IS : 2026 (Part III) - 1981

(Reaffirmed 2001)
Edition 3.1
(1994-03)
Indian Standard
SPECIFICATION FOR POWER TRANSFORMERS
PART III INSULATION LEVELS AND DIELECTRIC TESTS

( Second Revision )
(Incorporating Amendment No. 1)

UDC 621.314.222.6 : 621.317.333

© BIS 2003

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN , 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

Price Group 9
 IS : 2026 (Part III) - 1981

Indian Standard
SPECIFICATION FOR POWER TRANSFORMERS
PART III INSULATION LEVELS AND DIELECTRIC TESTS

( Second Revision )
Transformers Sectional Committee, ETDC 16

Chairman Representing

SHRI D. V. NARKE Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd, Bhopal

Members

SHRI PREM CHAND 

 ( Alternates to Shri D. V. Narke )
SHRI D. P. GUPTA 
SHRI R. S. ARORA Directorate General of Supplies & Disposals
SHRI D. R. CHANDRAN ( Alternate ) (Inspection Wing), New Delhi
SHRI A. V. BHEEMARAO Gujarat Electricity Board, Vadodara
SHRI S. H. MAKHIJANI ( Alternate )
SHRI A. CHATTERJEE Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation Ltd,
SHRI T. K. GHOSE ( Alternate ) Calcutta
SHRI S. D. CHOTRANEY Bombay Electric Supply and Transport
SHRI Y. K. PALVANKAR ( Alternate ) Undertaking, Bombay
SHRI D. DHAR The General Electric Co of India Ltd,
SHRI B. A. SUBRAMANYAM ( Alternate ) Allahabad
DIRECTOR (SUBSTATIONS) Central Electricity Authority, New Delhi
DEPUTY DIRECTOR (SUBSTATIONS)
( Alternate )
JOINT DIRECTOR TI (SUBSTATION) Research, Designs and Standards
DEPUTY DIRECTOR STANDARDS Organization, Lucknow
(ELEC) ( Alternate )
DR M. V. JOSHI Electrical Research and Development
SHRI P. K. JOSHI ( Alternate ) Association, Bombay
SHRI D. B. MEHTA Tata Hydro-Electric Power Supply Co Ltd,
SHRI R. CHANDRAMOULI ( Alternate ) Bombay

( Continued on page 2 )

© BIS 2003
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
This publication is protected under the Indian Copyright Act (XIV of 1957) and
reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of the
publisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Act.
IS : 2026 (Part III) - 1981
( Continued from page 1 )
Members Representing
SHRI V. R. NARASIMHAN Central Power Research Institute, Bangalore
SHRI C. S. SARMA ( Alternate )
SHRI T. OMKUMAR NGEF Ltd, Bangalore
SHRI P. S. RAMAN ( Alternate )
SHRI I. S. PATEL Hindustan Brown Boveri Ltd, Bombay
SHRI U. K. PATWARDHAN Prayog Electricals Pvt Ltd, Bombay
DR G. M. PHADKE Indian Electrical Manufacturer’s Association,
SHRI P. K. PHILIP ( Alternate ) Bombay
SHRI V. N. PRAHLAD Voltas Ltd (Motor and Transformer Plant),
SHRI T. B. SEN ( Alternate ) Bombay
SHRI CHANDRA K. ROHATGI Pradip Lamp Works, Patna
SHRI P. S. SAWHNEY Delhi Electricity Supply Undertaking, New
SHRI B. B. DASS ( Alternate ) Delhi
SHRI P. K. SAXENA Rural Electrification Corporation Ltd, New
SHRI G. L. DUA ( Alternate ) Delhi
SHRI R. K. SEHGAL Bombay Suburban Electric Supply Ltd,
SHRI H. S. NATARAJAN ( Alternate ) Bombay
SHRI V. T. D’SILVA Siemens India Ltd, Bombay
SHRI R. G. PARDHANANI ( Alternate )
SUPERINTENDING ENGINEER (TECHNICAL Andhra Pradesh State Electricity Department
PROJECTS) (Electricity Projects and Board),
SUPERINTENDING ENGINEER (GRID Hyderabad
OPERATION) ( Alternate )
DR VAKIL AHMED Directorate General of Technical
SHRI S. K. PALHAN ( Alternate ) Development, New Delhi
SHRI C. R. VARIER Crompton Greaves Ltd, Bombay
SHRI S. V. MANERIKAR ( Alternate )
SHRI T. V. VIDYARATNA RAJ Kirloskar Electric Co Ltd, Bangalore
SHRI M. D. KALLIANPUR ( Alternate )
SHRI S. P. SACHDEV, Director General, BIS ( Ex-officio Member )
Director (Elec tech)
Secretary
SHRI K. M. BHATIA
Deputy Director (Elec tech), BIS

Panel for Insulation Levels and Dielectric Tests for Power

Transformers, ETDC 16/P9
Convener
SHRI D. V. NARKE Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd, Bhopal
Members

SHRI S. C. NANDANKAR 
SHRI PREM CHAND  ( Alternates to Shri D. V. Narke )

SHRI A. K. CHOPRA Punjab State Electricity Board, Patiala
SHRI K. L. BHATIA ( Alternate )
( Continued on page 42 )

2
 IS : 2026 (Part III) - 1981

Indian Standard
SPECIFICATION FOR POWER TRANSFORMERS
PART III INSULATION LEVELS AND DIELECTRIC TESTS

( Second Revision )
0. F O R E W O R D
0.1 This Indian Standard (Part III) was adopted by the Indian
Standards Institution on 26 May 1981, after the draft finalized by the
Transformers Sectional Committee had been approved by the
Electrotechnical Division Council.
0.2 This standard was first issued in 1962 and was revised in 1977
with a view to align it with the revision of IEC Publication 76 ‘Power
transformers’ issued by the International Electrotechnical
Commission and issued in the following four parts:
Part I General
Part II Temperature-rise
Part III Insulation levels and dielectric tests
Part IV Terminal marking, tappings and connections
0.3 The second revision of this standard (Part III) has been
undertaken with a view to bring it in line with the latest thinking at
the IEC level. The most significant modification in this revision is that
the line of demarcation to have lightning impulse test as a routine test,
has been shifted from ≥ 145 kV to ≥ 300 kV.
0.4 This second revision also clarifies some anomalies noticed in the
first revision with regard to induced overvoltages and impulse
withstand tests.
0.5 This standard (Part III) is to be read in conjunction with IS : 2026
(Part I)-1977*, IS : 2026 (Part II)-1977† and IS : 2026 (Part IV)-1977‡.
0.6 This standard (Part III) is based on IEC Pub 76-3 (1980) ‘Power
transformers: Part III Insulation levels and dielectric tests’ and IEC
Document 14 (Central Office) 51 Draft Amendment No. 1 to Pub 76-3,
issued by the International Electrotechnical Commission.

*Specification for power transformers: Part I General ( first revision ).

†Specification for power transformers: Part II Temperature-rise ( first revision ).
‡Specification for power transformers: Part IV Terminal marking, tappings and
connections ( first revision ).

3
IS : 2026 (Part III) - 1981
0.7 This edition 3.1 incorporates Amendment No. 1 (March 1994). Side
bar indicates modification of the text as the result of incorporation of
the amendment.
0.8 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of
this standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated,
expressing the result of a test, shall be rounded off in accordance with
IS : 2-1960*. The number of significant places retained in the rounded
off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this
standard.
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard (Part III) specifies the requirements relating to
insulation levels and dielectric tests for power transformers.
2. GENERAL
2.1 The dielectric tests ( see Table 1 ) shall generally be carried out at
the manufacturer’s works with the transformer approximately at
ambient temperature.
2.2 The transformers shall be completely assembled as in service,
except that for liquid-filled transformers the fitting of external cooling
and supervisory equipment shall not be necessary.
2.3 Transformers for cable box connections or direct connections to
metal enclosed SF 6 installations shall be so designed that the
temporary connections can be made for dielectric tests, using
temporary bushings, if necessary.
2.4 When the manufacturer proposes to use non-linear elements or
surge divertors (built into the transformer or fitted externally) for the
limitation of transferred overvoltage transients, this shall be brought
to the attention of the user.
NOTE — The insulating requirements for power transformers and the corresponding
insulation tests are given with reference to specific windings and their terminals. For
liquid-filled transformers the requirements apply to the internal insulation only, and
are not related to the properties of external bushing insulation under different
weather conditions or contamination. Any additional requirement or tests regarding
external insulation which are deemed necessary shall be subject to agreement
between the purchaser and the supplier. When an oil-filled transformer is specified
for operation at an altitude higher than 1 000 m, it may then be necessary to select
bushings designed for higher insulation levels than those specified for the internal
insulation of the transformer windings. Bushings are subjected to separate type and
routine tests in accordance with IS : 2099-1973† which also verify their
phase-to-earth insulation, external as well as internal. It is presupposed that
bushings and tap-changers are specified, designed and tested in accordance with

*Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised ).

†Specification for bushings for alternating voltages above 1 000 volts ( first revision ).

