REVIEW 1

CS A250 – C++ Programming II

WHAT ARE WE REVIEWING?
 Prerequisite for this course: CS A150

 This presentation will only outline important key

points that are needed for this class.
 It is your responsibility to review any topic from CS
A150 not covered in this class’s reviews.
 This review contains a collection of items that you
need to keep in mind when coding to avoid losing
points.

2
OBJECTIVES
 Items that will be reviewed:
 Identifiers
 Literals vs. constants
 Arithmetic precision, type casting, and decimal format
 Shorthand notation / Prefix and postfix
 The optional else
 Conditional operator
 Functions and passing parameters
 Function overloading
 Arrays and vectors: capacity, size and number of elements
 The const modifier for parameters
3
 IDENTIFIERS, LITERALS AND
CONSTANTS
4
IDENTIFIERS
 An identifier is a name given to a variable, a
constant, a function, an object, a class…

int myInteger = 3;

vector<int> myVector;

MyClass myObject;

 Identifiers in C++ are case-sensitive

5
GOOD PROGRAMMING PRACTICE
 To improve readability:
 Choose meaningful identifiers

 Do not abbreviate

 Follow the standards we discussed for this class

(see syllabus)

6
LITERAL DATA
 Literals
 Examples:
 2 // Literal constant int
 5.75 // Literal constant double
 ‘Z’ // Literal constant char
 "Hello World" // Literal constant string

 Cannot change values during execution

 Called "literals" because you "literally” type them
in your program!

7
CONSTANTS
 Literals are "OK", but provide little meaning
 For example, seeing the number 24 throughout your
code, tells nothing about what it represents

 Use named constants instead

const int NUMBER_OF_STUDENTS = 24;

 Use all CAPITAL_LETTERS separated by an underscore

for identifiers that refer to constants.

 Added benefit: changes to value can be done in one fix

8
WHICH ONE TO USE?
 Use a literal if
 You are using that value only once
 The value will never change (weeks in a year)
 If you use a literal, always provide a comment to
explain what the value represents
 Example: Dividing a salary by 52 weeks
 Can leave “52” because it is used only once, but need to
comment about what it represents.
 Use a global constant if the value will be used
more than once AND/OR the value might need to
be changed in the future
 Example: An interest rate 9
ABOUT GLOBAL VARIABLES…
 Do NOT use them!
 Only global constants will be allowed!

10
 NUMBERS
11
ARITHMETIC PRECISION
 Precision of calculations
 VERY important consideration!
 Expressions in C++ might not evaluate as you would
"expect"!
 "Highest-order operand" determines type of arithmetic
"precision" performed
 Common error!

(see examples on next slide)

12
ARITHMETIC PRECISION (CONT.)
 Examples:
 17 / 5 evaluates to 3 in C++
 Both operands are integers
 Integer division is performed and gives incorrect result

 17.0 / 5 equals 3.4 in C++

 Double "precision" division is performed

 The following performs integer division, giving a

result of 0

int n1 = 1,
n2 = 2;
cout << (n1/ n2);
(more…) 13
ARITHMETIC PRECISION (CONT.)
 Calculations done "one-by-one"
 1 / 2 / 3.0 / 4 performs 3 separate divisions
 First 1 / 2 equals 0
 Then 0 / 3.0 equals 0.0
 Then 0.0 / 4 equals 0.0!

 So changing just "one operand" in a large

expression can lead to incorrect results
 Must keep in mind all individual calculations
that will be performed during evaluation!
 Do NOT trust your program…
 Trust your calculator

14
TYPE CASTING
 Casting for variables
 Can add ".0" to literals to force precision arithmetic

cout << (5.0 / 2) << endl;

 Can use static_cast<type> for variables

 Casting is only temporary → variable num will stay an integer

int num = 2;
double x = static_cast<double>(num) / 2;

 Do NOT use (double)num 15

FORMATTING DECIMALS
 Decimal format is only for output
 Option 1:

cout.setf(ios::fixed);
cout.setf(ios::showpoint); //shows point even if 0
cout.precision(2); //shows 2 decimals

 Option 2:

#include <iomanip>
...
cout << fixed << showpoint << setprecision(2);
16
 SHORTHAND NOTATION
17
SHORTHAND NOTATIONS
 Use them!

