FABRICATION OFAGRICULTURAL SPRAYER BY

HAND OPERATED VEHICLE

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

K.Saravanan
P.V.Sathish Kumar
A.Senthamilselvan
R.Sivacharan

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600 025

APRIL – 2019

1
 i
ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “FABRICATION

OFAGRICULTURAL SPRAYER BY HAND OPERATED
VEHICLE”is the bonafide work ofK.Saravanan,P.V.Sathish
Kumar,A.Senthamilselvan,R.Sivacharan

Who carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR

2
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER .NO TITLE PAGE.

ABSTRACT

LIST OF FICURE

LIST OF SYMBOLS

1. INTRODUCTION

i. DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT

ii. DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT

iii. LIST OF MATERIAL

iv. WORKING PRINCIPLE

v. MERIT
vi. APPLICATION
vii. BLOCK DIAGRAM

viii. CONCLUSION
COST ESTIMATION

3
 ABSTRACT

This project is to fabricate a model called agricultural sprayer.In olden days the
spraying system was handled manually. But in this generation there are few types
of machines for this process. Here we implement a new idea for spraying water in
agricultural areas by using a hand operated vehicle.

4
 WORKING PRINCIPLE

In our project is consists of following major components

 Handle
 Cam link
 Pump handle
 Slider guide
 Linkage
 Slider
This hand operated vehicle water tank is fixed on the required area, above
this tank a pump is placed for the purpose of pumping water from the tank. This
pumping operation is done by the linkage with cam arrangement. A rod is
connected to the cam arrangement. The other end of the rod is connected to the
slider which is connected to the pump lever. The driving sprocket is connected to
the wheel shaft of the vehicle. This cam is actuated with the help of the chain drive.
When the vehicle moves the wheel starts to rotate and the chain drive also
functions. By the above process the cam is actuated and this leads to the slider’s
reciprocating motion. Due to this operation the pump lever starts to actuate and
hence the water is pumped and sprayed.

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 PARTS

1. FRAME
2. SHAFT
3. BEARING
4. METAL STRIP
5. WHEEL
6. CHAIN DRIVE
7. DISC
8. AGRICULTURAL SPRAYER

6
 SHAFT

Specifications
Shaft diameter: 12mm
Material: mild steel
Length:26 inch

Shaft

Shaft is a common and important machine element. It is a rotating member, in

general, has a circular cross-section and is used to transmit power. The shaft may
be hollow or solid. The shaft is supported on bearings and it rotates a set of gears
or pulleys for the purpose of power transmission. The shaft is generally acted upon
by bending moment, torsion and axial force. Design of shaft primarily involves in
determining stresses at critical point in the shaft that is arising due to
aforementioned loading. Other two similar forms of a shaft are axle and spindle.
Axle is a non-rotating member used for supporting rotating wheels etc. and do not
transmit any torque. Spindle is simply defined as a short shaft. However, design
method remains the same for axle and spindle as that for a shaft. 8.1.2 Standard
sizes of Shafts Typical sizes of solid shaft that are available in the market are, Up
to 25 mm 0.5 mm increments 25 to 50 mm 1.0 mm increments 50 to 100 mm 2.0
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mm increments 100 to 200 mm 5.0 mm increments 8.1.3 Material for Shafts The
ferrous, non-ferrous materials and non metals are used as shaft material depending
on the application. Some of the common ferrous materials used for shaft are
discussed below. Hot-rolled plain carbon steel. These materials are least expensive.
Since it is hot rolled, scaling is always present on the surface and machining is
required to make the surface smooth.

Since it is cold drawn it has got its inherent characteristics of smooth bright finish.
Amount of machining therefore is minimal. Better yield strength is also obtained.
This is widely used for general purpose transmission shaft.

Design considerations for shaft

For the design of shaft following two methods are adopted, Design based on
Strength In this method, design is carried out so that stress at any location of the
shaft should not exceed the material yield stress. However, no consideration for
shaft deflection and shaft twist is included. Design based on Stiffness Basic idea of
design in such case depends on the allowable deflection and twist of the shaft.

