails and fences to avoid accidents and fall hazards. Designs
will incorporate the required safety features in case they are not available or insufficient.
Workers will be properly trained in hazards and provided appropriate personal protective
equipment.

7.5.5 Specific Social Impacts

iv. Relocation of Informal Settlers. ISFs along waterways leading to the pumping stations
are aware that their houses and structures, and the waste they contribute obstruct the flow
of water and affect the efficiency of the pumping stations. Respondents in Vitas said that
they are willing to move out of danger zones provided that they are relocated in livable
areas where they can earn a living and their children can go to school. In Tripa de Galina
where some ISFs in Maricaban Creek have already been relocated, respondents who used
to be neighbors with them said that they missed their neighbors, but recognized that fewer
ISFs led to easier water flow and lower floodwaters in the community.

v. Impacts on livelihood. Under Components 1 and 2, the proposed project could potentially
lead to economic displacement of marginal fisherfolk, water hyacinth pickers and weavers,
and waste pickers and in the process impoverish them further. Waste pickers constitute a
subgroup of ISFs relying on garbage picking as their main source of livelihood. However,
almost all the recyclable garbage picked by them is done outside the waterways, so the
impact of reduced garbage in the waterways on the waste pickers’ livelihood would be
small. Harvesters of water hyacinths comprise a very small fragment of Metro Manila’s
poor who supply dried water hyacinth stalks to local and international buyers at extremely
low prices. Water hyacinths will be removed from critical locations only where they affect
36
 the performance of the drainage systems, and the impact on hyacinth pickers will be very
small. Livelihood restoration opportunities will be offered to affected vulnerable groups,
including maintenance of access to waterways for fisher folks and provision of alternative
job opportunities for affected waste pickers.

vi. Resettlement legacy issue. This issue is specific to the ISFs who were relocated from the
direct footprint of the project waterways before the project identification. A World Bank
commissioned study found that up to 72 percent of the surveyed households resettled off-
city reported decreased income up to as much as a 43 percent. They also reported
increased expenditure driven by higher costs of transportation to schools, work, and health
services. About 35 percent of those resettled off-city also reported difficulties in finding
assistance for their daily needs due to disruption in their social support network. Due
diligence surveys will be carried out where resettlement took place before the identification
of the project and management plan and action plan will be developed for these
resettlement legacy issues in order to ensure that past resettlement of PAPs will as much as
possible be consistent with the objectives of OP 4.12.

vii. Compensation discrepancies. Host communities can be existing communities or new

communities of resettlers within or outside Metro Manila that will live together with
project affected displaced ISFs in the same neighborhood. Resettlement to nearby in-city
resettlement sites will be least disruptive and there would normally be few compensation
discrepancies. The case is different for off-city host communities where support to PAPs
may be much higher than received by already resettled people. The project will study this
inequity issue in more detail and will implement practical and doable interventions, such as
community development ones that would benefit the larger resettled community.

viii. Community safety issues. Community hazards and accidents from the movement of
vehicles along narrow roads leading to the pumping stations may compromise people’s
safety. These risks will be minimized through the implementation of traffic control and
safety measures, signage, and educational campaigns.

7.6 Key Impacts of the Five Subprojects

ix. Aside from the abovementioned impacts that will occur during the construction and
implementation of the subprojects, there are specific impacts which are highlighted at
each pumping station site.

x. Vitas Pumping Station. The rehabilitation of the Vitas Pumping Station and the
clearing of the waterway of Estero de Vitas will affect about 165 ISFs who are currently
living on the banks of the estero and underneath the bridge at Raxabago St. and Capulong
St. In compliance with WB Op 4.12, an appropriate resettlement plan is necessary for the
affected households. The Vitas Pumping Station site can be accessed through the narrow

37
 road (Raxabago St.) that is parallel to the estero. The said road is characterized by
settlers on the banks of the estero near the bridge. This narrow access road and the
presence of settlers along the road may result in adverse impacts on community health
and safety from the movement of large hauling trucks and other equipment by
contractors. Extra caution must be exercised by haulers when passing through this
narrow road to prevent accidents.