4
 IS : 2026 (Part III) - 1981
IS : 2099-1973* and IS : 8468-1977†. The insulation tests on the complete
transformer, however, check the correct application and installation of these
components.
2.5 If a transformer fails to meet its test requirements due to a fault in
a bushing, to facilitate continuation and completion of the test without
delay, the replacement of the faulty bushings shall be permissible. A
particular case arises for tests with partial discharge measurements,
where certain types of commonly used high voltage bushings create
difficulty because of their relatively high level of partial discharge in
the dielectric. When such bushings are mounted on the transformer it
shall be permissible to exchange them for bushings of a partial
discharge free type during the testing of the transformer ( see
Appendix A ).
3. HIGHEST VOLTAGE FOR EQUIPMENT AND INSULATION
LEVEL
3.1 Highest Voltage for Equipment — Each winding of a
transformer shall be assigned a value of highest voltage for equipment
denoted by Um which is the maximum value of the highest voltage of a
system to which the winding may be connected in respect of its
insulation.
The rules for coordination of transformers insulation with respect to
transient overvoltages are formulated differently depending on the
value of Um. When rules about specific tests for different windings in a
transformer are in conflict, the rule for winding with the highest Um
value shall apply. Rules for a number of special cases are given in 4.
3.1.1 The standard values of Um are listed in Tables 2 to 4. The value
to be assigned to a transformer winding shall be the one equal to or
nearest above the rated voltage of the winding.
NOTE 1 — Single-phase transformers intended for connection in star to form a
three-phase bank are designated by phase-to-earth rated voltage, for example,
400
---------- kV. The phase-to-phase value determines the choice of Um (in this case,
3
consequently, Um = 420 kV).
NOTE 2 — It may happen, particularly for tapped windings, that for some reason the
rated voltage of a winding is chosen slightly higher than a standard value of Um but
that the system to which the winding will be connected has a system highest voltage
which stays within the standard value. The insulation requirements are to be
coordinated with actual system conditions, and therefore the standard value shall be
accepted as Um for the transformer, and not the nearest higher value.
3.1.2 The value Um assigned to each winding in the transformer is
part of the information to be supplied with an enquiry and order.
*Specification for bushings for alternating voltages above 1 000 volts ( first revision ).
†Specification for on-load tap-changers.

5
 IS : 2026 (Part III) - 1981
TABLE 1 REQUIREMENTS AND TESTS FOR DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF WINDINGS
( Clauses 2.1, 3.2.1, 3.2.2 and 5.1 )
SL CATEGORY OF WITHSTAND VOLTAGES CONSTITUTING TESTS AND TEST CLAUSES
NO . WINDINGS INSULATION LEVEL, RELEVANT
CLAUSES AND TABLES
1. Um < 300 kV a) Power frequency (5.2 and Table 2) a) Separate source AC (routine) (10)
uniform insulation b) Lightning impulse (5.2 and Table 2) b) Lightning impulse (type) (12) on line
(optional for dry type transformers) terminals
c) Lightning impulse for neutral, if specified c) Modified impulse test on neutral (special)
(5.5.3) (12.3.2)
d) Induced overvoltage (routine) (11.2)
2. Um < 300 kV a) Power frequency for line terminal (5.3 and a) Separate source AC (routine) (10)
non-uniform Table 2) (corresponding to insulation level of neutral)
insulation b) Lightning impulse for line terminals (5.3 and b) Lightning impulse on line terminals (type)
Table 2) (12)
c) Power frequency for neutral (5.5) c) Modified impulse test on neutral (special)
(12.3.2)
d) Lightning impulse for neutral, if specified d) Induced overvoltage (routine) (11.3)
6

(5.5.3)
3. Um ≥ 300 kV a) Power frequency for line terminals (5.4.1 and a) Separate source AC (routine) (10)
non-uniform Table 3) (corresponding to insulation level of neutral)
insulation specified b) Lightning impulse for line terminals (5.4.1 b) Lightning impulse on line terminals (routine)
according to Method and Table 3) (12)
1 (5.4.1) c) Power frequency for neutral (5.5) c) Modified impulse test on neutral (special)
(12.3.2)
d) Lightning impulse for neutral, if specified d) Induced overvoltage (routine) (11.3)
(5.5.3)
4. Um ≥ 300 kV a) Lightning impulse for line terminals (5.4.2 a) Separate source AC (routine) (10)
non-uniform and Table 4) (corresponding to insulation level of neutral)
insulation specified b) Switching impulse for line terminals (5.4.2 b) Lightning impulse on line terminals (routine)
according to Method and Table 4) (12)
2 (5.4.2) c) Power frequency for neutral (5.5) c) Modified impulse test on neutral (special)
(12.3.2)
d) Lightning impulse for neutral, if specified d) Switching impulse on line terminals
(5.5.3) (routine) (14)
e) Induced overvoltage (routine) (11.4) (with
partial discharge indication)
 IS : 2026 (Part III) - 1981
3.2 Insulation Level — The rated withstand voltages for the winding
which constitute its insulation level shall be verified by a set of
dielectric tests, and the set of tests is different depending on the value
of Um ( see 5 ).
3.2.1 Two alternative definitions are used to describe rated insulation
level:
a) The rated lightning impulse and short duration power frequency
withstand voltages.
NOTE — Definition (a) applies for all windings with highest voltage Um lower than
300 kV, and for windings with Um equal to or greater than 300 kV that are
specified according to Method 1 ( see 5 and Table 1 ).

b) The rated lightning and switching impulse withstand voltages

(phase-to-earth).
NOTE — Definition (b) applies for windings with Um equal to or greater than 300
kV that are specified according to Method 2 ( see 5 and Table 1).

3.2.2 If there is a winding with non-uniform insulation, the insulation

level of the neutral terminal shall also be specified by the purchaser
( see also 5.5.3 ). If there is a winding with non-uniform insulation and
Um ≥ 300 kV, it shall be tested according to Method 1 or Method 2 ( see
5, Table 1 ), and in the case of Method 2 further information shall be
given about the choice of certain alternative procedures in the induced
overvoltage withstand test ( see 11.4 ).
3.2.3 The insulation level assigned to each winding of a transformer is
part of the information to be supplied with an enquiry and order.
3.2.4 Abbreviated Notation for Insulation Levels — The rated
withstand voltages for all windings rated 3.6 kV and above shall
appear on the rating plate. The principles of the standard abbreviated
notation are shown by the following examples. The values of rated
lightning impulse (LI) switching impulse (SI) and power frequency
withstand voltage (AC) shall be taken from Tables 2, 3 or 4.
Example 1 : A transformer having windings with Um = 72.5 and 12
kV, both uniformly insulated.

Insulation Levels : LI 325 AC 140/LI 60 AC 28

Data for different windings are separated by a stroke,

and the impulse level is put first.

7
IS : 2026 (Part III) - 1981
Example 2 : A transformer having a non-uniformly insulated
star-connected high voltage winding with Um = 245 kV
and neutral to be non-directly earthed. The next
winding is also star-connected with uniform insulation
and Um = 72.5 kV, and further a tertiary,
delta-connected winding with Um = 24 kV.

Insulation Levels : LI 850 AC 360-LI 250 AC 95/

LI 325 AC 140/LI 125 AC 50

For a non-uniformly insulated winding, line terminal data are

given first, and then, after a separating dash, neutral terminal data.
Example 3 : An autotransformer with Um = 420 and 145 kV
specified according to Method 2 ( see 5.4 ) and with
neutral for direct connection to earth, and a tertiary
with Um = 24 kV.

Insulation Levels : SI 1050 LI 1300 — AC 38/

LI 550 — AC 38/
LI 125 AC 50

In this example the specification of Method 2 determines the testing

of the 145 kV winding as well, and this means that there is no
separately specified power frequency withstand voltage for the line
terminals of this winding. The induced overvoltage withstand test in
accordance with 11.4 applies to both autoconnected windings.
4. RULES FOR SOME SPECIAL CLASSES OF TRANSFORMERS
4.1 In transformers where uniformly insulated windings having
different Um values are connected together within the transformer
(usually autotransformers), the test voltage for separate-source
power-frequency withstand test shall be determined by the winding
with the highest Um value.
4.2 For transformers with a high voltage winding having Um ≥ 300 kV,
lightning impulse tests are routine tests for all windings.
4.3 In transformers which have one or more non-uniformly insulated
windings the test voltage for the induced overvoltage withstand test,
and for the switching impulse test, if used, are determined by the
winding with the highest Um value, and the windings with lower Um
values may not receive their appropriate test voltages. This
discrepancy should normally be accepted. If the ratio between the

8
 IS : 2026 (Part III) - 1981
windings is variably by tappings, this should be used to bring the test
voltage for the winding with lower Um voltage as close as possible to
the appropriate value.
4.4 During switching impulse tests, the voltages developed across
different windings are approximately proportional to the turns ratios.
If rated switching impulse withstand voltages are assigned to several
windings, the problem shall be solved as specified in 4.3. A tapped
winding of lower Um without assigned switching impulse withstand
voltage shall be connected on its principal tapping during the
switching impulse test.
4.5 Series windings in booster regulating transformers, phase shifting
transformers, etc, where the rated voltage of the winding is only a
small fraction of the voltage of the system, shall have a value of Um
corresponding to the system voltage.
NOTE — It is often impracticable to test such transformers in formal compliance with
this specification and it should be agreed between manufacturer and the user which
tests have to be omitted or modified.

5. INSULATION REQUIREMENTS AND DIELECTRIC

WITHSTAND TESTS
5.1 The requirements and tests for different categories of windings
shall be as given in Table 1.
NOTE — The extension of the lightning impulse test to include impulses chopped on
the tail is sometimes specified, particularly for cases where the transformer is not
protected by surge arresters. This modification is dealt with in 13.
5.2 Insulation requirements and dielectric withstand tests for
windings with Um < 300 kV, uniform insulation.
5.2.1 The rated withstand voltages of the winding shall be as follows:
a) A rated short-duration power-frequency withstand voltage in
accordance with Table 2.
b) A rated lightning impulse withstand voltage for the line
terminals in accordance with Table 2.
c) If specified, a rated impulse withstand voltage for the neutral
terminal, with the same peak value as for the line materials.
5.2.1.1 For values of Um lower than 52 kV there are two lists of
alternatives impulse withstand voltages in Table 2.
For Um = 123, 145, 170, and 245 kV there are different alternatives
of power frequency and impulse withstand voltages in Table 2.

9
IS : 2026 (Part III) - 1981

TABLE 2 RATED WITHSTAND VOLTAGES FOR TRANSFORMER WINDINGS

WITH HIGHEST VOLTAGE FOR EQUIPMENT Um < 300 kV
( Clauses 3.1.1, 5.2.1, 5.2.1.1, 5.3.1, 5.5.3.1, 7.1 and 11.2 )
HIGHEST VOLTAGE RATED SHORT DURATION RATED LIGHTNING
FOR EQUIPMENT POWER FREQUENCY IMPULSE WITHSTAND
Um WITHSTAND VOLTAGE VOLTAGE
(1) (2) (3)
kV rms kV rms kV peak










List 1 List 2
1.1 3 — —
3.6 10 20 40
7.2 20 40 60

12 28 60 75
17.5 38 75 95
24 50 95 125

36 70 145 170
52 95 250
72.5 140 325

 185 450
123 
 230 550

 230 550
145 
 275 650

 230 550
170  275 650
 325 750

 325 750
245  360 850
 395 950

NOTE — The underlined values are preferred in IS : 585-1962 Specification for

voltages and frequency for ac transmission and distribution systems ( revised ).