Design based on Strength

The stress at any point on the shaft depends on the nature of load acting on it. The
stresses which may be present are as follows.

Basic stress equations:

Bending stress

Where,

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M: Bending moment at the point of interest

do: Outer diameter of the shaft

k: Ratio of inner to outer diameters of the shaft ( k = 0 for a solid shaft because
inner diameter is zero )

Axial Stress

Where,

F: Axial force (tensile or compressive)

α: Column-action factor(= 1.0 for tensile load)

The term α has been introduced in the equation. This is known as column action
factor. What is a column action factor? This arises due the phenomenon of
buckling of long slender members which are acted upon by axial compressive
loads.

Here, α is defined as,

Where,

n = 1.0 for hinged end

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n = 2.25 for fixed end

n = 1.6 for ends partly restrained, as in bearing

K = least radius of gyration,

L = shaft length

σyc = yield stress in compression

Stress due to torsion

Where,

T : Torque on the shaft

xy τ : Shear stress due to torsion

Combined Bending and Axial stress

Both bending and axial stresses are normal stresses, hence the net normal stress is
given by,

The net normal stress can be either positive or negative. Normally, shear stress due
to torsion is only considered in a shaft and shear stress due to load on the shaft is
neglected.

Maximum shear stress theory

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Design of the shaft mostly uses maximum shear stress theory. It states that a
machine member fails when the maximum shear stress at a point exceeds the
maximum allowable shear stress for the shaft material. Therefore,

Substituting the values of σx and τxy in the above equation, the final form is,

Therefore, the shaft diameter can be calculated in terms of external loads and
material properties. However, the above equation is further standardized for steel
shafting in terms of allowable design stress and load factors in ASME design code
for shaft.

Specifications

Shaft diameter: 12mm

Inner Diameter: 10mm

Material: mild steel

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 METAL STRIP

Specifications

Length: 50cm

Width: 5cm

Thickness: 4mm

Metal strip is narrow, thin stock that is usually 3/16 in. (4.76 mm) or less in
thickness and under 24 in. (609.6 mm) in width. Metal strips are formed to
precise thicknesses and/or width requirements.

Selection Criteria

Selection of metal strip is usually based first on a design’s required size and
dimensions, and then on either material types or grades as certain design
specifications or application constraints require. Substitute materials can be
selected and qualified based on the required material properties. Laboratory,
performance, or field testing is used to verify performance in some cases.

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 BALL BEARING

A ball bearing is a type of rolling-element bearing that uses balls to maintain

the separation between the bearing races.

The purpose of a ball bearing is to reduce rotational friction and

support radial and axial loads. It achieves this by using at least three races to
contain the balls and transmit the loads through the balls. In most applications, one
race is stationary and the other is attached to the rotating assembly (e.g., a hub or
shaft). As one of the bearing races rotates it causes the balls to rotate as well.
Because the balls are rolling they have a much lower coefficient of friction than if
two flat surfaces were sliding against each other.

Ball bearings tend to have lower load capacity for their size than other kinds
of rolling-element bearings due to the smaller contact area between the balls and
races. However, they can tolerate some misalignment of the inner and outer races.

SPECIFICATION

INNER DIA :12mm

OUTER DIA : 37mm

OPERATING CONDITION

LIFESPAN
Further information: Rolling-element_bearing § Bearing_failure

The calculated life for a bearing is based on the load it carries and its
operating speed. The industry standard usable bearing lifespan is inversely
proportional to the bearing load cubed. Nominal maximum load of a bearing, is for
a lifespan of 1 million rotations, which at 50 Hz (i.e., 3000 RPM) is a lifespan of

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5.5 working hours. 90% of bearings of that type have at least that lifespan, and
50% of bearings have a lifespan at least 5 times as long.