Under component 2 of the project, wastepickers will be provided additional formal

employment to collect household waste and bring it to collection points for disposal. If
needed, social preparation measures for them to transition smoothly into their new role
will also be given i.e., seminars on waste segregation, what time they need to collect the
garbage and where to bring them, how they get paid, etc. Formal employment will need
to maintain some flexibility in terms of work arrangements, i.e., payment for amount of
garbage collected instead of number of hours worked, so it is easier for wastepickers to
adjust.

xi. Balut Pumping Station. The Balut Pumping Station serves the catchment area of Estero
Sunog Apog where most of the drainage mains and laterals are closed canals. As
compared to the other pumping stations with open drainage canals where garbage are
readily deposited or thrown by the community, solid waste entrapment and accumulation
at the Balut pumping station is not a major concern. A potential impact of the operation
of the Balut pumping station is the noise and dust from the construction activities as well
as the odor emanating from the cleaning of the retention pond at the site. Affected
communities include the residential houses in front of the site along Buendia St. and the
Paez Integrated School on the northwest.

xii. Paco Pumping Station. This pumping station receives the water from the Estero de
Paco and the Estero de Concordia. A key concern specific to the rehabilitation of the
Paco pumping station is on the proper disposal of solid wastes with water hyacinth and
the noise that may disturb the residential area right beside the waterway near the pumping
station. In the survey for the Due Diligence Report for the resettled families within the
Paco Pumping Station technical footprint, 60% of the respondents claimed they are still
working in or near Paco, Manila. Of these, 59% travel to Manila on a weekly basis, 26%
travel daily and remaining 15% travel once or twice a month. 1 Apart from increased
transportation costs, one can also imagine the difficult life of daily commuting in a 40
kilometer distance characterized by poor public transportation and massive traffic
gridlock. On the other hand, people who travel weekly or monthly have to bear the
impact of temporary separation from their loved ones in order to save money.

xiii. Tripa de Gallina Pumping Station. The impacts that would occur during the
rehabilitation of the Tripa de Gallina pumping station are due to dredging activities and

1Due Diligence Report for Paco Pumping Station. The DDR was prepared as part of the appraisal requirement of the proposed
project.
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 the generation of dredged materials and solid wastes which required proper management
and transport to disposal sites. The pumping station serves a large catchment area and
most of the drainage laterals and mains are open channels which are prone to garbage
accumulation. As such, the pumping station receives significant volume of garbage that
requires regular collection and disposal. In addition, the Tripa de Gallina pumping
station is located adjacent to the facilities of the Light Rail Transit Authority on the east
and residential communities across the estero on the north. Temporary impacts will
occur during the physical works and dredging activities such as increased dust, odor, and
noise nuisance in the residential area across the pumping station site.

xiv. Labasan Pumping Station. The pumping station is located in the Laguna lakeshore area
and functions to control habitual inundations caused by rising of water level of the lake.
The pumping station receives water from the Taguig River and attenuation pond before it
is channeled into the Laguna Lake. The Laguna Lake, including the attenuation pond of
the Labasan pumping station, is characterized with water hyacinth which clogs the
waterways and has affected the efficient operation of the pumping station. Proper
disposal of large volumes of water hyacinth will be necessary for this subproject. Water
hyacinth pickers do not come to this area to harvest but the project will coordinate with
them how they can benefit from the water hyacinths to be disposed.

7.6.1 Induced and Cumulative Impacts

xv. Induced Impacts. The induced impacts are expected to be positive. Floods disturb the
normal course of life and pose a real threat to human life and property. As a result of flood
mitigation measures, there will be positive effects to the communities because of reduced
incidence and impact of annual flooding. There are other anticipated induced positive
impacts to the community because of flood control and improvement measures, including
possible changes in land use, increase in land values, and development of more business
opportunities.

xvi. Cumulative Impacts. The scope of this ESIA involves the assessment of the potential
environmental effects at a Project level assessment. A cumulative impact assessment
(CIA) will be done during the second half of the Project as part of broader impact
assessment studies to consider the impacts of cumulative improvements in a large number
of drainage areas scattered throughout Metro Manila in a defined spatial and temporal
framework. The CIA will assess these impacts on key valued components and identify
management measures to be undertaken by the Government and other project proponents
to provide collaborative solutions to minimizing cumulative negative impacts, if any.

7.6.2 ECOPs AND ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLANS

xvii. The proposed interventions in drainage areas will create various impacts, both positive and
negative. Based on a screening, it will be determined whether an ESMP or ECOPs will
have to be prepared and implemented to mitigate Project impacts during construction and
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 operation. Construction impacts will thus be addressed by either an ECOP or ESMP,
including erosion and sediment control, air and water quality management, noise and
vibration, solid waste management, occupational health and safety and vehicular traffic
management. The ECOPs or ESMP will also include institutional arrangements for its
implementation to ensure its sustainability and effectiveness. Involuntary resettlement
impacts on the other hand will be mitigated and managed by site-specific resettlement
plans or action plans as a result of due diligence reports.