The choice between List 1 and List 2 for Um < 52 kV and the choice
between alternative rated withstand voltages for Um = 123, 145, 170
and 245 kV depends on the severity of overvoltage conditions to be
expected in the system and on the importance of particular
installation. Guidance may be obtained from IS : 2165-1977*. The
values chosen should be clearly stated in the enquiry.

*Specification for insulation coordination ( second revision ).

10
 IS : 2026 (Part III) - 1981
5.2.2 The rated withstand voltages shall be verified by the following
dielectric tests:
a) A separate-source power frequency voltage withstand test
( see 10 ) (routine test). This test is intended to verify the
power-frequency withstand strength of the winding under test to
earth and other windings.
b) An inducedo vervoltage withstand test ( see 11.2 ) (routine test).
This test is intended to verify the power frequency withstand
strength along the winding under test, between its phases, and to
earth and other windings.
c) A full-wave lightning impulse test for the line terminals ( see 12 )
(type test). This test is intended to verify the impulse withstand
strength of each line terminal to earth and other windings, and
along the winding under test.
NOTE — This test becomes a routine test when the winding considered forms part
of a transformer of which at least one winding has the highest voltage for
equipment Um ≥ 300 kV.
d) An impulse test for the neutral terminal ( see 12.3.2 ) (special
test), if a rated impulse withstand voltage for the neutral
terminal has been specified. This test is intended to verify the
impulse withstand strength of the neutral terminal to earth and
other windings.
NOTE — Distribution transformers for suburban or rural installations are in some
cases severely exposed to overvoltages. In such cases, higher test voltages or
additional tests, which are not mentioned here, may be agreed to between the
manufacturer and the user.

5.3 Insulation Requirements and Dielectric Withstand Tests

for Windings with Um < 300 kV, Non-uniform Insulation
5.3.1 The rated withstand voltages of the winding shall be as follows:
a) A rated short-duration power-frequency withstand voltage for the
line terminals in accordance with Table 2,
b) A rated lightning impulse withstand voltage for the line
terminals in accordance with Table 2,
c) A rated short-duration power-frequency withstand voltage for the
neutral terminal in accordance with 5.5, and
d) If specified, a rated impulse withstand voltage for the neutral
terminal in accordance with 5.5.3.
NOTE — Concerning List 1 and List 2 in Table 2, and alternative values for
Um ≥ 123 kV in Table 2, see 5.2.

11
IS : 2026 (Part III) - 1981
5.3.2 The rated withstand voltages shall be verified by the following
dielectric tests:
a) An induced overvoltage withstand test ( see 11 ) (routine test).
This test is intended to verify the power frequency voltage
withstand strength of the line terminals to earth and other
windings and the withstand strength between the phases and
along the winding under test. The test is carried at according
to 11.3.
b) A full-wave lightning impulse test for the line terminals ( see 12 )
(type test). The purpose of the test is as specified under 5.2.2 (c).
NOTE — This test becomes a routine test when the winding considered forms part
of a transformer of which at least one winding has the highest voltage for
equipment Um ≥ 300 kV.
c) A separate-source power-frequency voltage withstand test for the
neutral terminal ( see 10 ) (routine test). This test is intended to
verify the power-frequency voltage withstand strength of the
neutral terminal to earth.
d) An impulse test for the neutral terminal ( see 12.3.2 ) (special
test), if a rated impulse withstand voltage for the neutral
terminal has been specified. The purpose of the test is as specified
under 5.2.2 (d).
5.4 Insulation Requirements and Dielectric Withstand Tests
for Windings with Um ≥ 300 kV, Non-uniform Insulation —
There are two alternative methods, Method 1 ( see 5.4.1 ) and Method
2 ( see 5.4.2 ) for the specification and testing of transformers which
have winding belonging to this category. Which method has been
selected is part of the information to be supplied with an enquiry and
with an order, and if Method 2 has been selected it is also necessary to
indicate the choice between alternative procedures in the induced
overvoltage withstand test ( see 11.4 ).
Method 1 — For specifying and testing this method makes use of rated
lightning impulse withstand voltage and a rated short-duration
power-frequency withstand voltage. The latter is also intended to
represent a sufficient withstand strength against switching impulse
voltages ( see 5.4.1 ).
Method 2 — For specifying and testing this method makes use of a
rated switching impulse withstand voltage and a rated lightning
impulse withstand voltage. The induced power-frequency overvoltage
test is related only to stresses under normal operating conditions and
temporary overvoltages. The induced voltage test procedure specified
differs from that of Method 1 in that the duration is longer, the test
voltage phase-to-earth is lower, and the test criterion is based on the
measurement of partial discharges in the transformer ( see 5.4.2 ).
12
 IS : 2026 (Part III) - 1981
5.4.1 Method 1
5.4.1.1 The rated withstand voltages of the winding shall be as follows:
a) A rated short-duration power-frequency withstand voltage for
line terminals in accordance with Table 3;
b) A rated lightning impulse withstand voltage for line terminals, in
accordance with Table 3;
c) A rated short-duration power-frequency withstand voltage for
neutral terminal, in accordance with 5.5; and
d) If specified, a rated lightning impulse withstand voltage for
neutral terminal, in accordance with 5.5.3.
5.4.1.2 The withstand voltages shall be verified by the following
dielectric tests:
a) An induced overvoltage withstand test ( see 11 ) (routine test).
The test is carried out in accordance with 11.3. The purpose of
this test is as specified under 5.3.2 (a).
b) A full-wave lightning impulse test for the line terminals ( see 12 )
(routine test). The purpose of this test is as specified
under 5.2.2(c).

TABLE 3 TEST VOLTAGES FOR LINE TERMINALS OF WINDINGS WITH

Um ≥ 300 kV, SPECIFIED IN ACCORDANCE WITH METHOD 1
( Clauses 3.1.1, 3.2.4, and 5.4.1.1 )
HIGHEST VOLTAGE RATED SHORT DURATION RATED LIGHTNING
FOR EQUIPMENT POWER-FREQUENCY IMPULSE WITHSTAND
Um WITHSTAND VOLTAGE VOLTAGE
(1) (2) (3)
kV rms kV rms kV peak
 395 950
300 
 460 1 050

 460 1 050
362 
 510 1 175

 570 1 300
420 
 630 1 425

NOTE — The underlined values are preferred value in IS : 585-1962 Specification for
voltages and frequency for ac transmission and distribution systems ( revised ).
NOTE 2 — Guidance for the choice between alternative rated withstand voltage
combinations may be obtained from IS : 2165-1977 Specification for insulation
co-ordination ( second revision ).

13
IS : 2026 (Part III) - 1981
c) A separate-source power-frequency voltage withstand test for the
neutral terminal ( see 10 ) (routine test). The purpose of this test
is as specified under 5.3.2(c).
d) An impulse test for the neutral terminal ( see 12.3.2 ) (special
test) if a rated impulse withstand voltage for the neutral terminal
has been specified. The test is carried out on all units of lot. The
purpose of the test is as specified under 5.2.2(d).
5.4.2 Method 2
5.4.2.1 The rated withstand voltages of the winding shall be as follows:
a) A rated switching impulse withstand voltage for line terminals,
in accordance with Table 4.
b) A rated lightning impulse withstand voltage for line terminals, in
accordance with Table 4.
c) A rated short-duration power-frequency withstand voltage for
neutral terminal, in accordance with 5.5.
d) If specified a rated lightning impulse withstand voltage for
neutral terminal, in accordance with 5.5.3.
5.4.2.2 The rated withstand voltages shall be verified by the following
dielectric tests:
a) A switching impulse test for the line terminals ( see 14 ) (routine
test). This test is intended to verify the switching impulse
withstand strength of the line terminals to earth, and between
line terminals on three-phase transformers.
b) A full wave lightning impulse voltage withstand test for line
terminals ( see 12 ) (routine test). The purpose of this test is as
specified under 5.2.2(c).
c) A separate-source power-frequency voltage withstand test for the
neutral terminal ( see 10 ) (routine test). The purpose of this test
is as specified under 5.3.2(c).
d) A lightning impulse test for the neutral terminal ( see 12.3.2 )
(special test) if a rated impulse withstand voltage for the neutral
terminal has been specified. The test is carried out on all units of
the lot. The purpose of the test is as specified under 5.2.2(d).
e) An induced power frequency overvoltage test with partial
discharge measurement in accordance with 11.4 (routine test).
There are alternative procedures specified in this clause, and the
choice between these should be decided at the time of the order.

14
 IS : 2026 (Part III) - 1981
The test procedure applies to all windings of the transformer
having non-uniform insulation.
This test shall be carried out after completion of the other dielectric
tests. This test is carried out from the point of view of stresses under
normal operating conditions and temporary overvoltages.

TABLE 4 TEST VOLTAGES FOR LINE TERMINALS OF WINDINGS WITH

Um ≥ 300 kV SPECIFIED IN ACCORDANCE WITH METHOD 2
( Clauses 3.1.1, 3.2.4 and 5.4.2.1 )
HIGHEST VOLTAGE RATED SWITCHING IMPULSE RATED LIGHTNING IMPULSE
FOR EQUIPMENT WITHSTAND VOLTAGE WITHSTAND VOLTAGE
Um (PHASE-TO-NEUTRAL)
(1) (2) (3)
kV rms kV peak kV peak
 750 850 and 950
300 
 850 950 and 1 050
 850 950 and 1 050
362 
 950 1 050 and 1 175
 950 1 050 and 1 175
420 
 1 050 1 175, 1 300 and 1 425
 1 050 1 175, 1 300 and 1 425
525 
 1 175 1 425 and 1 550
 1 425 1 550 and 1 800
765 
 1 550 1 800 and 1 950

NOTE 1 — During the switching impulse withstand test on a three-phase transformer

the line-to-line test voltage shall be approximately 1.5 times the phase-to-neutral
voltage ( see 14.3 ).
NOTE 2 — The underlined value is the preferred value in IS : 585-1962 Specification
for voltages and frequency for ac transmission and distribution systems ( revised ).
NOTE 3 — Guidance for the choice between alternative rated withstand voltage
combinations may be obtained from IS : 2165-1977 Specification for insulation
coordination ( second revision ).