The industry standard life calculation is based upon the work of Lundberg
and Palmgren performed in 1947. The formula assumes the life to be limited
by metal fatigue and that the life distribution can be described by a Weibull
distribution. Many variations of the formula exist that include factors for material
properties, lubrication, and loading. Factoring for loading may be viewed as a tacit
admission that modern materials demonstrate a different relationship between load
and life than Lundberg and Palmgrendetermined .

MAXIMUM LOAD

In general, maximum load on a ball bearing is proportional to outer diameter

of the bearing times the width of the bearing (where width is measured in direction
of axle).[7]

Bearings have static load ratings. These are based on not exceeding a certain
amount of plastic deformation in the raceway. These ratings may be exceeded by a
large amount for certain applications.

LUBRICATION

For a bearing to operate properly, it needs to be lubricated. In most cases the

lubricant is based on elastohydrodynamic effect (by oil or grease) but working at
extreme temperatures dry lubricated bearings are also available.

For a bearing to have its nominal lifespan at its nominal maximum load, it
must be lubricated with a lubricant (oil or grease) that has at least the minimum
dynamic viscosity
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 For a bearing where average of outer diameter of bearing and diameter of
axle hole is 50 mm, and that is rotating at 3000 RPM, recommended dynamic
viscosity is 12 mm²/s.

Note that dynamic viscosity of oil varies strongly with temperature: a

temperature increase of 50–70 °C causes the viscosity to decrease by factor 10.

If the viscosity of lubricant is higher than recommended, lifespan of bearing

increases, roughly proportional to square root of viscosity. If the viscosity of the
lubricant is lower than recommended, the lifespan of the bearing decreases, and by
how much depends on which type of oil being used. For oils with EP ('extreme
pressure') additives, the lifespan is proportional to the square root of dynamic
viscosity, just as it was for too high viscosity, while for ordinary oils lifespan is
proportional to the square of the viscosity if a lower-than-recommended viscosity
is used.

APPLICATION

In general, ball bearings are used in most applications that involve moving
parts. Some of these applications have specific features and requirements:

 Hard drive bearings used to be highly spherical, and were said to be the best
spherical manufactured shapes, but this is no longer true, and more and more
are being replaced with fluid bearings.
 German ball bearing factories were often a target of allied aerial bombings
during World War II; such was the importance of the ball bearing to the German
war industry.[8]

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 Fidget Spinner

 In horology, the company Jean Lassale designed a watch movement that

used ball bearings to reduce the thickness of the movement. Using 0.20 mm
balls, the Calibre 1200 was only 1.2 mm thick, which still is the thinnest
mechanical watch movement.

 Aerospace bearings are used in many applications on commercial, private

and military aircraft including pulleys, gearboxes and jet engine shafts.
Materials include M50 tool steel (AMS6491), Carbon chrome steel
(AMS6444), the corrosion resistant AMS5930, 440C stainless steel, silicon
nitride (ceramic) and titanium carbide-coated 440C.

 A skateboard wheel contains two bearings, which are subject to both axial
and radial time-varying loads. Most commonly bearing 608-2Z is used (a deep
groove ball bearing from series 60 with 8 mm bore diameter)

 Yo-Yos, there are ball bearings in the center of many new, ranging from
beginner to professional or competition grade, Yo-Yos.

 Many fidget spinner toys use multiple ball bearings to add weight, and to
allow the toy to spin.