18
PREFIX AND POSTFIX
 Post-Increment
int n1 = 3;
int n2 = n1++;
 Uses current value of variable, THEN increments it
 Pre-Increment
int n1 = 3;
int n2 = ++n1;
 Increments variable first, THEN uses new value

 No difference if "alone" in statement:

n1++;
++n1;
they both give the same result. 19
PREFIX IN EXPRESSIONS

int firstNumber = 2,
secondNumber = 3;

while (++firstNumber < secondNumber) firstNumber = 2

{
cout << firstNumber << endl;
}
cout << firstNumber;

What is the output?

20
PREFIX IN EXPRESSIONS (CONT.)

int firstNumber = 2,
secondNumber = 3;

while (++firstNumber < secondNumber) firstNumber = 2 3

{
cout << firstNumber << endl;
}
cout << firstNumber;

This happens first

and firstNumber
is incremented by 1.

21
PREFIX IN EXPRESSIONS (CONT.)

int firstNumber = 2,
secondNumber = 3;

while (++firstNumber < secondNumber) firstNumber = 3

{
cout << firstNumber << endl; 3 < 3 ? FALSE
}
cout << firstNumber;

Comparison happens next.

22
PREFIX IN EXPRESSIONS (CONT.)

int firstNumber = 2,
secondNumber = 3;

while (++firstNumber < secondNumber) firstNumber = 3

{
cout << firstNumber << endl;
}
cout << firstNumber;

Condition is false and body

of loop will not be executed.

23
PREFIX IN EXPRESSIONS (CONT.)

int firstNumber = 2,
secondNumber = 3;

while (++firstNumber < secondNumber) firstNumber = 3

{
cout << firstNumber << endl;
}
cout << firstNumber;

Program continues and prints

value of firstNumber.

24
PREFIX IN EXPRESSIONS (CONT.)

int firstNumber = 2,
secondNumber = 3;

while (++firstNumber < secondNumber) firstNumber = 3

{
cout << firstNumber << endl;
}
cout << firstNumber;

OUTPUT:

25
POSTFIX IN EXPRESSIONS

int firstNumber = 2,
secondNumber = 3;

while (firstNumber++ < secondNumber) firstNumber = 2

{
cout << firstNumber << endl;
}
cout << firstNumber;

What is the output?

26
POSTFIX IN EXPRESSIONS (CONT.)

int firstNumber = 2,
secondNumber = 3;

while (firstNumber++ < secondNumber) firstNumber = 2

{
cout << firstNumber << endl; 2 < 3 ? TRUE
}
cout << firstNumber;

The whole condition

is evaluated first.

27
POSTFIX IN EXPRESSIONS (CONT.)

int firstNumber = 2,
secondNumber = 3;

while (firstNumber++ < secondNumber) firstNumber = 2 3

{
cout << firstNumber << endl;
}
cout << firstNumber;

The value of firstNumber

is incremented by 1.

28
POSTFIX IN EXPRESSIONS (CONT.)

int firstNumber = 2,
secondNumber = 3;

while (firstNumber++ < secondNumber) firstNumber = 3

{
cout << firstNumber << endl;
}
cout << firstNumber;

Body of loop is executed.

OUTPUT:
3
29
POSTFIX IN EXPRESSIONS (CONT.)

int firstNumber = 2,
secondNumber = 3;

while (firstNumber++ < secondNumber) firstNumber = 3

{
cout << firstNumber << endl; 3 < 3 ? FALSE
}
cout << firstNumber;

Condition is
evaluated again.

OUTPUT:
3
30
POSTFIX IN EXPRESSIONS (CONT.)

int firstNumber = 2,
secondNumber = 3;

while (firstNumber++ < secondNumber) firstNumber = 3 4

{
cout << firstNumber << endl;
}
cout << firstNumber;

The value of firstNumber

is incremented by 1.

OUTPUT:
3
31
POSTFIX IN EXPRESSIONS (CONT.)

int firstNumber = 2,
secondNumber = 3;

while (firstNumber++ < secondNumber) firstNumber = 4

{
cout << firstNumber << endl;
}
cout << firstNumber;

Condition is false and body

of loop will not be executed.

OUTPUT:
3
32
POSTFIX IN EXPRESSIONS (CONT.)

int firstNumber = 2,
secondNumber = 3;

while (firstNumber++ < secondNumber) firstNumber = 4

{
cout << firstNumber << endl;
}
cout << firstNumber;

Program continues and prints

value of firstNumber again.