5.5 Insulation Requirements and Tests for the Neutral

Terminal of a Winding with Non-uniform Insulation
5.5.1 General — The necessary insulation level depends on whether
the neutral terminal is intended to be directly earthed or not. In the
latter case an overvoltage protective device should be installed on the

15
IS : 2026 (Part III) - 1981
neutral terminal in order to limit transient over voltages otherwise
non-uniform insulation of the winding is not recommended.
NOTE — 5.5.2 and 5.5.3 deal with determination of the necessary minimum
withstand voltage for the neutral terminal. An increase of the value may sometimes
easily be arranged and can improve the interchangeability of the transformer in the
system. It may also be necessary to design the winding with higher neutral
insulation level because of the test connection to be used for the induced
power-frequency test of the transformer ( see 11.3 ).
5.5.2 Neutral Terminal Intended to be Directly Earthed — This is
neutral terminal which is permanently connected to earth directly or
through a current transformer but without any intentionally added
impedance in the connection.
5.5.2.1 In this case the short-time power-frequency withstand voltage
shall be at least 38 kV.
5.5.2.2 No impulse test on the neutral terminal is recommended.
During impulse tests on a line terminal the neutral terminal shall be
connected directly to earth.
5.5.3 Neutral Terminal not Intended to be Directly Earthed —
This is neutral terminal which is not permanently in direct connection
to earth. This may be connected to earth through a considerable
impedance (for example, arc-suppression coil earthing). Separate
phase-winding neutral terminal may be connected to a regulating
transformer. The rated voltage of the surge arrester which is to be
installed for neutral protection shall be selected at least equal to the
maximum power-frequency voltage under such conditions of system
faults as are considered.
5.5.3.1 It is the responsibility of the user to select the overvoltage
protective device, to determine its impulse protection level, and to
specify the corresponding impulse withstand voltage for the neutral
terminal of the transformer. A suitable standard value should
preferably be selected from Table 2. The corresponding rated
power-frequency withstand voltage from the table shall also apply. It
should be checked that the power-frequency withstand voltage is
greater than the above mentioned system-fault voltage.
5.5.3.2 The rated impulse withstand voltage of the neutral terminal is
verified by either of the two tests described under 12.3.2. A
chopped-wave impulse test on the neutral is not recommended.
6. TESTS ON A TRANSFORMER WITH A TAPPED WINDING
6.1 If the tapping range is ± 5 percent or less, the dielectric test shall
be done with the transformer connected on the principal tapping.

16
 IS : 2026 (Part III) - 1981
6.2 If the tapping range is larger than ± 5 percent, the choice of
tapping cannot be prescribed universally. Testing conditions
determine the choice of tapping required for induced power-frequency
test and for switching impulse test ( see 4 ).
6.3 Under lightning impulse test the dielectric stresses are distributed
differently depending on the tapping connection and general design of
the transformer. Unless impulse testing on a particular tapping has
been agreed, the two extreme tappings and the principal tapping shall
be used, one tapping for each of the three individual phases of a
three-phase transformer or the three single-phase transformers
designed to form a three-phase bank.
7. INSULATION REQUIREMENTS AND TEST CONDITIONS
FOR DRY TYPE TRANSFORMERS
7.0 Pending preparation of a separate standard for dry type
transformers the provisions of 7.1 shall apply.
7.1 Dry type transformers are not a uniform category with respect to
insulation requirements and tests. The clauses of this standard are
applicable when dry type transformers are intended for general power
distribution in public or industrial systems. They are then designed in
accordance with 5.2 and Table 2 (List 1 or 2).
However, for application in particular systems where the insulation
requirements are lower than in general, and where this has been
proven by experience, dry type transformers not designed for impulse
type tests and with even lower power frequency test voltage may be
applied. No definite figures are recommended here.
8. REPEATED DIELECTRIC TESTS
8.1 If a transformer has already withstood complete dielectric
acceptance tests according to this standard, in accordance with 5.2, 5.3
or 5.4.1, and subsequently acceptance tests are to be repeated, the test
voltage levels shall be reduced to 75 percent of the original values,
unless otherwise agreed, and provided that the internal insulation has
not been modified in the meantime.
NOTE — The rule does not apply to the induced power frequency overvoltage test
( see 11.4 ) on transformers specified in accordance with 5.4.2.

9. INSULATION OF AUXILIARY WIRING

9.1 Unless otherwise specified, the wiring for auxiliary power and
control circuitry shall be subjected to a one-minute power-frequency
withstand test with 2.0 kV rms to earth. Motors and other apparatus
for auxiliary equipment shall fulfil insulation requirements according
to the relevant Indian Standards (which are generally lower than the
17
IS : 2026 (Part III) - 1981
value specified for the wiring alone and which may sometimes make it
necessary to disconnect them in order to test the circuits).
NOTE — Auxiliary equipment for large transformers is usually dismantled for
shipment. After completion of erection on site a 1 000 V megohm meter test is
recommended.

10. SEPARATE-SOURCE VOLTAGE WITHSTAND TEST

10.1 The separate-source voltage test shall be made with single-phase
alternating voltage as nearly as possible to the sine-wave form and of
any convenient frequency not less than 80 percent of the rated
frequency.
10.2 The peak value of voltage shall be measured. The peak value
divided by 2 shall be equal to the test value.
10.3 The test shall be commenced at a voltage not greater than
one-third of the specified test value and shall be increased to this value
as rapidly as is consistent with measurements. At the end of the test,
the voltage shall be reduced rapidly to less than one-third of the test
value before switching off.
10.4 The full test voltage shall be applied for 60s between the winding
under test and all terminals of the remaining windings, core, frame
and tank or casing of the transformer, connected together to earth.
10.5 The test shall be successful if no collapse of the test voltage
occurs.
NOTE — On windings with non-uniform insulation the test shall be carried out with
only the test voltage specified for the neutral terminal. The line terminals therefore
receive a modified induced overvoltage test in accordance with 11.3 or 11.4.

11. INDUCED OVERVOLTAGE WITHSTAND TEST

11.1 General — The test shall be carried out in three alternative
ways in accordance with 11.2, 11.3, or 11.4 for different categories of
windings.
11.1.1 An alternating voltage shall be applied to the terminals of one
winding of the transformer. The voltage shall be, as nearly as possible,
to the sine-wave form and of a frequency suitably increased above the
rated frequency to avoid excessive excitation current during the test.
11.1.2 The peak value of the induced test voltage shall be measured.
The peak value divided by 2 shall be equal to the test value.
11.1.3 The test shall be commenced at a voltage not greater than
one-third of the test value and shall be increased to the test value as
rapidly as is consistent with measurement. At the end of the test, the
voltage shall be reduced rapidly to less than one-third of the test value
before switching off.
18
 IS : 2026 (Part III) - 1981
11.1.4 Unless otherwise specified in the subsequent clauses, the
duration of the test at full test voltage shall be 60s for any test frequency
up to and including twice the rated frequency. When the test frequency
exceeds twice the rated frequency, the duration of the test shall be
120 × rated frequency
------------------------------------------------------------ seconds,
test frequency
but not less than 15 seconds.
11.2 Induced Overvoltage Withstand Test for Transformers with
Uniformly Insulated High-Voltage Winding — The test voltage
across an untapped winding of the transformer shall be equal to twice the
rated voltage, but the line-to-line test voltage of any three-phase winding
shall not exceed the rated withstand voltage as given in Table 2, col 2.
11.2.1 A three-phase winding shall preferably be tested with
symmetrical three-phase voltages induced in the three winding
phases. If the winding has a neutral terminal, this may be earthed
during the test.
11.2.2 The test shall be successful if no collapse of the test voltage occurs.
11.3 Induced Phase-to-Earth Overvoltage Withstand Test for
Transformer with Non-uniformly Insulated High-Voltage
Windings — Um < 300 kV ( see 5.3 ), or Um ≥ 300 kV, specified
according to Method 1 ( see 5.4.1 ).
11.3.1 The line terminals shall receive the test voltage value specified
in the appropriate table.
11.3.2 On single-phase transformers the test is normally carried out
with the neutral terminal earthed. If the ratio between the windings is
variable by tappings, this should be used to satisfy test voltage
conditions on different windings simultaneously as far as possible. In
exceptional cases ( see 4 ) the voltage on the neutral terminal may be
raised by connection to an auxiliary booster transformer. Another
winding of the transformer under test may also be connected in series
with the high voltage winding.
11.3.3 The test sequence for a three-phase transformer consists of
three single-phase applications of test voltage with different points of
the winding connected to earth at each time. Recommended test
connections which avoid excessive overvoltage between line terminals
are shown in Fig. 1. There are also other possible methods.
Other separate windings shall generally be earthed at the neutral if
they are star-connected and at one of the terminals if they are
delta-connected.
11.3.4 The voltage per turn during the test reaches different values
depending on the test connection. The choice of a suitable test
connection is determined by the characteristics of the transformer and
of the test plant.
19
IS : 2026 (Part III) - 1981
NOTE — In the case of transformers with complicated windings arrangements it is
recommended that the complete connection of all windings during the test should be
reviewed between manufacturer and user at the contract stage so that the test
represents a realistic service stress combination as far as possible.