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 WHEEL

A tire(American English) or tire(British English)isa ring-shaped vehicle

component that covers the wheel’s rimto protect it and enable better vehicle
performance. Most tires, such as those for automobiles and bicycles, provide
tractionbetween the vehicle and the road while providing a flexible cushion that
absorbs shock.
The materials of modern pneumatic tires are synthetic rubber,natural
rubber, fabric and wire, along with carbon blackand other chemical compounds.
They consist of a tread and a body. The tread provides tractionwhile the body
provides containment for a quantity of compressed air. Before rubber was
developed, the first versions of tires were simply bands of metal that fitted around
wooden wheels to prevent wear and tear. Early rubber tires were solid (not
pneumatic). Today, the majority of tires are pneumatic inflatable structures,
comprising a doughnut-shaped body of cords and wires encased in rubber and
generally filled with compressed air to form an inflatable cushion. Pneumatic tires
are used on many types of vehicles, including cars, bicycles, motorcycles, buses,
trucks, heavy equipment, and aircraf. Metal tires are still used on
locomotivesandrailcars, and solid rubber (or other polymer) tires are still used in
various non-automotive applications, such as some casters,carts, lawnmowers,
and wheelbarrows.

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 Hub material: steel

Tire: PLASTIC

Materials:

The materials of modern pneumatic tires can be divided into two groups, the
cords that make up the ply and the elastomer which encases them.

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VEHICAL APPLICATION

Tires are classified into several standard types, based on the type of vehicle
they serve. Since the manufacturing process, raw materials, and equipment vary
according to the tire type, it is common for tire factories to specialize in one or
more tire types. In most markets, factories that manufacture passenger and light
truck radial tires are separate and distinct from those that make aircraf or off-
the-road (OTR) tires

SEE ALSO

• Outline of tires

• Dry steering

• List of inflatable manufactured goods

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 SPROCKET

Chain drive is a way of transmitting mechanical power from one place to another.
It is often used to convey power to the wheels of a vehicle,
particularly bicycles and motorcycles. It is also used in a wide variety of machines
besides vehicles.

Most often, the power is conveyed by a roller chain, known as the drive
chain or transmission chain, passing over a sprocket gear, with the teeth of the
gear meshing with the holes in the links of the chain. The gear is turned, and this
pulls the chain putting mechanical force into the system.

Sometimes the power is output by simply rotating the chain, which can be used to
lift or drag objects. In other situations, a second gear is placed and the power is
recovered by attaching shafts or hubs to this gear. Though drive chains are often
simple oval loops, they can also go around corners by placing more than two gears
along the chain; gears that do not put power into the system or transmit it out are
generally known as idler-wheels. By varying the diameter of the input and output
gears with respect to each other, the gear ratio can be altered. For example, when
the bicycle pedals' gear rotate once, it causes the gear that drives the wheels to
rotate more than one revolution.

Characteristics:

• High axial stiffness

• Low bending stiffness

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• High efficiency

• Relatively cheap

SPECIFICATION OF AXLE:

Material Mild Steel

Shape Cylindrical rod
Length 50mm
Diameter 13mm
Inner diameter of supporting axle 15 mm
Outer diameter of supporting axle 17mm
Length 30mm
Thickness 3mm

CHAIN SPROCKET

Material High Carbon Steel

Pitch 12.7mm
Width 30mm
Teeth 16
Balls High carbon high chromium steel balls

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Chain drive design calculation:

Chain length and centre distance

• Chain must contain even integer number of links

• Hence cannot pick an arbitrary centre distance and chain pitch

• Nearest chain lengths (in pitches) for a contemplatedcentre distance, CC,

are calculated by empirical formulae like (for a two sprocket system:

L = N1+N2/2 + 2Cc/p + (N2-N1) ^2/4pi^2Cc

Where N1 and N2 are the numbers of teeth on sprockets and P is the chain
pitch

Inertial force in chain

 In addition to the tension required to transmit power, chain tension

 also provides centripetal force to move links around sprockets
 The extra inertial force, Fcf, is given by:

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 F = mr ^2w ^2

USES IN VEHICLES

Chain drive was the main feature which differentiated the safety
bicycle introduced in 1885, with its two equal-sized wheels, from the direct-
drive penny-farthing or "high wheeler" type of bicycle. The popularity of the
chain-driven safety bicycle brought about the demise of the penny-farthing, and is
still a basic feature of bicycle design today.

