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Discrete Mathematics

This document defines and explains various concepts related to functions including: domain, codomain, range, injections, surjections, bijections, identity functions, inverse functions, and function composition. It provides examples of determining if functions are injective, surjective, or bijective. It also shows how to find the inverse of specific functions and the composition of two functions.

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173 views4 pages

Discrete Mathematics

This document defines and explains various concepts related to functions including: domain, codomain, range, injections, surjections, bijections, identity functions, inverse functions, and function composition. It provides examples of determining if functions are injective, surjective, or bijective. It also shows how to find the inverse of specific functions and the composition of two functions.

Uploaded by

xaii
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ICS 141: Discrete Mathematics I (Fall 2014)

2.3 Functions
Let A and B be nonempty sets. A function f from A to B is an assignment of exactly one element
of B to each element of A. If f is a function from A to B, wee write f : A → B.

Domain, Codomain, Image, Preimage, Range

A function from A to B:
f :A→B
A is the domain
B is the codomain

a ∈ A, b ∈ B such that f (a) = b


a is the preimage of b under f
b is the image of a under f

The range is a specific subset of the Codomain(B) containing the actual values the function out-
puts.
The range can be written as f (A).

Injection (One-to-One)

A function where each element in the Domain maps to a single, unique element in the Codomain.
[Domain and Range have the same cardinality]. Strictly increasing or strictly decreasing functions
are one-to-one.

Surjection (Onto)

A function where every element in the Codomain is a valid output of the function. [Range is equal
to Codomain].

Bijection

A function that is both an injection and a surjection.

Identity Function

A function that maps f : A → A, such that f (a) = a where a ∈ A.

Inverse Function

Given the bijective function f , such that f : A → B and f (a) = b where a ∈ A and b ∈ B, the
inverse function is defined as f −1 , such that f −1 : B → A and f −1 (b) = a.

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ICS 141: Discrete Mathematics I (Fall 2014)

Composition

Given two functions, f and g, such that the range of g is a subset of the domain of f , the composi-
tion of f with g (f ◦ g) is defined as f (g(x)), with x ∈(g’s domain).

Floor Function

bxc returns the largest integer ≤ x.

Ceiling Function

dxe returns the smallest integer ≥ x.

2.3 pg 153 # 13

Determine whether each of these functions from Z to Z is onto (surjective).

a) f (n) = n − 1
This is surjective since every integer is 1 less than some integer.

b) f (n) = n2 + 1
Not surjective because the range cannot include negative integers.

c) f (n) = n3
Not surjective because any element in the codomain that is not a perfect cube will not be
mapped to.

2.3 pg 153 # 23

Determine the type of each function from R to R

a) f (x) = 2x + 1
Bijective. This is injective because for every a 6= b, we have f (a) 6= f (b) (every number is
1 more than 2 times some number). We also know that the function is surjective because the
range is all real numbers from 2((y − 1)/2) + 1 = y.

b) f (x) = x2 + 1
Not injective and not surjective. We know the function is not injective because we can have
the same value for f (x) given two different x values. For example, f (2) = 22 + 1 = 5 and
f (−2) = (−2)2 + 1 = 5. The function is also not surjective because the range is all real
numbers greater than or equal to 1, or can be written as [1, ∞).

c) f (x) = x3
Bijective. This is injective because for every a 6= b, we have f (a) 6= f (b) (every number is
the cube of some number). We also know that the function is surjectve because the range is
all real numbers from (y 1/3 )3 = y.

2
ICS 141: Discrete Mathematics I (Fall 2014)

d) f (x) = (x2 + 1)/(x2 + 2)


Not injective and not surjective. We know the function is not injective because we can have
the same value for f (x) given two different x values. The function is also not surjective
because the range is only [0.5, 1).

Extra Problem

Given the following functions f and g, from R to R, find f ◦ g.

a) f (x) = x2
g(x) = x + 1
(f (g(x)) = f (x + 1) = (x + 1)2
b) f (x) = 2x + 1
g(x) = x2 + 4x + 4
(f (g(x)) = f (x2 + 4x + 4) = 2(x2 + 4x + 4) + 1 = 2x2 + 8x + 9
c) f (x) = {(1, 3), (2, 4), (5, 6), (4, 8)}
g(x) = {(1, 1), (4, 5), (6, 2)}
(f ◦ g) = {(1, 3), (4, 6), (6, 4)}

2.3 pg 154 # 31

Let f (x) = bx2 /3c. Find f (S) if


c) S = {1, 5, 7, 11}
f (1) = b12 /3c = b1/3c = 0
f (5) = b52 /3c = b25/3c = 8
f (7) = b72 /3c = b49/3c = 16
f (11) = b112 /3c = b121/3c = 40
Therefore, f (S) = {0, 8, 16, 40}
d) S = {2, 6, 10, 14}
f (2) = b22 /3c = b4/3c = 1
f (6) = b62 /3c = b36/3c = 12
f (10) = b102 /3c = b100/3c = 33
f (14) = b142 /3c = b196/3c = 65
Therefore, f (S) = {1, 12, 33, 65}

2.3 pg 154 # 43

Let g(x) = bxc. Find


a) g −1 ({0})
We need to find the set of all numbers whose floor is 0. Since all number from 0 to 1
(including 0 and excluding 1) round down to 0, then g −1 ({0}) = {x | 0 ≤ x < 1}

3
ICS 141: Discrete Mathematics I (Fall 2014)

b) g −1 ({−1, 0, 1})
We know that the numbers from -1 to 2 (exclusive) round down to either -1, 0, or 1, then
g −1 ({−1, 0, 1}) = {x | −1 ≤ x < 2}

c) g −1 ({x | 0 < x < 1})


Since g(x) = bxc will always result in an integer, no value of x will result in a number
between 0 and 1. Thus, the image of the inverse function is the empty set, ∅

2.3 pg 155 # 69

Find the inverse function of f (x) = x3 + 1.

Solve for x.
y = x3 + 1
y − 1 = x3
(y − 1)1/3 = x

The inverse function function is f −1 (x) = (x − 1)1/3 .

Extra Problem

For each function from R to R, if the function has a defined inverse, find it.

a) f (x) = x2 − 2
This function is not bijective, so there is no inverse function.

b) f (x) = 3
This function is not bijective, so there is no inverse function.

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