11.3.5 The test is successful if no collapse of the test voltage occurs.

FIG. 1 CONNECTIONS FOR SINGLE-PHASE INDUCED OVERVOLTAGE

WITHSTAND TESTS ON TRANSFORMERS WITH
NON-UNIFORM INSULATION
NOTE 1 — Connection (a) may be used when the neutral is designed to withstand at
least one-third of the voltage U. Three different generator connections to the low
voltage winding are shown. Only (a1) is possible, if the transformer has unwound
magnetic return paths (shell form or five-limb core form).
NOTE 2 — Connection (b) is possible and recommended for three-phase transformers
having unwound magnetic return paths for the flux in the tested limb. If there is a
delta-connected winding, it has to be open during the test.
NOTE 3 — Connection (c) shows an auxiliary booster transformer, which gives a bias
voltage Ut at the neutral terminal of an auto-transformer under test. Rated voltages
of the two auto-connected windings are Un1, Un2, and the corresponding test
voltages, U1, U2. This connection may also be used for a three-phase transformer
without unwound magnetic return paths having the neutral insulation designed for
less than one-third of the voltage U.

20
 IS : 2026 (Part III) - 1981
11.4 Induced Overvoltage Withstand Test for Transformers
with Non-uniformly Insulated High-Voltage Windings, Um ≥
300 kV, Specified According to Method 2 (5.4.2)
11.4.1 The test applies to all non-uniformly insulated windings of the
transformer, regardless of whether they are auto-connected or
separate.
11.4.2 The neutral terminal of the winding under test shall be earthed.
For other separate windings, if they are star-connected they shall be
earthed at the neutral, and if they are delta-connected they shall be
earthed at one of the terminals.
A three-phase transformer shall be tested either phase by phase in
a single-phase connection that gives voltages on the line terminals as
shown in Fig. 2, or in symmetrical three-phase connection. The choice
shall be agreed between the parties at the time of placing the order.

FIG. 2 CONNECTIONS FOR INDUCED OVERVOLTAGE WITHSTAND TEST

ON NON-UNIFORMLY INSULATED HIGH VOLTAGE WINDING
ACCORDING TO METHOD 2
11.4.3 The time sequence for the application of test voltage shall be as
shown in Fig. 3. The voltage shall be switched on at a level not higher
than one-third of U2, raised to U2, held there for a duration of 5 min,
raised to U1, held there for a duration of 5 seconds, immediately
reduced again without interruption to U2, held there for a duration of
30 min, and reduced to a value below one-third of U2 before switching
off.
11.4.3.1 The duration of the test shall be independent of the test
frequency.
11.4.4 During the whole application of test voltage partial discharge
shall be monitored as described below. The apparent charge shall not
be higher than a specified value q.

21
IS : 2026 (Part III) - 1981

FIG. 3 TIME SEQUENCE FOR THE APPLICATION OF TEST VOLTAGE

11.4.4.1 The test voltages between line and neutral terminals shall be
expressed in per unit (PU) of Um/ 3 as follows:
U1 shall be 3 . Um/ 3 = Um
U2 shall be either 1.5 Um/ 3 with q = 500 pC
or 1.3 Um/ 3 with q = 300 pC
11.4.4.2 The choice shall be as agreed to between the manufacturer
and the user at the time of placing the order.
NOTE — The values of q are provisional and subject to review in the light of
experience.
11.4.4.3 The partial discharges shall be observed and evaluated as
follows. Further information may be obtained from Appendix A, which,
in turn, refers to IS : 6209-1971*.
a) Measurements shall be carried out at the line terminals of all
non-uniformly insulated windings, which means that the higher
and lower voltage line terminals of an autoconnected pair of
windings will be used simultaneously.
b) The measuring channel from each terminal used shall be
calibrated with repetitive impulses between the terminal and
earth, and this calibration is used for the evaluation of readings
during the test.
c) The apparent charge measured at a specific terminal of the
transformer, using the appropriate calibration as described in (b)
shall refer to the highest steady-state repetitive impulses.
Occasional higher kicks should be disregarded.
d) Before and after the application of test voltage, the background
noise level shall be recorded on all measuring channels.

*Methods for partial discharge measurements.

22
 IS : 2026 (Part III) - 1981
e) The background noise level shall be lower than half the specified
limit for apparent charge q.
f ) During the raising of voltage up to level U2 and reduction from
U2 down again, possible inception and extinction voltages shall be
noted.
g) A reading shall be taken and noted during the first period at
voltage U2.
h) Observations during the short application of voltage U1 shall not
be required.
j ) During the whole of the second period at voltage U2, the partial
discharge level shall be continuously observed and readings at
intervals noted or recorded.
11.4.4.4 The test shall be successful, if:
a) No collapse of the test voltage occurs,
b) The continuous level of apparent charge q during the last 29 of
the 30 min application of voltage U2 stays below the specified
limit in all the measuring channels, and does not show a
significant, steadily rising trend near this limit.
If the apparent charge reading rises above the specified limit
for a significant time and then returns below this level again the
test may continue without interruption until acceptable readings
have been obtained for 30 min. Occasional high kicks should be
disregarded.
NOTE — As long as no breakdown occurs, and unless very high partial discharges
are sustained for a long time the test shall be regarded as non-destructive. A
failure to meet the partial discharge acceptance criterion shall, therefore, not
warrant immediate rejection but lead to consultation between user and
manufacturer about further investigation. Suggestions for such procedures are
given in Appendix A. Difficulties concerning the bushings are mentioned in 2.
12. LIGHTNING IMPULSE TEST
12.1 General — The impulse generator circuit, impulse shape
measuring equipment and calibration method shall be in accordance
with IS : 2071 (Part I)-1974*, IS : 2071 (Part II)-1974† and IS : 2071
(Part III)-1976‡.
12.1.1 For oil-immersed transformers the test voltage chosen shall
normally be of negative polarity, because this reduces the risk of
erratic external flashover in the test circuit.
*Methods of high voltage testing: Part I General definitions and test requirements
( first revision ).
†Methods of high voltage testing: Part II Test procedures ( first revision ).
‡Methods of high voltage testing: Part III Measuring devices ( first revision ).
23
IS : 2026 (Part III) - 1981
12.1.2 Bushing spark gaps may be removed or their spacing increased
to prevent sparkover during the test.
12.1.3 When non-linear elements or surge diverters — built into the
transformer or external — are installed for the limitation of
transferred overvoltage transients, the impulse test procedure shall be
discussed in advance for each particular case. If such elements are
present during the test, the evaluation of test records may be difficult
( see 12.5 ).
12.1.4 The test impulse shall be a full standard lightning impulse
1.2 ± 30 percent/50 ± 20 percent microseconds.
12.1.5 There are cases, however, where this standard impulse shape
can not reasonably be obtained, because of low winding inductance or
high capacitance to earth. The resulting impulse shape is then often
oscillatory. Wider tolerances may, in such cases, be permitted by
agreement between the parties. The amplitude of opposite polarity of
an oscillatory impulse should not exceed 50 percent of the first
amplitude.
The impulse shape problem may also be treated by alternative
methods of earthing during the test ( see 12.3 ).
12.1.6 The impulse circuit and measuring connections shall remain
unchanged during calibration and full voltage tests.
12.2 Test Sequence — The test sequence shall consist of one impulse
of a voltage between 50 percent and 75 percent of the full test voltage,
and three subsequent impulses at full voltage. If during any of these
applications an external flashover in the circuit or across a bushing
gap should occur, or if the oscillographic recording should fail on any of
the specified measuring channels, that application shall be
disregarded and a further application made.
12.2.1 Additional impulses at amplitudes not higher than 50 percent
may be used but need not be shown in the report of the test.
12.3 Terminal Connections
12.3.1 Terminal Connections During Tests on Line Terminals
12.3.1.1 The impulse test-sequence is applied to each of the line
terminals of the tested winding in succession. In the case of a
three-phase transformer, the other line terminals of the winding shall
be earthed directly or through a low impedance, such as a current
measuring shunt.
12.3.1.2 If the winding has a neutral terminal, the neutral shall be
earthed directly or through a low impedance, such as a current
measuring shunt. The tank shall be earthed.
24
 IS : 2026 (Part III) - 1981
12.3.1.3 In the case of a separate-winding transformer, terminals of
windings not under test are likewise earthed directly or through
impedances so that under all circumstances the voltage appearing on
them is limited to less than 75 percent of their rated withstand
voltage.
12.3.1.4 In the case of an auto-transformer, when testing the line
terminals of the high-voltage winding, it may happen that the
standard impulse wave-form can not reasonably be obtained if the line
terminals of the common winding are earthed directly or through a
current measuring shunt. The same applies to the testing of the line
terminals of the common winding if the line terminals of the
high-voltage winding are earthed. It is then permissible to earth the
non-tested line terminals through resistors not exceeding 400 ohms.
On the other side the voltages appearing on the non-tested line
terminals to earth should not exceed 75 percent of their rated
lightning impulse withstand voltage.
12.3.1.5 With impulse testing windings with low impedance it is
difficult to obtain correct impulse shape on the tested terminals. In
this case wider tolerances may be applied by agreement between the
parties ( see 12.1.5 ). It is also possible to simplify the problem by
earthing the non-tested terminals of the winding through resistors.
The resistance value shall not be higher than 500 ohms and shall be
chosen so that the voltage appearing on the terminals is limited to not
more than 75 percent of their rated withstand voltage. Alternatively
by agreement at the time of placing the order the transferred surge
method in accordance with 12.3.3 may be employed.
Exceptions from this main procedure are given under 12.3.2
and 12.3.3.
12.3.2 Impulse Test on a Neutral Terminal
12.3.2.1 When the neutral terminal of a winding has a rated impulse
withstand voltage it may be verified by an impulse test applied
through any one of the line terminals or through all three line
terminals of a three-phase winding connected together. The neutral
terminal is connected to earth through an impedance, and the voltage
amplitude developed across this impedance when a standard lightning
impulse is applied to the line terminal shall be equal to the rated
withstand voltage of the neutral terminal. The amplitude of the
impulse applied to the line terminal is not prescribed but shall not
exceed 75 percent of the rated lightning impulse withstand voltage of
the line terminal.
12.3.2.2 As an alternative an impulse test corresponding to the rated
withstand voltage of the neutral may be applied directly to the neutral
with all line terminals earthed. In this case, however, a longer
duration of the front time is allowed-up to 13 microseconds.
25
IS : 2026 (Part III) - 1981
12.3.3 Transferred Surge Method
12.3.3.1 When the low voltage winding cannot in service be subjected
to lightning overvoltages from the low voltage system, this winding
may by an agreement between the manufacturer and the user, be
impulse-tested with surges transferred from the high voltage winding.
A guidance for this purpose is provided in Appendix B.
12.3.3.2 This method is justified when the design is such that an
impulse directly applied to the low voltage winding could result in
unrealistic stressing of higher voltage windings, particularly when
there is a large tapping winding physically adjacent to the low voltage
winding.
12.3.3.3 In applying the transferred surge method, the tests on the low
voltage winding are carried out simultaneously with the impulse tests
on the adjacent higher voltage winding. The line terminals of the low
voltage winding are connected to earth through resistances of such
value that the amplitude of transferred impulse voltage between line
terminal and earth or between different line terminals or across a
phase winding is as high as possible but not exceeding the rated
impulse withstand voltage. The resistance shall not exceed 5 000
ohms. The wave at the low voltage winding terminals may have any
shape and shall be acceptable.
12.3.3.4 The details of the procedure shall be agreed before the test.
12.4 Records of Test
12.4.1 The oscillographic recordes obtained during calibrations and
tests shall clearly show the applied voltage impulse shape (front time,
time to half value).
12.4.2 At least one more measurement channel shall be used. In most
cases an oscillogram of the current flowing to earth from the tested
winding will present the best sensitivity for fault indication. The
current flowing from tank to earth, or the transferred voltage in a
non-tested winding are examples of alternative suitable measuring
quantities.
12.5 Test Criteria — The absence of significant differences between
voltage and current transients recorded at reduced voltage and those
recorded at full test voltage constitute evidence that the insulation has
withstood the test.
NOTE 1 — The detailed interpretation of the oscillographic test records and
discrimination of marginal disturbances from true records of failure require a great
deal of skill and experience.
NOTE 2 — If there is doubt about the interpretation of possible discrepancies
between oscillograms, three subsequent impulses at full voltage shall be applied, or
the whole impulse test on the terminal shall be repeated.
26
 IS : 2026 (Part III) - 1981
NOTE 3 — Additional observations during the test (sound effect, etc) may be used to
confirm the oscillographic records, but they do not constitute evidence in themselves.