AUTOMOBILES

Mack AC delivery truck at the Petersen Automotive Museum with chain drive
visible

Chain drive was a popular power transmission system from the earliest days
of the automobile. It gained prominence as an alternative to
the SystèmePanhard with its rigid Hotchkiss driveshaft and universal joints.

A chain-drive system uses one or more roller chains to transmit power from
a differential to the rear axle. This system allowed for a great deal of vertical axle
movement (for example, over bumps), and was simpler to design and build than a
rigid driveshaft in a workable suspension. Also, it had less unsprung weight at the
rear wheels than the Hotchkiss drive, which would have had the weight of the
23
driveshaft and differential to carry as well. This meant that the vehicle would have
a smoother ride. The lighter unsprung mass would allow the suspension to react to
bumps more effectively.

Frazer Nash were strong proponents of this system using one chain per gear
selected by dog clutches. The Frazer Nash chain drive system, (designed for
the GN Cyclecar Company by Archibald Frazer-Nash and Henry Ronald Godfrey)
was very effective, allowing extremely fast gear selections. The Frazer Nash (or
GN) transmission system provided the basis for many "special" racing cars of the
1920s and 1930s, the most famous being Basil Davenport's Spider which held the
outright record at the Shelsley Walsh Speed Hill Climb in the 1920s.

The last popular chain drive automobile was the Honda S600 of the 1960s.

IN ENGINES

Internal combustion engines often use a timing chain to drive

the camshaft(s). This is an area in which chain drives frequently compete directly
with timing belt drive systems, particularly when the engine has one or
more overhead camshafts, and provides an excellent example of some of the
differences and similarities between the two approaches. For this application,
chains last longer, but are often harder to replace, as they must be enclosed in a
space into which lubricating oil can be introduced. Being heavier, the chain robs
more power, but is also less likely to fail. The camshaft of a four stroke engine
rotates at half crankshaft speed, so the camshaft sprocket has twice as many teeth
as the crankshaft sprocket. Less common alternatives to timing chain drives
include spur gears or bevel gears combined with a shaft.

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TRANSFER CASES

Today, inverted tooth drive chains are commonly used in passenger

car and light truck transfer cases.

MOTORCYCLES

Chain drive versus belt drive or use of a driveshaft is a fundamental design

decision in motorcycle design; nearly all motorcycles use one of these three
designs. See Motorcycle construction

Final drive for more details.

SEE ALSO

 Roller chain (or "sprocket chain")

 Rack and pinion

 Toothed belt

 Gear train

 Chain drive

 Bicycle gearing

 Cogset (as used in bicycle gearing)

 Bicycle chain

DISK

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 Material: Mild steel

Outer diameter: 250mm

Thickness: 5mm

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In geometry, a disk is the region in a plane bounded by a circle. A disk is said to
be closed if it contains the circle that constitutes its boundary.

The disk has circular symmetry.

The open disk and the closed disk are not topologically equivalent (that is, they are
not homeomorphic), as they have different topological properties from each other.
For instance, every closed disk is compact whereas every open disk is not
compact. However from the viewpoint of algebraic topology they share many
properties: both of them are contractible and so are homotopic equivalent to a
single point. This implies that their fundamental groups are trivial, and
all homology groups are trivial except the 0th one, which is isomorphic to Z.
The Euler characteristic of a point (and therefore also that of a closed or open disk)
is 1.

Every continuous map from the closed disk to itself has at least one fixed point;
this is the case n=2 of the Brouwer fixed point theorem. The statement is false for
the open disk:

Consider for example the function

Which maps every point of the open unit disk to another point on the open unit
disk to the right of the given one. But for the closed unit disk it fixes every point on
the half circle

27
TORQUE CALCULATION ON A CIRCULAR DISC

 Diameter(d)=300 mm
 Thick(t)= 5 mm
 RPM(N)=100
 Let, Y.S. of mild steel(Y)=250 N/mm^2
 Now ,Allowable Shear Stress(S)=Y*0.5 =250*0.5 =125 N/mm^2
 Let, F.O.S.(F)=2.5
 Therefore, Allowable Shear Stress=S/F =125/2.5 = 50 N/mm^2

