IMS Interview Questions

1)What are the

Components of IMS?

2) What is the
significance of P-
CSCF?

3) Explain the
registration Call flow
in IMS?

3) Expain Basic call

flow in IMS?

5) EXaplin call flow

when User is calling
from Roaming
Network?

6) Ex plain call flow

when user receiving
call in Roaming
Network?

7)What are the

private headers in
IMS?

8) What is the
significance of Path
header in IMS?

9)

- May 13, 2016 1 comment:

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Saturday, 16 January
2016

PSTN to SIP Call flow

If one user is using
PSTN Network and
another user is using
VOIP Network or
Either VOIP to
PSTN,the inter-
networking between
two technologies is
necessary. That
requires the
translation between
different
protocols,this can be
done by
Signaling/Media
gateways.

Basically PSTN
Network uses the
Signaling protocol
called ISDN User
Part (ISUP) and
VOIP Network uses
the Signaling protocol
called Session
Initiation
Protocol (SIP).

Basically PSTN
Network uses the
Media

Comparison of ISUP
and SIP Messages :

https://telconotes.wor
dpress.com/2013/09/
01/calling-from-pstn-
to-voip/

http://www.tutorialspo
int.com/session_initia
tion_protocol/session
_initiation_protocol_t
o_pstn.htm
- January 16, 2016 No
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Wednesday, 16
September 2015

How to Upgrade RHEL Linux ....

- September 16, 2015 No

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Tuesday, 15 September
2015

Basic Linux Commands used daily

Navig
ation
:

1. To print
working
directory :
pwd

2. To
change
directory
: cd

3. To list
files and
contents of
directories :
ls
4. To list
files/direc
in long
format : ls –
l

5. To list the
hidden
files/direc :
ls –a

6. To view
text files :
less text_fil
e

7. To know
what kind
of a file it
is : file
name_of_fi
le

Mani
pulati
ng
Files:

1. To Copy
files and
directories :
cp file1
filenew
2. To move
or rename
the
files/directo
ries :
mv file1 fil
enew

3. To
remove the
file/director
ies : rm
file

4. To make
directory :
mkdir

Worki
ng
with
com
mand
s:

1. Display
Information
about
command
type:
type comm
and(ls,cp..e
tc)
2. To locate
the
command :
which
command
(ls…etc)

3. To display
the
reference
page: help
–
m comman
d(cd..etc)

4. To display
on-line
command
interface :
man ls

I/O
Redir
ectio
n:

1. To
redirect
standard
output to a
file : “ >
“ ( ls > fil
e_list.txt )
 2. To
redirect
standard
output to a
file : “ <
” (sort
< file_list.t
xt >
sorted_file.
txt)

3. With
pipeline the
output of
one
command is
fed into
input of
another :

ls –l |
less
 rpm –qa|
grep –i
filename : Rp
m –qa list for
all rpm files
installed on
system
and Grep
Accweb it find
any containing
the string
“accweb” and
output them.

1. Filters:

sort : Sorts
standard input
then outputs
the sorted
result on
standard
output.
grep : Examine
s each line of
data it receives
from standard
input and
outputs every
line that
contains a
specified
pattern of
characters.
 Permi
ssions
:

1. to
change the
permissions
of
folders/files
: Chmod X
XX
filename
 2.
Temporarily
become
super user :
su & sudo

3. Change
file
ownership
of
user : chow
n user
filename

4. Change
file
ownership
of
group : chgr
p group
filename

5. Change
file
ownership
of user &
group : cho
wn user:gr
oup
filename

Job Control:
 1. To know
the process
running : p
s or jobs

2. to know
the
processes
running on
system : Ps
aux

3. to find
process
with
user :
Ps –
u name of
User

4. to kill the
process : K
ill
-9 process
name

 -9 Kill signal

-1 hang-up
signal

-2 interrupt
signal

-15
termination
signal

Wildcards:
1. Matches
any
characters :
*

2. Matches
ant single
character:
?

3. All
filenames :
*

4. All
filenames
that begin
with the
character
"g" : g*

5. All
filenames
that begin
with the
character
"b" and end
with the
characters
".txt"
:b*.txt

Txt
Editor
:
 1. to edit
the
configuratio
n/txt file
(command
line) : vi/vi
m

2. gedit is
the editor
supplied (G
UI) : gedit

Searc
hing:

1.
Search file
by
name : Fin
d -name
"query"

2. Search
file by
type   : Fin
d -
type type_
descriptor_
query

Type
decriptor :