OUTPUT:
3
4 33
PREFIX AND POSTFIX
 As we saw, prefix and postfix might change the
results of the statement.
int firstNumber = 2,
secondNumber = 3; OUTPUT:

while (++firstNumber < secondNumber) 3

{
cout << firstNumber << endl;
}
cout << firstNumber;

int firstNumber = 2,
secondNumber = 3;

OUTPUT: while (firstNumber++ < secondNumber)

{
3 cout << firstNumber << endl;
4 } 34
cout << firstNumber;
 CONDITIONS
35
THE OPTIONAL ELSE
 In an if statement, else clause is optional
 If, in the false branch (else), you want "nothing" to
happen → leave it out
 Example:

if (sales >= minimum)

salary += bonus;
cout << "Salary = " << salary;

 Note:
 Nothing to do for false condition, so there is no else clause!
 Execution continues with cout statement 36
CONDITIONAL OPERATOR
 Conditional operator, also called
"ternary operator"
 Essentially "shorthand if-else" operator

if (n1 > n2)

max = n1;
else
max = n2;

 Can be written:

max = (n1 > n2) ? n1 : n2;

37
 "?" and ":" form the "ternary" operator
CONDITIONAL OPERATOR
 Avoid using the conditional operator in an
output expression, because misplacing
parenthesis can produce unwanted results:

cout << ( ( grade < 60 ) ? “fail” : “pass” );

// prints pass or fail

cout << ( grade < 60 ) ? “fail” : “pass”;

// prints 1 or 0

cout << grade < 60 ? “fail” : “pass”;

// error: compares cout to 60

38
 FUNCTIONS
39
FUNCTIONS
 Two types:
 void
 Does not return a value

Do NOT exit from a void function using

return;
Find an elegant way to terminate the execution of the function.

 return a value
 In C++
 Only one value can be returned

 Cannot return arrays

 Cannot return functions 40

FUNCTION DECLARATION
 Function declaration
 Syntax

return_type funcName ( parameter_list);

 Goes before main( ) function

 May or may not have parameters
 Although there is no need for parameter names, it improves
readability to include names.
 Comments go before or after function declaration
 Also known as function prototypes

41
FUNCTION DEFINITIONS
 Function definition
 Syntax

return_type funcName (parameter_list )

{
// body
}

 Goes after the main( ) function

 May or may not have a parameter list
 Parameters are automatic objects
 They are destroyed when execution of the function
terminates, just like local variables 42
ARGUMENT PASSING
 The type of parameter determines the
interaction between the parameter and its
argument

 If the parameter is passed by reference

 Parameter is bound to its argument

 If the parameter is passed by value

 The value is copied

43
PASSING ARGUMENTS BY VALUE
 When passing arguments by value, any changes made to
the function parameter will not change the argument.

int main( )
{
int n = 3;
myFunction(n);
cout << n;
...
}
void myFunction (int n)
{
++n;
cout << n << endl; 44
}
PASSING ARGUMENTS BY VALUE
 When passing arguments by value, any changes made to
the function parameter will not change the argument.

int main( )
{
int n
int n = 3;
myFunction(n); 3
cout << n;
...
}
void myFunction (int n)
{
++n;
cout << n << endl; 45
}
PASSING ARGUMENTS BY VALUE (CONT.)
 When passing arguments by value, any changes made to
the function parameter will not change the argument.

int main( )
{
int n
int n = 3;
myFunction(n); 3
cout << n;
... call to myFunction (3)
}
void myFunction (int n)
{
++n;
cout << n << endl; 46
}
PASSING ARGUMENTS BY VALUE (CONT.)
 When passing arguments by value, any changes made to
the function parameter will not change the argument.

int main( )
{
int n
int n = 3;
myFunction(n); 3
cout << n;
...
}
void myFunction (int n) int n
{ 3
++n;
cout << n << endl; a local copy of n 47
} is created
PASSING ARGUMENTS BY VALUE (CONT.)
 When passing arguments by value, any changes made to
the function parameter will not change the argument.

int main( )
{
int n
int n = 3;
myFunction(n); 3
cout << n;
...
}
void myFunction (int n) int n
{ 4
++n;
cout << n << endl; local variable n 48
} is incremented
PASSING ARGUMENTS BY VALUE (CONT.)
 When passing arguments by value, any changes made to
the function parameter will not change the argument.