Also, Let Polar moment of Inertia is "J" and the Radius of shaft "R"(also the
maximum distance from center)

Now, the formula for torque is,

Torque(T)= (J*S)/R
Now, J= (3.14*d^4)/32
= (3.14*300^4)/32
= 794812500 mm^4

Now, substitute all the values,

T= (794812500*50)/150
= 264937500 N-mm
T = 265 KN-M

Now, The formula for power required,

Power(P) = T*W
where, W= angular velocity

Now, W= (2*3.14*N)/60
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 = (2*3.14*100)/60
= 10.5 RPS

now substitute the values,

P= (265*10.5)
= 2774 KN-m/s
P= 2774 KW

Sprayer

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A sprayer is a device used to spray a liquid.

In agriculture, a sprayer is a piece of equipment that is used to

apply herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers on agricultural crops. Sprayers range in
size from man-portable units (typically backpacks with spray guns) to trailed
sprayers that are connected to a tractor, to self-propelled units similar to tractors,
with boom mounts of 60–151 feet in length.

A spray nozzle is a precision device that facilitates dispersion of liquid into

a spray. Nozzles are used for three purposes: to distribute a liquid over an area, to
increase liquid surface area, and create impact force on a solid surface.[1] A wide
variety of spray nozzle applications use a number of spray characteristics to
describe the spray.[2]

METAL FRAME:

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The metal frame is generally made of mild steel bars for machining,
suitable for lightly stressed components including studs, bolts, gears and
shafts. It can be case-hardened to improve wear resistance. They are
available in bright rounds, squares and flats, and hot rolled rounds

Suitable machining allowances

should therefore be added when ordering. It does not contain any
additions for enhancing mechanical or machining properties. Bright
drawn mild steel is an improved quality material, free of scale, and has
been cold worked (drawn or rolled) to size. It is produced to close
dimensional tolerances. Straightness and flatness are better than black
steel. It is more suitable for repetition precision machining. Bright drawn
steel has more consistent hardness, and increased tensile strength. Bright
steel can also be obtained in precision turned or ground form if desired.

MECHANICAL STRENGTH OF MILD STEEL

Max Stress 400-560 N/mm2 dependent on ruling

31
 section

Yield Stress 300-440 N/mm2 Min dependent on ruling

section

0.2% Proof Stress 280-420 N/mm2 Min dependent on ruling

section
Elongation 10-14% Min dependent on ruling s

SAWING:

Cold saws are saws that make use of a circular saw blade to cut through
various types of metal, including sheet metal. The name of the saw has to do with
the action that takes place during the cutting process, which manages to keep both
the metal and the blade from becoming too hot. A cold saw is powered with
electricity and is usually a stationary type of saw machine rather than a portable
type of saw.

32
 The circular saw blades used with a cold saw are often constructed of high
speed steel. Steel blades of this type are resistant to wear even under daily usage.
The end result is that it is possible to complete a number of cutting projects before
there is a need to replace the blade.High speed steel blades are especially useful
when the saws are used for cutting through thicker sections of metal.

WELDING:

Welding is a process for joining similar metals. Welding joins metals by

melting and fusing 1, the base metals being joined and 2, the filler metal applied.
Welding employs pinpointed, localized heat input. Most welding involves ferrous-
based metals such as steel and stainless steel.Weld joints are usually stronger than
or as strong as the base metals being joined.

33
 Welding is used for making permanent joints. It is used in the manufacture
of automobile bodies, aircraft frames, railway wagons, machine frames, structural
works, tanks, furniture, boilers, general repair work and ship building.

OPERATION:

Several welding processes are based on heating with an electric arc, only a
few are considered here, starting with the oldest, simple arc welding, also known
as shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) or stick welding.