F - regular file

d- directory
I -symbolic link

1.
Search : lo
cate
filename

2. We can
use locate/
grep for
searching :

grep
"code
s" ins
tall.lo
g :
searh
for
word/
string
/line i
na
file (
grep –
n
,displ
ay
with
line
numb
er,
grep –
I it
searc
h for
case
sensi
tive )
grep
-i "co
des"(
Searc
h
string
) /ro
ot/ins
tall.lo
g
(path
of
file)

[root
@loca
lhost
~]#
grep
"code
s"
install
.log

Install
ing
iso-
codes
-3.16-
2.el6.
noarc
h

Remo
te
Admi
nistra
tion :
1. Can
use ssh wit
h a full
hostname
to connect
to a remote
machine : s
sh
hostname

2. Connect
to a remote
system with
your
current
username :
ssh
username
@hostnam
e

3. Allows
you to copy
files from
one
computer/s
erver to
another
computer/s
erver : scp
 Other
Com
mand
s:

1. To know
which user
is
logged : wh
oami

2. To know
who
recently lo
gged : users

3.

4.
history : for
monitoring
commands
executed by
user.

5.
Service : f
or start/sto
p/restart/st
atus
(Service
httpd
start,service
red5 stop,…
etc)
6. Top : to
monitor
system
activities

7. df - to
know disk
file space
on machine
(df –h size
in GB,df –
m sizein
MB )

8. fdisk –l -
to display
with
partitions

9. Netstat :
give
information
about
network
connections
(nestat –
tcp display
all tcp
connections
)
10.
Mount – for
mounting
formatted
partitions

Basic
Netw
ork
Com
mand
s:

1.
Netstat : t
o look up
the various
active
connections
within a
computer

2.
Traceroute :
to know the
number
hop it
travelled to
reach
destination.
3.
Nslookup:
It is use for
DNS quiery.

1. Dig : It is
use for DNS
quiery.It
display full
info.

1.
Ifconfig : It
is very
useful in
determinin
g what
could be
wrong with
a
network.to
know IP
address.

2.
Ifup: enabl
e interface

3. Ifdown :
disable
interface.
 4.
Ping : PING
is used to
check for a
response
from
another
computer
on the
network.

5. Ping -
c hostadres
s:
6.

What
command
used to check
Disk Space ?

1 Command to
know disk
space : df

2 Command to
know size in
GB : df -h
3 Command to
know size in
MB : df -m

How to change
the Ownership
of file/Group?

ls -lart tmpfile

-rw-r--r-- 1
himanshu
family 0 2012-
05-22 20:03
tmpfile

Before using
command :

Command to
change
Ownership of
file: chown ro
ot tmpfile
Command to
change
Ownership of
group :
chgrp friends
tmpfile

After using
command
above:

ls -l tmpfile

-rw-r--r-- 1
root friends 0
2012-05-22
20:03 tmpfile

What
command
used for
finding the
process
running?

Command to
see processes
running : ps
Command to
find the
process run by
user : ps
-u Sukesh

What Comma
nd to kill a
process ?

Kill
-9 process
name

-9 Kill signal

-1 hangup
signal

-2 interrupt
signal

-
15 terminatio
n signal

Search for a
file by name ?

Find -name
"query"

Search the file

by type?
Find -type
type_descripto
r query

Type
decriptor :

F - regular file

d- directory

I -symbolic link

How to know
which user is
logged?

Command : w
hoami

Who
recently logge
d in?

Command :
users

How do we
transfer file
from one
server to
another?
 Comman
d used to
establish ssh
connection : s
sh username
@ IP

How we move
file from one
folder to
another?

Command :
Mv file
name remote
folder path

How do we
copy file from
one folder to
another
folder?

Command:
cp filename r
emote folder
path
What
command use
for add
interface?

Com
mand : if
up

What
command
used fo
remove
interface?

Com
mand : ifdo
wn

To know
Current
working
Directory ?

Command
used : Pwd

Command to
give
permissions?

Chmod
XXX filename
777 rwx rwx
rwx

rwx = 111 in
binary = 7

rw- = 110 in
binary = 6

r-x = 101 in
binary = 5

r-- = 100 in
binary = 4

Chmod 777
filename

- September 15, 2015 No

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Wednesday, 15 October
2014

IMS Technology for SIP Tester

IMS enables a
packet -based
Network to provide
multiple services
on single
control/service
layers via different
access networks.