int main( )
{
int n
int n = 3;
myFunction(n); 3
cout << n; OUTPUT:
...
} 4
void myFunction (int n) int n
{ 4
++n;
cout << n << endl; cout statement 49
} is executed
PASSING ARGUMENTS BY VALUE (CONT.)
 When passing arguments by value, any changes made to
the function parameter will not change the argument.

int main( )
{
int n
int n = 3;
myFunction(n); 3
cout << n; OUTPUT:
...
} 4
void myFunction (int n)
{ function execution is
terminated and all local
++n;
variables are destroyed
cout << n << endl; 50
}
PASSING ARGUMENTS BY VALUE (CONT.)
 When passing arguments by value, any changes made to
the function parameter will not change the argument.

int main( )
{
int n
int n = 3;
myFunction(n); 3
cout << n; OUTPUT:
... return to function call
and print n again 4
}
3
void myFunction (int n)
{
++n;
cout << n << endl; 51
}
PASSING ARGUMENTS BY REFERENCE
 When passing by reference

 Address of argument is passed

 Caller’s data can be modified by called function

 Typically used
 For input function to retrieve data for caller,
data is then "given" to caller
 When more than one value needs to be returned

 Specified by ampersand (&) after type in parameter

list 52
PASSING ARGUMENTS BY REFERENCE
 When passing arguments by reference, any changes made
to the function parameter will change the argument.

int main( )
{
int n = 3;
myFunction(n);
cout << n;
...
}
void myFunction (int& n)
{
++n;
cout << n << endl; 53
}
PASSING ARGUMENTS BY REFERENCE (CONT.)
 When passing arguments by reference, any changes made
to the function parameter will change the argument.

int main( )
{ int n
int n = 3; 3
myFunction(n);
cout << n;
...
}
void myFunction (int& n)
{
++n;
cout << n << endl; 54
}
PASSING ARGUMENTS BY REFERENCE (CONT.)
 When passing arguments by reference, any changes made
to the function parameter will change the argument.

int main( )
{ int n
int n = 3; 3
myFunction(n);
cout << n; call to myFunction (3)
...
}
void myFunction (int& n)
{
++n;
cout << n << endl; 55
}
PASSING ARGUMENTS BY REFERENCE (CONT.)
 When passing arguments by reference, any changes made
to the function parameter will change the argument.

int main( )
{ int n
int n = 3; 3
myFunction(n);
cout << n;
...
address of n is passed
}
void myFunction (int& n) int& n
{
[address]
++n;
cout << n << endl; 56
}
PASSING ARGUMENTS BY REFERENCE (CONT.)
 When passing arguments by reference, any changes made
to the function parameter will change the argument.

int main( )
{ int n
int n = 3; 4 increments
myFunction(n); variable at
cout << n; address
...
finds the
}
address in
void myFunction (int& n) int& n local scope
{
[address]
++n;
cout << n << endl; increment n 57
}
PASSING ARGUMENTS BY REFERENCE (CONT.)
 When passing arguments by reference, any changes made
to the function parameter will change the argument.

int main( )
{ int n
int n = 3; 4
myFunction(n);
cout << n; OUTPUT:
...
} 4
void myFunction (int& n) int& n
{
[address]
++n;
cout << n << endl; cout statement is executed 58
}
PASSING ARGUMENTS BY REFERENCE (CONT.)
 When passing arguments by reference, any changes made
to the function parameter will change the argument.

int main( )
{ int n
int n = 3; 4
myFunction(n);
cout << n; OUTPUT:
...
} 4
void myFunction (int& n)
{ function execution is
++n; terminated and all local
cout << n << endl; variables are destroyed
59
}
PASSING ARGUMENTS BY REFERENCE (CONT.)
 When passing arguments by reference, any changes made
to the function parameter will change the argument.

int main( )
{ int n
int n = 3; 4
myFunction(n);
cout << n; return to function call OUTPUT:
... and print n again
} 4
4
void myFunction (int& n)
{
++n;
cout << n << endl; 60
}
EXAMPLE
 Project: parameter_passing

61
FUNCTION OVERLOADING
 Overloaded functions have
 Same function name
 Different parameter lists
 Two separate function declarations/definitions
 Function "signature"
 Function name & parameter list
 Must be "unique" for each function definition

 Allows same task performed on different data

62
FUNCTION OVERLOADING (CONT.)
 Example:

double compute( double n1, double n2);

double compute( double n1, double n2, double n3);
double compute( int n1, double n2);

 The above functions have the same name but have

parameters that differ in numbers and/or types.