13. TEST WITH LIGHTNING IMPULSE, CHOPPED ON THE

TAIL
13.1 General — This test is a special test to be carried out on line
terminals of a winding. When it has been agreed to carry out this test
it shall be combined with the full lightning impulse test in the manner
described below test as per clause 12. The peak value of the chopped
impulse shall be the same as for the full impulse.
Usually, the same settings of the impulse generator and measuring
equipment are used, and only the chopping gap equipment is added.
The standard lightning impulse shall have a time to chopping between
2 to 6 microseconds.
13.2 Chopping Gap and Characteristics of the Chopping — The
use of a triggered-type chopping gap with adjustable timing is
recommended although a plain rod-rod gap is allowed. The chopping
circuit shall be so arranged that the amount of overswing to opposite
polarity of the recorded impulse will be limited to not more than 30
percent of the amplitude of the chopped impulse.
13.3 Test Sequence and Test Criteria — As indicated under 13.1,
this test is combined with full impulse test in a single sequence. The
recommended order of the different pulse applications is:
a) one reduced full impulse,
b) one 100 percent full impulse,
c) one or more reduced chopped impulses,
d) two 100 percent chopped impulses, and
e) two 100 percent full impulses.
13.3.1 The same types of measuring channels and oscillograms as for
the full impulse test ( see 12 ) shall be used.
13.3.2 In principle, the detection of faults during a chopped impulse
test depends essentially on a comparison of the oscillographic records
of 100 percent and reduced chopped impulses. The neutral current
record (or any other supplementary recording) presents a
superposition of transient phenomena due to the front of the original
impulse and from the chopping. Account should therefore be taken of
the possible variations, even slight, of the chopping time delay. The
latter part of the oscillation pattern is then modified, and this effect is
difficult to separate from the record of a fault.

27
IS : 2026 (Part III) - 1981
13.3.3 The recordings of successive 100 percent full impulse tests
constitute a supplementary criterion of a fault, but they do not
constitute in themselves a quality criterion for the chopped impulse
test.
14. SWITCHING IMPULSE TEST
14.1 General
14.1.1 Measuring equipment and calibration methods shall be in
accordance with IS : 2071 (Part I)-1974*. The test is a routine test for
windings with Um ≥ 300 kV specified according to Method 2
( see 5.4.2 ).
14.1.2 The impulses shall be applied either directly from the impulse
voltage source to a line terminal of the winding under test, or to a
lower voltage winding so that the test voltage is inductively
transferred to the winding under test. The specified test voltage shall
appear between line and neutral terminals and the neutral shall be
earthed. In a three-phase transformer the voltage developed between
line terminals during the test shall be approximately 1.5 times the
voltage between line and neutral terminals ( see 14.3 ).
14.1.3 The test voltage should normally be of negative polarity because
this reduces the risk of erratic external flashover in the test circuit.
14.1.4 The voltage developed across different windings of the
transformer are approximately proportional to their effective numbers
of turns, and the test voltage shall be determined by the winding with
the highest Um value ( see 4 ).
14.1.5 The voltage impulse shall have a virtual front time of at least 20
microseconds, a time above 90 percent of the specified amplitude of at
least 200 microseconds, and a total duration from the virtual origin to
the first zero passage of at least 500 microseconds.
NOTE 1 — The impulse form is purposely different from the standard waveshape of
250/2 500 microseconds.
NOTE 2 — The front time shall be selected by the manufacturer so that the voltage
distribution along the winding under test will be essentially uniform. Its value is
usually less than 250 microseconds. During the test considerable flux is developed in
the magnetic circuit. The impulse voltage can be sustained up to the instant when
the core reaches saturation and the magnetizing impedance of the possible impulse
duration can be increased by introducing remanence of opposite polarity before each
full voltage test impulse. This is accomplished by lower voltage impulses of similar
shape but opposite polarity or by temporary connection to a dc voltage source.

*Methods of high voltage testing: Part I General definitions and test requirements
( first revision ).

28
 IS : 2026 (Part III) - 1981
14.2 Test Sequence and Records — The test sequence shall consist
of one impulse (calibration impulse) of a voltage between 50 percent
and 75 percent of the full test voltage and three subsequent impulses
at full voltage. If the oscillographic recording should fail, that
application shall be disregarded and a further application made.
Oscillographic records shall be obtained of at least the impulse
wave-shape on the line terminal under test.
14.3 Terminal Connections
14.3.1 During the test the transformer shall be in a no-load condition
in order to present sufficient impedance. Windings not used for the
test shall be suitably earthed at one point but not short-circuited. For a
single-phase transformer the neutral of the tested winding shall be
earthed.
14.3.2 A three-phase winding shall be tested phase by phase with the
neutral terminal earthed and with the transformer so connected that a
voltage of opposite polarity and about half amplitude appears on the
two remaining line terminals ( see Fig. 2 ).
14.3.3 Bushing spark gaps and additional means for limitation of
overvoltages shall be as specified for the lightning impulse test
( see 12.1 ).
14.4 Test Criteria — The test is successful if there is no sudden
collapse of voltage indicated on the oscillograms.
NOTE — However, the successive oscillograms may be different because of the
influence of magnetic saturation on impulse duration.
14.4.1 Additional observations during the test (abnormal sound
effects, etc) may be used to confirm the oscillographic records, but they
do not constitute evidence in themselves.
15. INFORMATION REQUIRED WITH ENQUIRY AND ORDER
15.1 The technical information on insulation and dielectric tests to be
supplied with the enquiry and order is given in Appendix C.

29
IS : 2026 (Part III) - 1981

APPENDIX A
( Clauses 2.5, 11.4.4.3 and 11.4.4.4 )

APPLICATION GUIDE FOR PARTIAL DISCHARGE

MEASUREMENTS DURING INDUCED OVERVOLTAGE
WITHSTAND TEST ON TRANSFORMERS

A-1. INTRODUCTION
A-1.1 A partial discharge (PD) is an electric discharge that only
partially bridges the insulation between conductors.
In a transformer such a partial discharge causes a transient change
of voltage to earth, at every externally available winding terminal.
A-1.2 Measuring impedances are connected effectively between the
earthed tank and the terminals, usually through a bushing tap or
through a separate coupling capacitor as described under A-2.
A-1.2.1 The actual charge transferred at the site of a partial discharge
cannot be measured directly. The preferred measure of the intensity of
a partial discharge is the apparent charge, q, as defined in 23.1 of IS :
6209-1971*.
A-1.2.2 The apparent charge, q, related to any measuring terminal is
determined by a suitable calibration ( see A-2 ).
A-1.2.3 A particular partial discharge gives rise to different values of
apparent charge at different terminals of the transformer. The
comparison of simultaneously collected indications at different
terminals may give information about the location of the partial
discharge source within the transformer ( see A-5 ).
A-1.2.4 The acceptance test procedure specified in the standard calls
for measurement of apparent charge at the winding line terminals.
This is considered to give sufficiently good sensitivity to arbitrary
discharge sources irrespective of location, provided that the
recommendations below are observed. The specified, tentative
acceptance values of apparent charge are based on practical experience
from partial discharge measurements on transformers which have in
addition passed traditional ac dielectric tests.

*Methods for partial discharge measurements.