IMS
Requirements:

1. IP
Multimedia
sessions

2. QOS
3. Service
control
4. Roaming
5.
Internetworkin
g

6. Rapid
service creater

7. Multiple
access

IMS Protocols:

1. SCF(Session
Control
Function)

Cirtuit
Switched
network :-

TUP (Telephony
User Part)

ISUP(ISDN User
Part)

BICC(Bearer
independent call
control)

Packet
Switched
Network:-

SIP

H.323
 2)
AAA(Authenticatio
n, Authorization
and Accounting)

Diameter

3) Other protocols

Megaco(H248)

RTP/RTCP

IMS was originally

standardized by
3gpp.

Key components
or Nodes of
IMS architecture:

1. HSS and
SLF
2. CSCF

3. AS

4. BGCF
5. Media
Gateways
6. MRF

1. HSS &
SLF :

HSS(Home
Subscriber
System)=====
===:

It is a database of
all subscriber and
server data.

It is an Evolution
of HLR(Home
location register)
which is in GSM.
It contain User
Profiles used by
control layer

It contain
subscription
information used
by service layer

User
profile contains

. User identity
.allocated s-cscf
name

. Registration
information and
roaming profile

.authentication
parameters

.control and
service information

SLF (subscriber
location
function):

. An SLF is needed
to map user
address when
multiple HSSs are
used.

. Network with
Single HSS do not
need SLF, On
other hand
networks with
more than one
HSS require SLF.

. Both HSS and

the SLF
communicate
through the
Diameter protocol

1. CSCF(Call
session
control
function):
 This
is a sip
server.
There
are
three
types
of
CSCFs ,
dependi
ng on
Functio
nalities
they
provide
:-

1.
PCSCF(proxy)

2.
SCSCF(Serving
)

3.
ICSCF(interrog
ating)

PCSCF:

1. It is the first
point of
contact
between IMS
terminal (UE)
and IMS
network.

2. Its main
functionalities
are:-

It
establishes
number of IP
sec security
associations (
the ability to
detect the
content of
message has
changed since
its creation)
towards the
IMS terminal.
It verifies
the correctne
ss of sip
requests sent
by IMS
terminal and
forwards sip
messages to
SCSCF.

It
forwards
registration
requests
received from
UE to I-CSCF

It
forwards
requests and
answer to the
UE.

It
also
Includes Comp
ressor and
de-
compressor
of SIP
messages.

It
authenticate
the User and
asserts the
identity of the
user to other
nodes in the
network.
 It also
include PDF(p
olicy decision
Function).It is
integrated with
PCSCF or
Standalone
unit.PDF
authorizes
media plane
and manages
Quality of
service over
media plane.

3) The PCSCF
may be located
either in Visited
network or Home
network.

ICSCF:

I CSCF is Sip
proxy located at
the edge of an
administrative
domain.

.It's IP Address is
published in the
DNS of the
domain(using
NAPTR and SRV
type of DNS
records)

.It has an
interface to SLF
and HSS.

. It Queries the
HSS using
Diameter cx
Interface to
retrieve the user
location.
. It also
implements
interface to
Application
servers, to route
requests that are
addressed

to services rather
regular users.

. It may optionally
encrypt the parts
of sip messages
that contain
sensitive
information about
the domain, DNS
names and
capacity. This
functionality is
called
THIG(Topology
hiding inter-
network gateway.

. It is located in
Home Network , In
some special cases
such as
ICSCF(THIG) it
may be located in
visited network as
well.

SCSCF:

S CSCF is the
central node of the
signalling plane.

. It is a sip server
always located in
home network.
. It Uses Diameter
cx and DX to
upload or
download user
profiles, it has no
local storage. All
necessary
information is
stored in HSS.

.It handles SIP

registrations,
Which allows to
bind User
location/IP address
and SIP address.

.It sits on path of

Signalling message
and can inspect
every message.

.It decides to
which application
servers the sip
message will be
forwarded, in
order to provide
services.

.It provide
Routing Services
typically using
ENUM lookups.

.It enforces the

policy of the
network operator.

MRF:(Media
Resource
Function) It
provides a source
of media in the
home network .

.It is used for

playing
Announcements(a
udio/Video)
.It is used for
Multimedia
Conferencing( ex:
Mixing audio
streams)

.It is used for

TTS(text-speech
Conversion) and
Speech
recognition.

.It is used for

transcoding
between different
codec

.It is used for

obtain statistics
and do any sort of
media analysis.

It is mainly divided
into two types:

MRFC and MRFP

MRFC(Media
resource function
controller):

.It is a signalling
plane node that
acts as a Sip user
agent for S-cscf
and which controls
the MRFP with a
H.248 interface.

MRFP:(Media
resource function
processor):

.It is media plane

node that
implements all
media related
functions, such as
playing and mixing
media.