7.7 IMPROVEMENTS

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 Chapter 8

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Flood is one of the perennial problems here in the Philippines especially in Metro Manila.
They are affected in many aspects such as livelihood, studies, health and activities. Every time a
heavy rain pours in many activities are delayed, some are stopped others destroyed. Calamities
striking the country and leave the many homeless, hopeless and in deep depression. Although the
government do their best in maintaining the drainage system, it is still not enough to reduce
flooding. Unfortunately, the residents itself are one of contributing factors why this brain cracking
problem occurs. Some doesn’t give a damn whenever his dumped garbage can damage not only his
own life but the lives of those who will be affected by it.

Pump station is one of the factors in solving the flood problem in our country. This is very
important factor in the clean-up of the river. They are very complex, but can be simplified in a
simple tour but once know how they work, they seen a lot easier to understand. First, a number of
pumps are opened. When the river got to a certain point, those pumps would open. From there the
water goes into a bar screen. This filtered the river water, cleaning out the debris. After being
filtered, the water flows through the gates and into the river. When the water goes through the
pump, it pushes open a check valve, or a flap, that keeps the river water out. These are the depths
when the pumping stations kick in.

The pump station at the Lagusnilad Underpass plays an important role in flood control such as
(a) It removes storm water from the streets and permits the transportation arteries to function
during bad weather-when this is done efficiently, the life expectancy of street pavement is
extended.
(b) The pump station controls the rate and velocity of runoff along gutters and other surfaces in a
manner that reduces the hazard to local residents and potential for damage to pavement.
(c)The pump conveys runoff to natural or manmade drainage ways.
(d) The system was designed to control the mass of pollutants arriving at receiving waterways.
(e) Major open drainage ways and detention facilities offer opportunities for multiple uses such
as recreation, parts, and wildlife preserves.

The public should be aware that each user is responsible in sustaining the nature that God has
entrusted to us. Users should not be careless in everything they do that can have an effect in the
surroundings. Support the projects and campaigns of the government regarding the preservation of
nature especially when it comes in flood prevention. Be a deliberate and functional individual start
within yourself the change that you want in your place and country. To the one who has the
responsibility in handling the pump station in Lagusnilad underpass in Lawton, always check the
pump station. Maintain its effectiveness. Remember that the public safety lies within their hands.
Be responsible enough to maintain a good job for a better tomorrow.

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REFERENCES:

(1) Tomas Ucol Ganiron Jr, 2012 “An analysis of Perception of Floods in Manila City”

(2) “Environmental and Social Assessment” retrieved from ewfwE

http://www.dpwh.gov.ph/dpwh/sites/default/files/MMFM%20-%20ESIA_final_May%201%202017.pdf

(3) Flood Hazard Maps retrieved from http://www.nababaha.com/

(4) “Project Document of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank” retrieved from
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http://www.investphilippines.info/arangkada/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/2.-Metro-Manila-Flood-
Management-Project-2018-2023_MMDA.pdf

(6) N. Zoleta and B. Doracie, “Differential Impacts of Flood Hazards among the Street Children, the
Urban Poor and Residents of Wealthy Neighborhoods in Metro Manila, Philippines”, Mitigation and
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(7) E. Rivera, P. Castro and J. P. Toledo, “An Assessment of Drainage System in Metro Manila
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(8) H. Hranjski, “Philippines Flooding Update: Waters Recede as Thousands Evacuated”, The Weather
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(9) J. Mullen, “Philippine Floods Cause More Chaos in Waterlogged Manila”, CNN, Retrieved from
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(10) T. U. Ganiron Jr, “Perception on the Effectivity of Flood Control Pump Station in Lagusnilad underpass in
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(11) ASSAD BAUNTO and YASMIN ARQUIZA , ( 2009) ,”How much did Ondoy cost? For starters, try P23
billion” retrieved from http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/specialreports/174251/how-much-did-ondoy-cost-for-
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(12) CABUENAS, JON VIKTOR, (2017) , “East-West Rail, Manila Bay flood control projects up for ICC
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(13) Sarah Jayne Olan , (2014), “Looking back: the records of Ondoy” retrieved from
https://www.rappler.com/move-ph/issues/disasters/70240-ondoy-records

(14) Paolo Picones, “Worst Floods in 50 years hit Manila” retrieved from
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(15) (2009), “Hurricane Season 2009: Typhoon Ketsana (Western Pacific)” retrieved from
https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hurricanes/archives/2009/h2009_Ketsana.html

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