30
 IS : 2026 (Part III) - 1981
A-2. CONNECTION OF MEASURING AND CALIBRATION
CIRCUITS — CALIBRATION PROCEDURE
A-2.1 The measuring equipment is connected to the terminals by
matched coaxial cables. The measuring impedance in its simplest form
is the matching impedance of the cable which may, in turn, be the
input impedance of the measuring instrument.
A-2.2 In order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the complete
measuring system, it may be convenient to make use of tuned circuits,
pulse transformers, and amplifiers between the test object terminals
and the cable. The circuit shall represent a reasonably constant
resistance, when viewed from the test object terminals, throughout the
frequency range used for the partial discharge measurement.
A-2.3 During the measurement of partial discharge between a line
terminal of a winding and the earthed tank, the preferred arrangement
is to instal the measuring impedance effectively between the condenser
bushing capacitance tap and the earthed flange (Fig. 4). If a
capacitance tap is not provided it is also possible to insulate the
bushing flange from the tank and use it as the measuring terminal. The

FIG. 4 CIRCUIT FOR PARTIAL DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT WHEN

CONDENSER BUSHING CAPACITANCE TAP IS AVAILABLE
31
IS : 2026 (Part III) - 1981
use it as the measuring terminal. The equivalent capacitances
between the central conductor, the measuring terminal and earth
work as an attenuator for the partial discharge signal. This is,
however, covered by the calibration which takes place between the top
terminal of the bushing and earth.
A-2.4 If measurements have to be taken at a live terminal without any
available condenser bushing tap (or insulated flange), the method with
a high-voltage coupling capacitor shall be used. A partial
discharge-free capacitor shall be used, and its capacitance value shall
be suitably large in comparison with the calibration generator
capacitance Co. The measuring impedance (with a protective gap) shall
be connected between the low-tension terminal of the capacitor and
earth ( see Fig. 5 ).

FIG. 5 CIRCUIT FOR PARTIAL DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT USING A

HIGH-VOLTAGE COUPLING CAPACITOR
A-2.5 The calibration of the complete measuring system is made by
injecting known charges between the calibration terminals. A
calibration generator in accordance with IS : 6209-1971* consists of a
step voltage pulse generator with short rise time and a small series
capacitor of known capacitance Co. The rise time should be not more
than 0.1 microsecond and Co should be around 50 pF. When this
*Methods for partial discharge measurements.

32
 IS : 2026 (Part III) - 1981
generator is connected between two calibration terminals presenting a
capacitance much greater than Co, the injected charge from the pulse
generator will be
qo = U. Co
where U is the voltage step (usually 2 to 50 V).
A-2.5.1 It is convenient if the calibration generator has a repetition
frequency of the order of one impulse per half cycle of the power
frequency used for the test on the transformer.
A-2.5.2 If the calibration terminals are spaced far apart, there is a risk
that stray capacitances from connecting leads may cause errors. One
method for calibration between earth and another terminal is shown in
Fig. 4. Capacitor Co shall then be placed at the high-voltage terminal
and a coaxial cable with a matching resistor shall be used from the
step voltage generator.
A-2.5.3 If neither of the calibration terminals is earthed, capacitance
from the pulse generator itself will also be a source of error. The
generator shall preferably be battery-operated and have small physical
dimensions.
A-3. INSTRUMENTS AND FREQUENCY RANGE
A-3.1 The instruments used shall have response characteristics in
conformance with IS : 6209-1971*.
A-3.2 Oscillographic monitoring of the test is generally useful,
particularly because it offers possibility of discriminating between true
partial discharge in the transformer and certain forms of external
disturbances. This is based on rate of repetition, point on the wave,
polarity differences, etc.
A-3.3 The indications shall be observed continuously or at frequent
intervals throughout the test period. Continuous recording by
oscillograph or tape recorder is not obligatory.
A-3.4 Measuring systems for partial discharges are classified as
narrow-band or wide-band systems.
A-3.4.1 A narrow-band system operates with a band width of about 10
kHz or less at a certain tuning frequency (for example radio noise
meters). A wide-band system utilizes a relatively large ratio between
upper and lower limit of the frequency band, for example, 150 to 50
kHz or even 400 to 50 kHz.
A-3.4.2 By using a narrow-band system, interference from local
broadcasting stations may be avoided by suitably adjusting the
mid-band frequency, but a check has to be made to show that winding

*Methods for partial discharge measurements.

33
IS : 2026 (Part III) - 1981
resonances near the measuring frequency do not greatly affect the
measurement. The narrowrband instrument should be operated at a
frequency not higher than 500 kHz, and preferably less than 300 kHz.
There are two reasons for this — first the transmission of the
discharge pulse entails a high attenuation of the higher frequency
components and second when applying a calibration pulse to the line
terminal, the pulse is likely to excite local oscillations at and near the
terminal, and this will complicate the calibration when mid-band
frequencies greater than 500 kHz are used.
A-3.4.3 A wide-band measuring system is less critical to attenuation
and response to different pulse shapes and more receptive to
disturbances in test locations without electromagnetic shielding.
Band-stop filters may be used against radio transmitters.
Identification of partial discharge sources by comparison of shape and
polarity of individual pulses may be possible.
A-4. TEST CRITERIA-PROCEDURE AFTER AN
UNSUCCESSFUL TEST
A-4.1 At the end of 11.4 acceptance criteria are given. The steady state
partial discharge level, expressed as apparent charge measured
between the prescribed measuring terminals shall not be above the
specified limit, and there shall not be a significant, rising trend in the
vicinity of this limit.
If there has been no voltage collapse; but the test has been
unsuccessful because of too high but still moderate partial discharge
reading (within a few thousand PC or less) then the test is regarded as
non-destructive. The test object shall not be rejected immediately upon
such a result but further investigations shall be undertaken. The
testing environment should first be investigated to find any obvious
sign of irrelevant sources of partial discharges. This should be followed
by consultations between the manufacturer and purchaser to agree to
further supplementary tests or other action to show either the
presence of serious partial discharge, or that the transformer is
satisfactory for service operation.
Below are some suggestions which may be useful during the above
courses of action:
a) Investigation whether the indications are truly correlated to the
test sequence or just represent coincident, irrelevant sources.
This is often facilitated by oscillographic monitoring of the
test-disturbances may, for example, be identified by their being
asynchronous with the test voltage.
b) Investigation whether the partial discharge may be transmitted
from the supply source. Low-pass filters on the supply leads to
the transformer under test can help in such cases.
34
 IS : 2026 (Part III) - 1981
c) Investigation to determine whether the partial discharge source
is within the transformer or outside (spitting from objects at
floating potential in the hall, from live parts in air, or from sharp
edges on earthed parts of the transformer). As the test concerns
the internal insulation, provisional electrostatic shielding on the
outside is permitted and recommended.
d) Investigation of the probable location of the source (or sources) in
terms of the electrical circuit diagram of the transformer. There
are several known and published methods. One is based on
correlation of readings and calibrations at different pairs of
terminals (in addition to the obligatory readings between live
terminal and earth). It is described in A-5. It is also possible to
identify individual pulse shapes during the test with
corresponding calibration wave forms, if records from wide-band
circuits are used. A particular case is the identification of partial
discharge in the dielectric of the condenser bushings ( see A-5 ).
e) Investigation by acoustic or ultrasonic detection of the
geographical location of the source or sources within the tank.
f ) Determination of the probable physical nature of the source by
conclusions drawn from variation with test voltage level,
hysteresis effect, pulse pattern along the test voltage wave, etc.
g) Partial discharge in the insulation system may be caused by
insufficient drying or oil impregnation. Re-processing of the
transformer, or a period of rest, and subsequent repetition of the
test may, therefore, be tried. It is also well known that a limited
exposure to a relatively high partial discharge may lead to local
cracking of oil and temporarily reduced extinction and
reinception voltages, but that the original conditions may be
self-restored in a matter of hours.
h) If the partial discharge indications are above the acceptance limit
but are not considered as very important, it may be agreed to
repeat the test, possibly with extended duration, and even with
increased voltage level. Relatively limited variation of the partial
discharge level with voltage increase, and absence of increase
with time may be accepted as evidence that the transformer is
suitable for service.
j ) Traces of partial discharges, visible after untanking are usually
not found unless the transformer has been exposed for a
considerable duration of time to levels which are very high in
comparison with the acceptance limit. Such a procedure may be
the last resort if other means of improving the behaviour of the
transformer or identifying the source have failed.
35
IS : 2026 (Part III) - 1981
A-5. LOCATION OF PARTIAL DISCHARGE SOURCES BY
MEANS OF ‘MULTI-TERMINAL MEASUREMENT’ AND
‘PROFILE COMPARISON’
A-5.1 An arbitrary partial discharge source will deliver signals at all
accessible measuring terminal pairs of the transformer, and the
pattern of these signals is a unique ‘fingerprint’. If calibration pulses
are fed in at alternative calibration terminal pairs, these pulses also
deliver characteristic combinations of signals at the measuring pairs.
If there is an evident correlation between the profile of the test
readings at different measuring terminal pairs and the profile
obtained at the same measuring terminals for pulses fed in at
particular pair of calibration terminals, then it is assumed that the
actual partial discharge source is closely associated with this
calibration pair.
This means that it is possible to draw a conclusion as to the location
of the partial discharge source in terms of the electric circuit diagram
of the transformer. The ‘physical location’ is different concept — a
partial discharge source which is ‘electrically’ located in the vicinity of
a particular terminal may be physically located at any place along the
terminal conductors associated with this terminal or at the
corresponding end of the winding structure.
A-5.2 The procedure for obtaining the profile comparison is as follows:
While the calibration generator is connected to a specific pair of a
calibration terminals, the indications at all pairs of measuring
terminals are observed. The procedure is then repeated for other pairs
of calibration terminals. Calibrations are made between winding
terminals and earth, but may also be applied between the live
terminals of the high voltage bushings and their capacitance taps
(simulating partial discharge in the bushing dielectric) between high
voltage and neutral terminals, and between high-voltage and
low-voltage winding terminals.
All combinations of calibration and measuring pairs form a
‘calibration matrix’ which gives the interpretation reference for the
readings in the actual test.
The example, Fig. 6, shows an extra high-voltage single-phase
auto-connected transformer with a low voltage tertiary winding.
Calibrations and tests are made with reference to the terminals as
indicated in the informal table in Fig. 6. The line with results at 1.5
Um is compared with different calibrations and it is easy to see, in this

36
 IS : 2026 (Part III) - 1981
case, that it corresponds best to calibration ‘2.1 earth’. This suggests
that there are partial discharges with apparent charge of the order of
1 500 pC, associated with terminal 2.1, and probably from live parts to
earth. The physical location may be at any place along the connecting
leads between the series winding and the common winding, or at the
adjacent winding ends.
The method as described is successful mainly in those cases where
one distinct source of partial discharge is dominant, and the
background noise is low. This is certainly not always the case.