MRF is located in
Home network
BGCF(Break Out
Gateway Control
Function) :

.It is a Sip server

used for routing
Calls between the
IMS terminal and
PSTN phone.

.It routes based on

Telephone
numbers.

. It break out
occurs in same
network as the
BGCF then the
BGCF select a
MGCF that will be
responsible for
internetworking
with the PSTN and
forwards the
signalling to MGCF.
Other wise it
forwards signalling
to BGCF of
another operator.

.The MGCF then

receives the
signalling from
BGCF and
manages the
internetworking
with PSTN
network.

The PSTN/CS
Gateway:

The
internetworking
with CS network is
realized by several
components for
signaling, media
and control
functions.
SGW(Signalling
Gateway):

.It is an interface
with signalling
plane of CS
network.

.It performs Lower

layer protocol
conversion.

.It transforms
ISUP over MTP
into ISUP over
SCTP/IP.

MGCF(Media
Gateway Control
Function):

>It performs call

control protocol
conversion
between Sip and
ISUP.

. It interfaces SGW
over SCTP.

.It controls MGW

with a
H.248(Megaco)
interface.

MGW: (Media
Gateway)

. It is an interface
with Media plane
of CS network.

. It converts RTP
to PCM

. It also performs
media transcoding
when Codecs
doesn't match.

Application
Server(AS):

AS is a
sip entity that
hosts and executes
services .
.It interface with
the S-CSCF and I-
CSCF using Sip
and HSS using
Diameter.

. This allows third

party providers
and easy
integration and
deployment of
their value added
services to the IMS
infrastructure.

There are three

different types of
Application
servers:-

SIP AS :- It hosts
and executes IP
multimedia
services based on
sip.

OSA-SCS(open
service Access-
service capability
server):- It
inherits OSA
capabilities to
access the IMS
securely from
external network.
IM SSF(IP
multimedia Service
switching system
Function): It
allows a GSM
SCF(GSM service
control function)to
control an IMS
session. IMS SSF
provides intelligent
gateway
functionality
between sip based
IMS network an IN
systems that use
protocols such as
CAMEL,INAP,AIN
and MAP.

- October 15, 2014 No

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Saturday, 29 March
2014

WireShark Filters with IPaddress & Port

Filter for
ip
address:

Ip.addr ==
148.147.XX.XX
Ip.src ==
148.147.XX.XX
(Source IP
address filter)

Ip.dst ==
148.147.XX.XX
(Destination
IP address
filter)

Ip.src ==
148.147.XX.XX
&& Ip.dst ==
148.147.XX.XX
(Source and
destination IP
address filter)

Filter for
Port:

Tcp.port ==
XXX (TCP port
filter)

Udp.port ==
XXX (UDP Port
filter)
Tcp.srcport==X
XX (TCP port
filter for
source)

Udp.srcport==
XXX (TCP port
filter for
source)

Tcp.dstport==X
XX(TCP port
filter for
destination)

Udp.dstport==
XXX(UDP port
filter for
destination)

- March 29, 2014 No

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Sunday, 9 March 2014

SIPp Commands

SIPp
Commands
:

Register
UAC
sudo ./sipp
1XX.1XX.2X
X.2XX(Serv
er IP) -t u1
-sf
Register.xml
-inf
Register.csv
-i
1XX.1XX.2X
X.1XX
(Local IP)
-m 1
-trace_err
-trace_msg
-trace_logs

Invite UAC
sudo ./sipp
1XX.1XX.2X
X.2XX(Serv
er IP) -t u1
-sf
Invite.xml
-inf
Invite.csv -i
1XX.1XX.2X
X.1XX
(Local IP)
-m 1
-trace_err
-trace_msg
-trace_logs

Register
UAS

./sipp -sn
Register.xml

Invite UAS

./sipp -sn
Invite.xml
Use
Command
for 1000
Calls:-

sudo ./sipp
1XX.1XX.2X
X.2XX(Serv
er IP) -t u1
-sf
Invite.xml
-inf
Invite.csv -i
1XX.1XX.2X
X.1XX
(Local IP)
-m 1000 -l
10 -r 10 -rp
10000
-trace_err
-trace_msg
-trace_logs
-m = Max
number of
calls you
want
generate
(100,1000...
etc)

-l = Max
Concurrent
calls you
want to
generate , If
Max number
of call is
high it may
take more
time to
generate

Example:-

-r = Set the
Call rate per
second
-rp = rate
period in
milliseconds
for call rate.

Example:-
-r 10 -rp
10000 =>
This means
10 calls for
every 10
secs.

- March 09, 2014 No

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