In this process an electrical machine (which may be DC or AC, but

nowadays is usually AC) supplies current to an electrode holder which carries an
electrode which is normally coated with a mixture of chemicals or flux. An earth
cable connects the work piece to the welding machine to provide a return path for
the current. The weld is initiated by tapping ('striking') the tip of the electrode

34
against the work piece which initiates an electric arc. The high temperature
generated (about 6000oC) almost instantly produces a molten pool and the end of
the electrode continuously melts into this pool and forms the joint.

The operator needs to control the gap between the electrode tip and the work
piece while moving the electrode along the joint.

DRILLNG:

Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut or enlarge a hole of
circular cross-section in solid materials. The drill bit is a rotary cutting tool, often
multipoint. The bit is pressed against the work piece and rotated at rates from
hundreds to thousands of revolutions per minute. This forces the cutting edge
against the work piece, cutting off chips (sward) from the hole as it is drille

35
 MATERIAL USED

S.No DESCIRPTION QTY MATERIAL

1 FRAME AS PER MILD STEEL

REQUR
IMENT
2 SHAFT AS PER MILD STEEL
REQURIMENT
3 METAL STRIP AS PER MILD STEEL
REQURIMENT
4 DISC 1 MILD STEEL

5 WHEEL 4 PLASTIC

6 AGRICULTURAL SPRAYER 1 PLASTIC

7 BEARING 4 STAINLESS STEEL

8 CHAIN DRIVE 1 STAINLESS STEEL

36
SL.NO DISCRIPTION COST Rs:

1 FRAME 500

2 SHAFT 200

3 METAL STRIP 150

4 DISC 250

5 WHEEL 1000

6 AGRICULTURAL SPRAYER 1500

7 BEARING 200

8 CHAIN DRIVE 750

10 TOTAL 4500

COST ESTIMATION

37
 LABOUR COST

Lathe, drilling, shaping, welding, Riveting, Turning, Painting, surface grinding

and gas cutting.

TOTAL COST

Total cost = material cost + Labour cost

= 4500 + 1000

Total cost of this project = Rs

5500

38
 MERITS

 Very low cost

 Easy in construction
 Easy to operate
 No power is required

APPLICATIONS

It can be used in agricultural areas.

39
 CONCLUSION

This project work has provided us an excellent opportunity and experience, to use
our limited knowledge. We gained a lot of practical knowledge regarding,
planning, purchasing, assembling and machining while doing this project work.
We feel that the project work is a good solution to bridge the gates between
institution and industries.
We are proud that we have completed the work with the limited time

successfully. The “AGRICULTURAL SPRAYER BY HAND

OPERATED VEHICLE

” is working with satisfactory conditions. We are able to understand the difficulties

in maintaining the tolerances and also quality. We have done to our ability and
skill making maximum use of available facilities. In conclusion remarks of our
project work, let us add a few more lines about our impression project work.

Thus we have developed a “AGRICULTURAL SPRAYER BY

HAND OPERATED VEHICLE

40
 ” which helps to know how to achieve low cost automation. The operating
procedure of this system is very simple, so any person can operate. By using more
techniques, they can be modified and developed according to the applications

PHOTOGRAPHY

41
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Design data book - P.S.G.Tech.

2. Machine tool design handbook - Central machine tool Institute,

Bangalore.

3. Strength of Materials - R.S.Kurmi

4. Manufacturing Technology - M.Haslehurst.

5. Design of machine elements - R.S.Kurmi

42
 REFERENCE

1. Bicycle History, Chronology of the Growth of Bicycling and the

Development of Bicycle Technology by David Mozer. Ibike.org. Retrieved 1
September 2012.
2. Brumbach, Michael E.; Clade, Jeffrey A. (2003), Industrial Maintenance,
Cengage Learning, pp. 112–113, ISBN 978-0-7668-2695-3.

3. Peters, Pam (2004). The Cambridge Guide to English Usage.Cambridge

University Press.p. 553.ISBN 978-0- 521-62181-6.
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