Channel






















1.1 2.1 2.2 3.1

arbitrary units
Calibration
1.1-earth 2 000 pC 50 20 5 10
2.1-earth 2 000 pC 5 50 30 8
2.2-earth 2 000 pC 2 10 350 4
3.1-earth 2 000 pC 3 2 35 25
Test
U=0 < 0.5 < 0.5 < 0.5 < 0.5
U = Um < 0.5 < 0.5 0.5 0.5
U = 1.5 Um 6 40 25 8
FIG. 6 IDENTIFICATION OF PD SOURCES

37
IS : 2026 (Part III) - 1981
A particular case of interest is to determine whether observed
partial discharges may originate in the high-voltage bushing dielectric.
This is investigated by a calibration between bushing line terminal
and bushing capacitance tap. This calibration gives the closest
correlation to the profile of partial discharges in the bushing.

APPENDIX B
( Clause 12.3.3.1 )

OVERVOLTAGE TRANSFERRED FROM THE HIGH-VOLTAGE

WINDING TO A LOW-VOLTAGE WINDING
B-1. GENERAL
B-1.1 The problem of transferred overvoltage is treated from a system
viewpoint in IS : 2165-1977*. The information given below concerns
only problems associated with the transformer itself under particular
conditions of service. The transferred overvoltages to be considered are
either transient surges or power frequency overvoltages.
B-2. TRANSFER OF SURGE VOLTAGE
B-2.1 General — A study of a particular transformer installation with
regard to transferred surge overvoltages is in general justified only for
large generator transformers — which have a high turns ratio and for
large high-voltage system transformers with a low voltage tertiary
winding.
It is convenient to distinguish between two mechanisms of surge
transfer, namely, ‘capacitive transfer’ and ‘inductive transfer’.
B-2.2 Capacitive Transfer
B-2.2.1 The capacitive transfer of overvoltage to a low voltage winding
may in the first approximation be described as a capacitive voltage
division. The simplest equivalent circuit as seen from the low voltage
winding consists of an emf source in series with a transfer capacitance
Ct ( see Fig. 7 ).
B-2.2.2 The equivalent emf is a fraction of the incoming surge on the
high voltage side. Ct is of the order of 10–9 F. Cs and Ct are not
well-defined quantities but dependent on the shape of the surge front.
They can be determined together by oscillographic measurements.
Pre-calculation is uncertain.

*Specification for insulation coordination ( second revision ).

38
 IS : 2026 (Part III) - 1981

FIG. 7 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT FOR CAPACITIVE TRANSFER

OF OVERVOLTAGE
B-2.2.3 A loading of the secondary terminals with switchgear, short
cables or added capacitors (a few nF), which act as lumped capacitance
Cs directly on the terminals (even during the first microsecond), will
reduce the transferred overvoltage peak. Longer cables or busbars are
represented by their wave impedance. The resulting shape of
secondary overvoltage will normally have the character of a short
(microsecond) peak, corresponding to the front of the incoming surge.
B-2.3 Inductive Transfer — The inductive transfer of surge voltage
depends on the flow of surge current in the high-voltage winding. If no
external loading is applied to the secondary winding, the voltage
transient usually has a super-imposed damped oscillation with a
frequency determined by leakage inductance and winding
capacitances. A reduction of the inductively transferred overvoltage
component can be effected either by resistive damping through a surge
diverter or by modification of the oscillation with capacitive loading. If
capacitors are used, the capacitance value has usually to be of the
order of tenths of microfarads. (They will therefore automatically
eliminate the capacitively transferred component so long as the circuit
inductance is low.)
The transformer parameters which are involved in inductive surge
transfer are better defined and less dependent on rate of rise (or
frequency).
39
IS : 2026 (Part III) - 1981
B-3. POWER FREQUENCY TRANSFERRED OVERVOLTAGE
B-3.1 If a low voltage winding, which is physically adjacent to the high
voltage winding, is left without connection to earth or with only a
high-impedance connection to earth while the high voltage winding is
energized, there is a risk of power frequency overvoltage by
capacitance division.
B-3.2 The risk is obvious for a single-phase winding, but it can also
exist for a three-phase winding if the primary winding voltage becomes
asymmetric, as occurs during earth faults. Under particular
circumstances resonance conditions may arise.
B-3.3 Tertiary winding and stabilizing windings in large transformers
are also subjected to the same risk. It is the responsibility of the user
to prevent a tertiary winding being accidentally left with too high an
impedance to earth. A stabilizing winding should normally be
arranged for permanent connection to earth (tank) either externally or
internally.
The overvoltage is determined by capacitances between windings
and between windings and earth. These can be measured at low
frequency from the terminals of the transformer in different
combinations, and they can also be calculated with sufficient accuracy.

APPENDIX C
( Clause 15.1 )

INFORMATION ON TRANSFORMER INSULATION AND

DIELECTRIC TESTS TO BE SUPPLIED WITH AN ENQUIRY
AND WITH A TENDER

C-1. For all windings:

a) Value of Um.
b) Rated withstand voltages constituting the insulation level for line
terminals.

40
 IS : 2026 (Part III) - 1981
c) Whether the winding is to have uniform or non-uniform
insulation and in the case of non-uniform insulation, the power
frequency withstand voltage of the neutral.
d) Whether a rated impulse withstand level is assigned to the
neutral, and, in such case, the appropriate withstand voltage.
e) Whether the lightning impulse test on the line terminals shall be
extended to include a chopped impulse test.
C-2. For Transformers Having a High-Voltage Winding with Um ≥ 300
kV:
a) Whether the transformer shall be specified and tested according
to Method I or Method 2 ( see 5.4 ).
b) If the transformer shall be specified according to Method 2, a
choice shall be made between alternative procedures for the
induced overvoltage withstand test in accordance with 11.4.
C-3. It is further recommended that test connections and procedures
should be discussed before the time of testing particularly with regard
to the connection for induced overvoltage test on complicated
transformers with non-uniformly insulated high-voltage winding
( see 11.3.4, Note ) and the method to be used for impulse tests on
high-power low-voltage windings and neutral terminals ( see 12.3 ).

41
IS : 2026 (Part III) - 1981
( Continued from page 2 )

Members Representing
SHRI S. D. CHOTRANEY Bombay Electric Supply and Transport
SHRI Y. K. PALVANKAR ( Alternate ) Undertaking, Bombay
DIRECTOR (SUBSTATIONS) Central Electricity Authority, New Delhi
SHRI P. K. DWIVEDI National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd,
New Delhi
SHRI A. K. GUPTA UP State Electricity Board, Lucknow
SHRI MOINUDDIN ( Alternate )
SHRI INDERJIT SINGH KALRA Bhakra Beas Management Board,
Chandigarh
SHRI S. V. MANERIKAR Crompton Greaves Ltd, Bombay
SHRI I. S. PATEL Hindustan Brown Boveri Ltd, Howrah
SHRI M. S. DHARWADKAR ( Alternate )
SHRI P. K. PHILIP Transformers & Electricals Kerala Ltd,
Ernakulam
SHRI V. N. PRAHLAD Voltas Ltd (Motor and Transformer Plant),
SHRI J. R. MAHAJAN ( Alternate ) Bombay
SHRI S. G. RAMACHANDRA Kirloskar Electric Co Ltd, Bangalore
SHRI N. J. RONGHE Maharashtra State Electricity Board, Bombay
SHRI A. J. KHAN ( Alternate )
SHRI A. M. SAHNI Tata-Hydro Electric Power Supply Co Ltd,
SHRI R. CHANDRAMOULI ( Alternate ) Bombay
SHRI P. K. SAXENA Rural Electrification Corporation Ltd, New
Delhi
SHRI K. G. SHANMUKHAPPA NGEF Ltd, Bangalore
SHRI K. V. JAYADEV ( Alternate )
SHRI R. SRINIVASAN Research, Designs and Standards
Organization, Lucknow
SHRI B. A. SUBRAMANYAM The General Electric Co of India Ltd,
Allahabad

42
Bureau of Indian Standards
BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 to promote
harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of
goods and attending to connected matters in the country.
Copyright
BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in any
form without the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the course
of implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade
designations. Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director (Publications), BIS.
Review of Indian Standards
Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also
reviewed periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates
that no changes are needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for
revision. Users of Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest
amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue of ‘BIS Catalogue’ and ‘Standards : Monthly
Additions’.
This Indian Standard has been developed by Technical Committee : ETDC 16

Amendments Issued Since Publication

Amend No. Date of Issue
Amd. No. 1 March 1994

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

Headquarters:
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002. Telegrams: Manaksanstha
Telephones: 323 01 31, 323 33 75, 323 94 02 (Common to all offices)
Regional Offices: Telephone
Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg  323 76 17

NEW DELHI 110002  323 38 41

Eastern : 1/14 C. I. T. Scheme VII M, V. I. P. Road, Kankurgachi  337 84 99, 337 85 61


KOLKATA 700054  337 86 26, 337 91 20
Northern : SCO 335-336, Sector 34-A, CHANDIGARH 160022  60 38 43

 60 20 25
Southern : C. I. T. Campus, IV Cross Road, CHENNAI 600113  235 02 16, 235 04 42

 235 15 19, 235 23 15
Western : Manakalaya, E9 MIDC, Marol, Andheri (East)  832 92 95, 832 78 58

MUMBAI 400093  832 78 91, 832 78 92
Branches : AHMEDABAD. BANGALORE. BHOPAL. BHUBANESHWAR. COIMBATORE.
FARIDABAD. GHAZIABAD. GUWAHATI. HYDERABAD. JAIPUR. KANPUR. LUCKNOW.
NAGPUR. NALAGARH. PATNA. PUNE. RAJKOT. THIRUVANANTHAPURAM.
VISHAKHAPATNAM