 Careful: Return type does not matter

63
 ARRAYS AND VECTORS
64 Capacity, size, and number of elements
CAPACITY, SIZE, AND NUMBER OF ELEMENTS
 Arrays are frequently partially filled.
 Need to differentiate the physical length of the
array from the actual number of elements that
occupy the array.
 We will use the following conventions:
 The capacity to define the physical length of the
array
 The number of elements to define the total number
of items stored in the array.

 We will NOT use “size” when referring to arrays.

65
CAPACITY OF STATIC ARRAYS
 Capacity of static arrays must be defined at
compilation time
 Always use defined/named constant for array
capacity

const int CAPACITY = 5;

...

int score[CAPACITY];

66
VECTOR SIZE
 The STL vector class defines size as the
number of elements stored in the vector.
 If using a loop, avoid calling the function size
inside the loop and use a variable instead

int size = static_cast<int>( v.size() );

for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i)

cout << v[i] << " ";

Function size() returns an unsigned int,

but we can cast it to an int.
67
 REFERENCE, VALUE AND const
MODIFIER FOR PARAMETERS
68
THE const MODIFIER FOR PARAMETERS
 Reference arguments inherently "dangerous"
 Caller’s data can be changed
 Often this is desired, sometimes not
 Use the const modifier to “protect” data

 So, when should you use & and when const?

69
WHEN TO PASS BY REFERENCE (&)?
 When passing objects
 They are large; no need to make another copy
 Example: strings, vectors, objects of classes you
created

void someFunction(string& name, MyClass& obj)

{
// does something
}

70
WHEN TO PASS BY REFERENCE? (CONT.)
 When passing variables that need to be changed and
retain their new value after the function is done

double calculatePayCheck() The value of payRate

{ and hours will be
double payRate = 0.0, hours = 0.0; determined by the
getInfo(payRate, hours); user and they need to
return (payRate * hours); send the information
} back to the function
void getInfo(double& payRate, double& hours) calling.
{
cout << “Enter pay rate and total hours worked: ”;
cin >> payRate >> hours;
}

71
WHEN TO USE const?
 IF you are passing by reference (&)
 AND the value passed by the parameter
should not be modified inside the function
 THEN use const

void printVector(const vector<int>& v)

{
int size = static_cast<int>( v.size() );

for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i)

cout << v[i] << " ";
}

72
PASSING ARRAYS
 Careful! Arrays are automatically passed by
reference, but no & is used!
 Need to use const when necessary

void fillArray(int a[], int numOfElem) Array will be modified.

{ Cannot use const.
for (int i = 0; i < numOfElem; ++i)
a[i] = i + 1;
}
void printArray(const int a[], int numOfElem)
{
for (int i = 0; i < numOfElem; ++i) Array should not be
modified. Use const.
cout << a[i] << “ ”;
}

73
EXAMPLES
 Project: arrays
 Project: vectors

74
 GOOD PROGRAMMING
75
CHANGING FLOW OF CONTROL

   IMPORTANT   

Do NOT use:

• break (except on switch statements) and/or

• continue in any of the exercises and /or

programming exams

Choose an elegant way to exit loops and functions.

76
A FEW RULES
 When creating a new VS project
 Name your project “Project”
 You should rename the folder later
 If the project name is too long, files might not be transfer

when you turn in your project

 Name the file that contains the main( ) function
“Main.cpp”
 We will be exchanging files; therefore, we ALL need to use
same naming conventions
 Do NOT forget the name header
 You will lose points if you do
 Make sure has the same format shown on the syllabus

77
A FEW RULES (CONT.)
 When coding:
 Leave a space in between operators
 Leave a line in between blocks of code
 Split statements to avoid horizontal scrolling
 Improve readability when writing decimal numbers:
0.0 instead of .0
3.0 instead of 3
 Write code that is easy to read and understand
 You are not going to look “cool” if you write some code that
is difficult to read
 Declare variables only right before you need them,
instead of listing them at the beginning of the 78
function
ARE YOU DETAIL ORIENTED?
 As a programmer, you need to:

 Make sure your program is readable

 Choose an implementation that makes your code

efficient

 Follow instructions carefully

79
 END REVIEW 1
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